252 U1 Practice

77. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder resulting from an autosomal recessive mutation in the FBN1 (fibrinilin) gene, which is involved in elastin fiber formation. Patients with Marfan syndrome have characteristic long limbs, often suffer from scoliosis (curvature of the spine) and are at an increased risk of an aortic rupture (the aorta is the major artery supplying oxygenated blood to the rest of the body). Why would abnormal elastin fibers cause the life-threatening risk of an aortic rupture observed in patients with Marfan syndrome? A. Abnormal elastin fibers result in excessive tensile strength within the extra cellular matrix, causing rigidity of the aortic tissue. B. Abnormal elastin fibers result in the disorientation of cells, resulting in the apical membrane of aortic cells making contact with the basement membrane. C. Abnormal elastin fibers alter the shape of a cell, automatically creating a stratified epithelium within the aorta. D. Abnormal elastin fibers result in adjacent cells not being able to form tight junctions, which is essential for aortic tissue formation.

A. Abnormal elastin fibers result in excessive tensile strength within the extra cellular matrix, causing rigidity of the aortic tissue.

59. The graph below depicts the membrane potential of a neuron vs. time. Which label (A, B, or C) is representative of the membrane being depolarized? A. A (going up towards the peak) B. B (going down after the peak) C. C (recovering from a negative dip)

A. A (going up towards the peak)

70. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)? A. An IPSP will result in the reduction of an action potential B. An IPSP will result in K+ leaving the cell C. An IPSP will result from Cl- entering the cell D. An IPSP can cancel an EPSP

A. An IPSP will result in the reduction of an action potential

51. Which best describes how the demyelination of neurons in multiple sclerosis (MS) correlates to disease symptoms? A. Demyelination results in slower propagation of neuronal signals B. Demyelination results in antibody-mediated destruction of axons C. Demyelination results in increased white matter to gray matter ratio in the brain

A. Demyelination results in slower propagation of neuronal signals

36. Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix? A. Desmosomes B. Extracellular fluid C. Glycoproteins D. Collagen

A. Desmosomes

55. A hypothetical cation has an equilibrium potential of -55mV. If a neuron is at its resting membrane potential (-70 mV), which direction will the hypothetical cation move if the membrane is permeable to the ion? A. Into the cell B. Out of the cell C. The hypothetical cation will not move

A. Into the cell

57. The equilibrium potential of Ca 2+ is +134mV. If the cell is at normal resting membrane potential, which way will Ca2+ flow (net) if calcium channels are open? A. Into the cell B. Out of the cell C. There will be no movement of Ca2+

A. Into the cell

38. Which type of epithelial cell layer is most likely to have dead cells on the apical side? A. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium C. Simple squamous epithelium D. All of the above

A. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

100. What type of gated channel opens or closes in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface, such as vibrations or pressure? A. Mechanically-gated B. Ligand-gated C. Voltage-gated D. Chemically-gated

A. Mechanically-gated

88. If the membrane potential of a segment of axolemma is -60 mV, which statement about the movement of Na+ ions is TRUE? A. Na+ will move into the axoplasm B. Na+ will move out of the axoplasm C. There will be no movement of Na+

A. Na+ will move into the axoplasm

50. Which cell type in the central nervous system is responsible for receiving action potentials? A. Neuron B. Astrocyte C. Oligodendrocyte D. Schwann cell

A. Neuron

95. Electrical synapses are capable of transmitting signals in a bidirectional manner. A. True B. False

A. True

82. How many of the statements below are FALSE? - Neurons and neuroglial cells both fire action potentials - Neurons and neuroglial cells are both found in the CNS and PNS - Neurons and neuroglial cells physically interact in the CNS and PNS A. 0 of the above is false B. 1 of the above is false C. 2 of the above are false D. 3 of the above are false

B. 1 of the above is false

93. Referring to the graph of an action potential below, which number represents when voltage-gated sodium channels are in the activated state? A. 1 (no slope) B. 2 (positive slope) C. 3 (peak) D. 4 (dip after negative slope)

B. 2 (positive slope)

39. Below is a picture of an intestinal epithelial cell. What is the function of the microvilli on the apical side of the membrane? A. Propel waste down the intestinal tract B. Absorb nutrients from the food we eat C. Actively transport ions from the apical to basolateral membranes D. Prohibit pathogen infection from intestinal lumen

B. Absorb nutrients from the food we eat

99. Which of the following would you expect to happen in a postsynaptic neuron that received an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) signal? A. Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels B. Activation of ligand-gated potassium channels C. Activation of ligand-gated calcium channels D. None of the above

