23 and 24 worksheets

What are 2 important, medically relevant sporulating Bacillus species and what is their medical relevance?

1. Bacillus anthracis: causes Anthrax 2. Bacillus cereus: cause food poisoning

What are 2 important non-medically relevant sporulating Bacillus species and why?

1. Bacillus subtilis: an important genetically-tractabale model bacterium 2. Bacillus thurigiensis: produces the Bt toxin, an insecticidal protein commonly used in GMOs

What are the 4 main orders of Bacteriodetes?

1. Bacteroidales 3. Flavobacteriales 2. Cytophagales 4. Sphingbacteriales

What are the 4 major/most common bacterial phyla, in descending size order? Which are Gram+ and Gram-?

1. Proteobacteria (-) (now Pseudomonadota) 3. Bacteriodetes (-) 2. Firmicutes (+) 4. Actinobacteria (+)

majority of alpha proteobacteria

1. Rhizobiales 4. Rhodospirillales 2. Rickettsiales 5. Caulobacterales 3. Rhodobacterales 6. Sphingomonadales

What are two medically relevant Campylobacterales species, and what are key facts about them?

Campylobacter jejuni: #2 foodborne illness worldwide ; causes bloody diarrhea Helicobacter pylori: causes duodenal ulcers and gastritis

What phylum consists of bacteria are mainly obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotes and have small genomes? Why are these often susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics even though they lack cell walls?

Chlamydiae ; uses a ring-like peptidoglycan structure for septum formation during cell division

Other

Chloramphenicol

What are the two major Gram+ bacterial phyla, what is typical about their GC-content, and what is one other key characteristic about each group?

Firmicutes, generally low-GC, forms endospores 2. Actinobacteria, generally high-GC, contains many bacteria that make antibiotics

What's the most diverse class of Proteobacteria?

Gamma-

What are characteristics of bacteria in the Enterobacteriales?

Gram-, facultative aerobes, non-sporulating rods, sometimes motile and have peritrichous flagella

Which phylum contains most of the bacteria relevant to human health and applications?

Proteobacteria

Lactobacilliales Fermentation

exclusive; homofermentative & heterofermentative

Lactobacilliales Lacking

porphyrins AND cytochromes

In what habitat are most sporulating genera of Firmicutes found?

soil

The Actinobacteria are commonly found in/on

soil and plant material

Mycobacterium spp. are typically found in ______ and the majority of them are ______ to humans and can be stimulated to grow by ______

soil; harmless; lipids/fatty acids

The abbreviation for species (singular) is "sp." What is the abbreviation for multiple species?

spp.

Lactobacilliales Obtains energy (only) by?

substrate-level phosphorylation

What abbreviation is used for "Candidatus?

"Ca."

Lactobacilliales Catalase

-

Lactobacilliales Oxidase

-

What are 4 filamentous genera of Actinobacteria, and what are some distinguishing features for each?

1. Actinomyces: facultative anaerobes 2. Frankia: lives symbiotically with non-legumous plants; nitrogen-fixing 3. Nocardia: obligate aerobes and acid-fast 4. Streptomyces: primarily found in soil, major source of antibiotics, makes colorful pigments

What are the 3 major orders of Actinobacteria mentioned in your book (Fig. 16.17) and Class #24 Handout slides?

1. Actinomycetales 2. Bifidobacteriales 3. Coriobacteriales

What 3 hyperthermophilic bacterial phyla were mentioned in your Class Handout, and are known to be very ancient, early branching lineages?

1. Aquifacae 2. Thermotogae 3. Thermodesulfobacteria

In what 4 genera are all sporulating/endospore-forming Firmicutes bacteria found, and in what orders?

1. Bacillus (Bacillales) 3. Sporosarcina (Bacillales) 2. Clostridium (Clostridiales) 4. Heliobacterium (Clostridiales)

What are characteristics of the 2 most well studied genera of Firmicutes?

