23.4-23.14

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called water-soluble vitamins. essential fatty acids. high-density lipoproteins. chylomicrons. low-density lipoproteins.

essential fatty acids.

In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following? insulin chylomicrons pyruvate lactase

insulin

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of grams (also, g, or gms). kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal). ATP units. degrees Celsius. carbohydrate.

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. preabsorptive starvation absorptive deprivation postabsorptive

postabsorptive

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what? glutaraldehyde pyruvate citric acid phosphate NADH

pyruvate

Which condition results when body fluids become saturated with uric acid? ketoacidosis phenylketonuria gout kwashiorkor

gout

The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is folic acid (folate). cobalamin. riboflavin. thiamine. niacin.

riboflavin.

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the large intestine. liver. stomach. duodenum. small intestine.

small intestine.

There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. 2 6 8 10 20

10

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. 20 10 5 30 15

20

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated. Oxidative phosphorylation Transamination Lipogenesis The electron transport system Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis. It occurs in the mitochondrion. NAD accepts carbon atoms that can be transferred to mitochondria. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule converted to two molecules of pyruvate. It is an aerobic process that breaks down a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate.

There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule converted to two molecules of pyruvate.

In the absorptive state of metabolic activity: glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves. insulin inhibits glucose uptake and glycogenesis. epinephrine is important in stimulating glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis.

androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the chylomicrons. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). None of the answers is correct.

chylomicrons

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids. water-soluble vitamin complete protein fat-soluble vitamin essential fatty acid carbohydrate

complete protein

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer. mitochondria the endoplasmic reticulum cytochromes enzymes acetyl-CoA

cytochromes

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that it occurs in the mitochondria. fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system? via the hepatobiliary duct via pulmonary arteries through the hepatic portal vein through the aorta via the pyloric valve

through the hepatic portal vein

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces ketone bodies. nitrate. urea. water. acetyl-CoA.

urea.