B. Activation of ligand-gated potassium channels

65. The segment of axolemma has Na+ voltage- gated channels in the resting state and activated K+ voltage-gated channels. This segment of axolemma receives a weak signal. What is likely to occur? A. An action potential will fire B. An action potential will not fire

B. An action potential will not fire

52. Which neuroglial cell is responsible for the formation of the blood brain barrier? A. Satellite cell B. Astrocyte C. Oligodendrocyte D. None of the above

B. Astrocyte

74. A scar located on the ankle of the left leg would be considered _____ to the knee of the same leg. A. Inferior B. Distal C. Superficial D. Anterior

B. Distal

40. Which of the following is NOT true about homeostasis? A. Homeostasis establishes a stable environment B. Homeostasis is a static process C. Homeostatic imbalances result in disease D. Homeostasis is achieved through feedback loops

B. Homeostasis is a static process

98. Donepezil is a medication that is commonly used to treat Alzheimer's disease and acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. This suggests that Alzheimer's disease is associated with which of the following? A. Inhibited activity of presynaptic neurons B. Inhibited activity of postsynaptic neurons C. Reduced activity of voltage-gated sodium channels D. Overactive postsynaptic neurons

B. Inhibited activity of postsynaptic neurons

60. Which of the following best describes a local potential? A. Membrane potential of a segment of axolemma from -70 mV to +30 mV B. Membrane potential of a segment of axolemma from -70 mV to -60 mV C. Membrane potential of a segment of axolemma from +30 mV to -90 mV

B. Membrane potential of a segment of axolemma from -70 mV to -60 mV

48. Chad is a baseball player and is known for hitting home runs. He recently had a severe injury to his elbow, resulting in him having difficulty hitting the ball. When he goes up to bat, he often swings and misses, resulting in a strike out. Which type of neuron is most likely impacted by Chad's injury? A. Sensory neurons B. Motor neurons C. Interneurons

B. Motor neurons

62. A local potential can lead to either a depolarization or hyperpolarization. Which of the following would cause a membrane to hyperpolarize (select all that apply)? A. Closing of Na+ channels B. Opening of Cl- channels C. Opening of K+ channels D. Closing of K+ channels

B. Opening of Cl- channels C. Opening of K+ channels

92. An axon that is at resting membrane potential receives a local potential that causes the axolemma to hyperpolarize. Which of the following is specifically causing the cell to hyperpolarize? A. Sodium ions are moving out of the axoplasm via facilitated diffusion B. Potassium ions are moving out of the axoplasm via facilitated diffusion C. Sodium ions are moving out of the axoplasm via active transport D. Potassium ions are moving out of the axoplasm via active transport

B. Potassium ions are moving out of the axoplasm via facilitated diffusion

94. Which of the following statements about saltatory conduction is TRUE? A. Saltatory conduction occurs when a local potential is strong enough to fire another action potential in the relative refractory period. B. Saltatory conduction in axons that are myelinated, allowing the action potential to be propagated the length of the internodes. C. Saltatory conduction occurs during the depolarization phase, when voltage-gated sodium channels are activated. D. Saltatory conduction occurs when both sodium and chloride are able to move across the membrane through their respective channels.

B. Saltatory conduction in axons that are myelinated, allowing the action potential to be propagated the length of the internodes.

80. Elliot has a neurological condition where she does not move or flinch when a ball is thrown in their direction. Doctors have confirmed that the abnormality does not have to do with the afferent division. This suggests that Elliot has an abnormality in which division of the nervous system? A.Visceral motor division B. Somatic motor division C. Somatic sensory division D. Visceral sensory division

B. Somatic motor division

61. In two separate experiments, researchers increase the sodium concentration in the ECF. For cell #1, they increase the sodium concentration double (2X) what they increase the sodium concentration for cell #2. Afterwards, the stimulate the sodium ligand gated channels to open up. Which best describes the anticipated local membrane potential of the two cells? Assume that there is no limit to the number of channels or ligand molecules. A. The local membrane potential in cell #2 will be higher than cell #1 B. The local membrane potential in cell #1 will be higher than cell #2 C. The local membrane potential will be equal in cell #1 and cell #2

B. The local membrane potential in cell #1 will be higher than cell #2

64. Which best describes why an action potential is propagated down the length of the axon in a single direction? A. Axons are myelinated B. The previous section of axon is in the refractory period C. The Na+ and K+ voltage-gated channels are in the resting state

B. The previous section of axon is in the refractory period

90. What is unique about the Nodes of Ranvier that allow them to propagate action potentials? A. They have double the myelin layers as internodes B. They are enriched with voltage-gated ion channels C. They allow sodium ions to passively diffuse across the membrane D. They have thinner axolemma then the rest of the axon

