240 - Ch. 1

Steps of the scientific method in order

1. hypothesis, 2. conduct experiments, 3. follow-up w/ addt'l research to confirm findings, 4. accept/reject hypothesis

The Food & Nutrition Board has issued recommendations on the proportion of total energy intake that should come from protein, fat, and carbs. Match the appropriate range of total calories for each of the following macronutrients

10% to 35% of calories come from protein, 45% to 65% from carbs, & 20% to 35% from fat.

How many calories are in a kilocalorie?

1000

4 grams of protein equals (4grams x 4 = 16)

16 kcal

Carbs provide the body with (blank) per gram

4

Select all of the following volume measurements that are approximately equal to one liter

4 cups, 1 quart

10 grams of carbs equals (10grams x 4 = 40)

40 kcal

5 grams of fat equals (5grams x 9 = 45)

45 kcal

Lipids contain (blank) kcal per gram

9 kcal

Which of the following best describes a kilocalorie?

A unit describing the energy content of food

Select all the diet trends that have contributed to better health for Americans over the last decade

A wide variety of food products is available for health-conscious consumers. people are eating more breakfast cereals, pizza, pasta entrees, stir-fried meats and vegetables served on rice, salads, tacos, burritos, and fajitas. Sales of whole milk are down, and sales of fat-free and 1% low-fate milk have increase. Consumption of frozen vegetables rather than canned vegetables is also on the rise.

calorie (without a capital C) is also used loosely to mean kilocalorie

Any values given on food labels in calories are actually in kilocalories; The heart energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate. Carb = 1x4=4; fat = 1x9=9 therefore, 9-4=5

Carb = 1x4=4; fat = 1x9=9 therefore, 9-4=5 Answer is 5 kcal

(blank) are nutrients that provide the body with a major source of calories

Carbs. should be the primary source of energy

(blank) is the term that encompasses all of the chemical processes that occur in living cells

Metabolism

Use the 4-9-4 estimates for the K-calorie content of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively.

Multiple grams of carbs, fat or protein by 4, 9, or 4 respectively to determine the amount of kcals

(blank) is a condition characterized by excess body fat.

Obesity

How many kcal does the mineral calcium provide per gram?

Zero

A stroke is a

a decrease or loss in blood flow to the brain that results from a blood clot or other change in arteries in the brain. This in turn causes the death of brain tissue. Also called a cerebrovascular accident

Characteristics of an essential nutrient

a substance that, when left out of a diet, leads to signs of poor health. The body either cannot produce this nutrient or cannot produce enough of it to meet its needs. If added back to a diet before permanent damage occurs, the affected aspects of health are restored. Also, it has a specific biological function in the human body.

Water

acts as a solvent & lubricant, vehicle for transporting nutrients & waste, & as a medium for temperature regulation & chemical process

The main function of vitamins in the body is to

aid chemical reactions that release energy

The building blocks of proteins are called

amino acids

A compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction is

an enzyme

When (blank) is left out of the diet, health declines.

an essential nutrient

In some cases, it is not feasible to obtain data from human nutrition research. For example, can't test on babies by withholding essential nutrients. In cases like this, research in (blank) models is useful

animal

High intakes of (blank) tend to increase the risk of developing chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity

animal fat, cholesterol, salt and alcohol

polyphenols

blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, grapes, apples, bananas, and nuts

A(n) (blank) is a linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons

bond

Which of the following nutrients can supply the body with calories?

carbs, fats, lipids and proteins

The medical term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system is (blank) disease

cardiovascular

one-third of (blank) are overweight or obese

children; two-thirds of adults

flavinoids

citrus fruit, onions, apples, grapes, red wine, tea, chocolate, tomatoes

The participants in an experiment who are NOT given the treatment being tested are known as the (blank) group

control

indoles

cruciferous veggies (broccoli, cabbage, kale)

Examples if simple sugars?

disaccharides and monosaccharides; table sugar, known as sucrose. glucose, also known as blood sugar or dextrose

Which of the following are major contributors to the leading causes of death in the US?

excessive calorie intake, lack of physical activity, poor diet (leading causes of death: heart disease, cancer, and chronic lower respiratory disease)

Which of the following are examples of lipids

fats and oils

The body can derive all the essential nutrients from

food and beverages

a(n) (blank) provides the instructions for production of a specific body protein

gene

List the events that must take place prior to publishing the results of an experiment in a scientific journal.

generate a hypothesis, critical review by other subject-matter experts, test a hypothesis

(blank) is the main 6-carbon simple sugar found in blood

glucose

Rising rates of obesity in America contribute to

heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, arthritis, and certain cancers

Which of the following may be used in the creation of a hypothesis

historical events, disease patterns, dietary patterns

(blank) is a chronic disease characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure

hypertension

When scientists suggest possible explanations for a natural phenomenon, these are called

hypotheses

Which of the following are the two main causes of obesity among Americans today

inadequate physical activity & excessive calorie intake

healthy people 2020 includes which of the following objectives?

increase consumption of whole grains; reduce iron deficiency among females of childbearing age; decrease consumption of sodium

Type 1 diabetes

involves insufficient or no release of the hormone insulin by the pancreas & therefore requires daily insulin therapy.

Which of the following is the largest?

kilo; kilo=1000

most (blank) do not dissolve in water.

lipids

Name the class of nutrients that includes structurally simple, inorganic substances, that do not contain carbon

minerals

Which of the following is an inorganic substance that do not contain carbon atoms?

minerals

(blank) are substances obtained from food that are vital for growth & maintenance of the body

nutrients

Name the science that links food and health

nutrition

Over the past decade, Americans have increased their consumption of which food items? select all that apply

pasta, breakfast cereals, and frozen veggies

Generally, a fake medicine or treatment used to disguise the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n)

placebo

Which of the following is the main structural material in the body?

proteins

Type 2 diabetes

results from either insufficient release of insulin or general inability of insulin to act on certain body cells, such as muscle cells

In contrast to oils, fats are (blank) at room temperature

solid (fats are lipids that are solid at room temp, & oils are lipids that are liquid at room temp).

excessive consumption of which of the following is most commonly associated with increase risk of cardiovascular disease?

solid fats

match the phytochemicals to their food sources. phytosterols:

soybeans, other legumes, cucumbers, other fruits & veggies

Kilocalorie

the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 liter) of water 1 degree Celsius

When a researcher observes a natural phenomenon, forms a hypothesis about that phenomenon, and then tests the hypothesis using an experiment, she is using

the scientific method

An explanation of a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence by different researchers to support it is called a(n)

theory

Eating disorders may lead to

thinning of bones, menstrual irregularities, and heart abnormalities

(blank) are essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but participate in many chemical reactions that release energy from macronutrients

vitamins

When it comes to choosing a beverage, (blank) is the healthiest choice.

water

Which of the following are major classes of essential nutrients?

water, lipids, and carbohydrates