1. Bacillus = well-studied; aerobic of facultatively aerobic 2. Clostridium = well-studied; obligately anaerobic and fermentative (lacks ETC/respiratory chain); stinky!

Five medically relevant Alpha-Proteobacteria & distinguishing features

1. Bartonella henselae - Cat-scratch Disease = swollen lymph nodes & fever 2. Bartonella quintana - Trench Fever (WW I) 3. Brucella sp. - Brucellosis; species named after animals they infect; humans infected from animals 4. Rickettsia rickettsii - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; very small cells ~0.35 µm 5. Rickettsia prowazekii - epidemic Typhus, wiped out ⅓ of Napolean's army; very small cells ~0.35 µm

Four medically relevant Beta-Proteobacteria & distinguishing features

1. Bordetella pertussis - Whooping Cough (Class#18) 2. Burkholderia cepacia - nosocomial lung infections (Class#16) 3. Neisseriales gonnorrhoeae - Gonorrhea STD 4. Neisseriales meningitidis - Meningitis = inflammation of brain lining

What are 2 orders of medical relevance in the Beta-Proteobacteria?

1. Burkholderiales 2. Neisseriales

Three medically relevant Chlamydiae & distinguishing features

1. Chlamydia pneumoniae - atypical pneumonia (dry cough & fever) 2. Chlamydia psittaci - atypical pneumonia (dry cough & fever) 3. Chlamydia trachomatis - most common STD in the US; eye infections, genitals, lungs

What are 4 important, medically relevant sporulating Clostridium species and what is their medical relevance?

1. Clostridium botulinum: causes fatal food poisoning, makes BoTox neurotoxin 2. Clostridium difficile: high antibiotic resistance hospital bacterium, causes diarrhea 3. Clostridium perfringens: causes gastroenteritis and gas gangrene 4. Clostridium tetani: causes Tetanus

What are the 4 medically relevant orders of Proteobacteria?

1. Enterobacteriales 3. Vibrionales 2. Pseudomonadales 4. Legionellales

Fifteen mostly medically relevant Gamma-Proteobacteria, their orders, & distinguishing features

1. Escherichia coli - food poisoning, diarrhea, UTIs, meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia (Class #15) 2. Enterobacter sp. - normally part of gut; nosocomial infections (Class #16) 3. Klebsiella pneumonie - pneumonia 4. Proteus mirabilis - UTIs, nosocomial infections (Class#16) 5. Salmonella sp. - food pathogen, sepsis, gastroenteritis (non-typhoidal; Class #15; Class #9 T3SS) 6. Salmonella typhi - Typhoid fever (non-epidemic version; Class#9 T3SS) 7. Serratia sp. - UTIs, wound infections, pneumonia 8. Shigella sp. - food poisoning; dysentery; produces Shiga toxin (Class #15; Class #9 T3SS) 9. Yersinia enterocolitica - food pathogen; acute gastroenteritis (Class #15; Class #9 T3SS) 10. Yersinia pestis - Bubonic plague (Class #9; T3SS) Order Legionellales 11. Legionella pneumophila - Pontiac fever (~flu); Legionnaires' disease (~pneumonia) Order Pseudmonadales 12. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 4 nosocomial W's: wind=pneumonia, water=UTIs, wound infections, wires=intravenous line infections (Class #16) 13. [Pseudomonas syringae - important plant pathogen leads to yellowing leaves Order Vibrionales 14. Vibrio cholerae - Cholera; Cholera toxin & death by dehydration (Class #9 T3SS) 15. Vibrio parahaemolyticus - food pathogen; gastroenteritis from seafood (Class #9 T3SS)

what are the 6 classes of Proteobacteria, in descending size order?

1. Gamma- 4. Delta- 2. Alpha- 5. Epsilon- 3. Beta- 6. Zeta-

What are at least 5 distinctives of the Tenericutes phylum?