B. They are enriched with voltage-gated ion channels

67. What is unique about Nodes of Ranvier that help them to propagate action potentials at a high speed? A. They are rich in K+ voltage-gated ion channels B. They are rich in Na+ voltage-gated ion channels C. Both their K+ and Na+ voltage-gated ion channels are in the activated state

B. They are rich in Na+ voltage-gated ion channels

54. The major physiological function of the cardiovascular system is to pump oxygenated blood through blood vessels to tissues for metabolic needs. Your epidermis is the most superficial layer of your skin, and this tissue is completely devoid of blood vessels. Which best describes why your epidermal cells are still metabolically active (i.e., still able to receive O 2 for cellular respiration)? A. Your epidermis has specialized O2 channel receptors that allows facilitated diffusion from nearby tissues B. Your epidermal cells obtain the O2 that they need for cellular respiration passively from the atmosphere C. Your epidermal cells are living, but not metabolically active and therefore do not have a dependence on O2 D. Your epidermal cells have specialized receptors for O2-bound hemoglobin, which transports O2 into the cells

B. Your epidermal cells obtain the O2 that they need for cellular respiration passively from the atmosphere

56. How many of the following are involved in contributing the resting membrane of a neuron being negative? • K+ leak channel • Na+ leak channel • Voltage-gated Na+ channel • Ligand-gated K+ channel • Na+/K+ ATPase A.1 of the above B.2 of the above C.3 of the above D.4 of the above E. 5 of the above

B.2 of the above (K+ leak channel & Na+/K+ ATPase)

73. The condition hypothyroidism is characterized by a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of the chemical thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, an organ in the neck that is part of the endocrine system. Which of the following does NOT describe a level of organization associated with this condition? A. At the tissue level, groups of follicular cells that make thyroid hormone form a spherical structure with a hollow interior called a follicle. B. At the organism level, the endocrine system works with the cardiovascular system to allow for transport of the hormones throughout the body. C. At the tissue level, the plasma membrane of the follicular cells that are found in the thyroid gland is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. D. The thyroid gland is regulated by other hormones from the glands in the body at the organ system level.

C. At the tissue level, the plasma membrane of the follicular cells that are found in the thyroid gland is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.

86. Which best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron if we increased the intracellular concentration of Na+? A. The RMP would not change because the equilibrium potential of Na+ is constant regardless of changes to concentration. B. The RMP would become more negative (e.g., -100 mV) because there would be a greater negative charge across the membrane. C. The RMP would become less negative (e.g., -50 mV) because there would be a smaller negative charge across the membrane. D. The RMP would not change because the Na+/K+ ATPase is still active.

C. The RMP would become less negative (e.g., -50 mV) because there would be a smaller negative charge across the membrane.

87. If the resting membrane potential of a cell is -80 mV, which would best describe the membrane potential of the cell when it is hyperpolarized? A. -60 mV B. -80 mV C. -100 mV D. None of the above

C. -100 mV

89. How many of the following are involved in the production and maintenance of a neuron's negative resting membrane potential? Sodium voltage-gated ion channel Potassium voltage-gated ion channel Potassium leak channel Sodium ligand-gated ion channel Na/K ATPase A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 4 F. 5

C. 2

96. How many of the following would occur if the receptor for a neurotransmitter were blocked? - Calcium channels in the presynaptic neuron would open - Neurotransmitters would be released by the presynaptic neuron - An IPSP would be generated in the postsynaptic neuron - Voltage-gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic neuron would activate A. 0 of the above would occur B. 1 of the above would occur C. 2 of the above would occur D. 3 of the above would occur E. 4 of the above would occur

C. 2 of the above would occur

66. In which axon would you expect the action potential to be propagated the quickest? A. A small diameter axon that is myelinated B. A small diameter axon that is unmyelinated C. A large diameter axon that is myelinated D. A large diameter axon that is unmeylinated

C. A large diameter axon that is myelinated

47. Which component of an axon is responsible for directly communicating with a target cell? A. Axon hillox B. Axon collaterals C. Axon terminals D. Telodendria

C. Axon terminals

44. Which combination of organs makes up the central nervous system? A. Brain and cranial nerve B. Cranial nerve and spinal cord C. Brain and spinal cord D. Spinal nerve and cranial nerve

C. Brain and spinal cord

46. Which component of a neuron is primarily responsible from receiving signals from other neurons? A. Axon B. Cell body C. Dendrite D. Myelin

C. Dendrite

101. Which is most likely to promote an action potential? A. Repolarization of the axolemma B. Hyperpolarization of the axolemma C. Depolarization of the axolemma