1. Lack cell walls and are effectively Gram- 2. Contains a single class: Mollicutes 3. Contains some of the smallest known microbes: 0.2-0.3 µm in diameter 4. Usually obligate symbionts/intracellular pathogens 5. They are a common problem/contaminant in laboratories working with mammalian cell cultures

There are 5 genera of food- and/or medically-relevant Lactobacillales that you should know, what are they? What is their (general) fermentation status? What are at least 2 other characteristics for each?

1. Lactobacillus Most are homofermentative; rod-shaped & grows in chains; common in diary productsused often to prepare fermented foods; resistant to acidic conditions/acidophilic; rarely pathogenic 2. Lactococcus Homofermentative; coccoid; some are pathogenic to wildlife and humans; of dairy significance 3. Streptococcus Homofermentative; coccoid; some are pathogenic to wildlife and humans; grows in chains or tetrads; important in production of buttermilk, silage and other fermented products; contains notable human pathogens of at least 4 sub-groups 4. Enterococcus Homofermentative; formerly part of Group D antigen group of Streptococcus, so resembles Streptococcus); of gut/fecal origin; some are pathogenic 5. Leuconostoc Heterofermentative; coccoid; used to produce food flavors like diacetyl, acetoin (both buttery flavors)

What are 4 important, medically relevant non-sporulating Bacillus species and why?

1. Listeria monocytogenes: causes meningitis, a major foodborne infection 2. Staphylococcus aureus: causes different organ infections, especially on the skin (pimples); causes gastroenteritis 3. Staphylococcus epidermis: usually found on the skin, causes hospital infections 4. Staphylococcus saprophyticus: causes UTIs in sexually active women

What two types of fermentation classes do enteric bacteria typically exhibit? What are the main products from each? List genera of bacteria fall into each fermentation type?

1. Mixed-acid fermentation: acetic, lactic, succinic acids; ethanol; CO2 ~ H2 Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia 2. 2,3-butanediol fermentation: butanediol; ethanol; CO2 > H2; some acids Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia

What 2 genera of Actinobacteria are "acid-fast"?

1. Mycobacterium 2. Nocardia

What are 6 medically related species in the genus of Mycobacterium and what disease(s) do they each cause?

1. Mycobacterium leprae: causes leprosy or a type of skin/tissue necrosis; ~2 million people world-wide are infected 2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: causes tuberculosis lung infection with >2 million deaths annually; ~⅓ if people with HIV also are infect by this 3. Mycobacterium abscessus: causes lung diseas and soft tissue infections 4. Mycobacterium fortuitum: causes soft tissue infections 5. Mycobacterium kansasii: causes lung disease 6. Mycobacterium avium complex (M. avium, intracellulaire, and chimaera): causes lung disease

What are 2 important non-sporulating Clostridium genera and why?

1. Peptococcus: obligate anaerobes that ferment protein instead of sugar 2. Peptostreptococcus: ditto

What are at least 4 other characteristics of Actinobacteria that were mentioned in your book or Class #24 Handout slides?

1. Primarily aerobic 2. Rod-shapes/filamentous 3. Mostly harmless commensals (Mycobacterium = exception) 4. Important source of antibiotics 5. Used in fermented dairy products

What are the characteristics of Vibrionales?

Facultatively aerobic rods and curved rods that ferment

There are at least 4 sub-groups/species of Streptococcus that are notable human pathogens; what are these species and what are key facts about them?

1. Streptococcus pyogenes: group A antigen; beta-hemolytic; causes Strep Throat, Scarlet Fever, Rheumatic Fever 2. Streptococcus agalactiae: group B antigen, beta-hemolytic; causes baby meningitis via birth canal; 25% women carry this vaginally 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae: "pneumococcus", the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults 4. "Viridans" group, including Streptococcus mutans: causes cavities, endocarditis if enters bloodstream

There are ______ orders of Alpha-Proteobacteria described

10

Roughly how many described species of Alpha-Proteobacteria are there?

1000

How many bacteria phyla have at least one representative that has been cultured?

29

Nearly ______% of all Streptomyces spp. that have been isolated produce antibiotics

50

Over ______ different antibiotics are known to be produced by Streptomyces; over ______ of these are used to treat human or animal conditions

500; 60

Of all cultured bacteria, what percentage of species are in the 4 major/most common phyla?

90%

How many bacterial species have been identified to date?

>12,000

What phylum is the Mycobacterium a part of?

Actinobacterium

What is another name or the common name used to for the order of Actinomycetales?

Actinomycetes

What are some characteristics of Bacteriodetes?

Aerobic or fermentative ; Typically saccharolytic ; nonsporulating bacilli ; Gliding motility is common/many are nonmotile

What are the characteristics of Pseudomonadales?

Aerobic respiratory chemoorganotrophs

What Alpha-Proteobacterium is often used in genetic modification of plants and can call crown gall disease in plants?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

What is the most thermophilic genus of all known bacteria (growth up to 95 °C) and what phylum is it within?

Aquifex ; Aquifacae

Given what is in your Class Handout slides, what key genus is there is Bacteriodetes, and what are some important distinctives of this genus?

Bacteriodes ; primarily obligate anaerobic fermenters ; typically commensals in human and animal guts ; occasionally pathogenic (e.g., bacteremia) ; synthesize sphingolipids which is rare among bacteria and typically found in mammalian cells

What is the most dominant bacterium in the human large intestine and what roll does it play in our gut?

Bacteriodes thetaiotaomicron ; helps degrade plant polymers in our gut

What orders of Delta-Proteobacteria contain predatory bacteria?

Bdellovibrionales & Myxococcales

Geobacter sp. Is found in which class of Proteobacteria?

Delta-

In what class of Proteobacteria would you find sulfate-reducing bacteria?

Delta-

What are some key genera in the Enterobacteriales?

Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Yersinia

Macrolides

Erythromycin, Clindamycin

The Lactobacillales order of Firmicutes is commonly/colloquially known as what?

Lactic Acid Bacteria

What characterizes the Campylobacterales in the Epsilon-Proteobacteria?

Many oxidize H2S and fix CO2 (via the reverse TCA cycle)

What genus of bacteria is pink and found on plant leaves and shower scum?

Methylobacterium

Based on the Class #24 Handout, what important genus and species in the Tenericutes should you know?

Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma pneumoniae (causes "walking pneumonia", the #1 cause of bacterial pneumonia among young adults

In what bacterial order are ammonia-oxidizing or nitrifying bacteria found?

Nitrosomonadales

Lactobacilliales have the following traits: Sporulation status:

Non-sporulating

Polyenes

Nystatin, Amphotericin B

What tests are often used to discriminate enteric bacteria from other bacteria?

Oxidase (-) ; Catalase (+)

What bacterium constitutes ~25% of the bacteria on ocean surface, and thus may be the most abundant bacterium on earth?

Pelagibacter ubique

Which is the most metabolically diverse order of Alpha-Proteobacteria?

Rhizobiales

Many ______ are known to produce the compound ______ otherwise known as "petrichor" and is responsible for the "fresh earth" smell after it rains on soil/in the forest

Streptomyces; geosmin

Aminoglycosides

Streptomycin, Spectinomycin, Neomycin

In your own words, what does "Candidatus" mean if used in front of say "Anammoxoglobus propionicus"?

Taxon that is well characterized but not yet [culturable OR in pure culture]

Tetracyclines

Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline

Which genus of Alpha-Proteobacteria infects 75% of all insects?

Wolbachia

In what Proteobacterial class would you find Mariprofundus ferrooxydans? What is interesting about this bacterium?

Zeta- ; iron-oxidizing, isolated from a submarine volcano near Hawaii

Lactobacilliales Oxygen sensitivity:

aerotolerant anaerobe/not-sensitive

Lactobacilliales Morphologies

bacillus OR coccoid

Convergent evolution is also known as

homoplasy

How many different bacterial phyla have been identified?

more than 80

What percentage of all characterized bacteria are found in the Gamma-Proteobacteria?

~50%