C. Depolarization of the axolemma

71. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which synaptic transmission is terminated? A. Diffusion and reabsorption of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neuron B. Degradation of neurotransmitters by enzymes in the synaptic cleft C. Endocytosis of neurotransmitters by the postsynaptic neuron D. Reuptake of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron

C. Endocytosis of neurotransmitters by the postsynaptic neuron

58. The voltage of an axolemma is -90 mV. How would you describe the membrane of this neuron? A. Resting B. Depolarized C. Hyperpolarized

C. Hyperpolarized

72. Cocaine acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Therefore, cocaine will: A. Decrease dopamine in the synaptic cleft B. Increase dopamine in the axon terminal C. Increase dopamine receptor stimulation D. Decrease dopamine inside the postsynaptic neuron

C. Increase dopamine receptor stimulation

69. Which of the following statements about neurotransmitter receptors is true? (Select all that apply) A. Metabotropic receptors are directly connected to an ion channel B. Ionotropic receptors are voltage-gated channels C. Metabotropic receptors require a second messenger to activate ion channels D. Ionotropic receptors are quick acting E. Ionotropic receptors have long-lasting impacts on membrane potential

C. Metabotropic receptors require a second messenger to activate ion channels D. Ionotropic receptors are quick acting

84. Which of the following is NOT an example of a facilitated diffusion transport mechanism? A. Leak channel B. Voltage-gated ion channel C. Na+/K+ ATPase D. All of the above are facilitated diffusion transport mechanisms E. None of the above are facilitated diffusion transport mechanisms

C. Na+/K+ ATPase

68. Which of the following is NOT a step in the transmission of signal through a chemical synapse? A. Opening of Ca2+ ion channels in the axon terminal B. Ca2+ entering the neuron via ion channels C. Release of neurotransmitters into the cytosol of the pre-synaptic neuron D. Neurotransmitters binding their receptors on the post-synaptic neuron

C. Release of neurotransmitters into the cytosol of the pre-synaptic neuron

45. Colin has a neurological disorder that results in him not feeling the sensation of heat when he touches a hot cooking pan. Which division of the nervous system is affected? A. Autonomic nervous system B. Somatic motor division C. Somatic sensory division D. Visceral sensory division

C. Somatic sensory division

97. Which best describes the phenomenon depicted in the illustration of the membrane potential in the axon below? A. Temporal summation and single EPSP B. Spatial summation and a single EPSP C. Temporal summation and multiple EPSPs D. Spatial summation and multiple EPSPs

C. Temporal summation and multiple EPSPs

53. Rabies is caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system. This virus is normally introduced by an animal bite that breaks the surface of the skin. Since the virus is not motile (meaning cannot move from one cell to another), which best describes its ability to travel to the central nervous system? A. The virus is phagocytosed by microglial cells, where it replicates and spreads B. The virus is able to pass through the blood brain barrier by moving through endothelial tight junctions C. The virus infects axons and travels via retrograde movement to neuronal cell bodies

C. The virus infects axons and travels via retrograde movement to neuronal cell bodies

85. A hypothetical ion has an equilibrium potential of -45 mV. What should the voltage across the membrane (membrane potential) be for there to be no net movement of the ion, even when the membrane is permeable to the ion? A. +90 mV B. +45 mV C. 0 mV D. -45 mV E. -90 mV

D. -45 mV

91. How many statements below about local potentials are TRUE? - Local potentials cause either depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane - Local potentials can initiate an action potential - The signal of a local potential travels a consistent distance - The size of a local potential is proportional to strength of stimulus A. 0 of the statements above are true B. 1 of the statements above are true C. 2 of the statements above are true D. 3 of the statements above are true E. 4 of the statements above are true

D. 3 of the statements above are true

43. Which of the following best describes an autocrine cellular communication pathway? A. Insulin secreted in the pancreas acting on a cell in the liver B. A nerve cell secreting acetylcholine, causing muscle cell contraction C. Two epithelial cells interacting via gap junctions to transport ions between them D. A T cell secreting interleukin-2 to stimulate its own proliferation

D. A T cell secreting interleukin-2 to stimulate its own proliferation

79. Where would you expect to find observe stratified squamous epithelial tissue? A. Lungs B. Colon C. Blood vessels D. Anus

D. Anus

81. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Neurons myelinated by Schwann cells propagate action potentials at a faster rate than neurons myelinated by oligodendrocytes. B. Satellite cells support the cell body of neurons present in the central nervous system. C. Microglial cells produce cerebrospinal fluid and ependymal cells phagocytose dead neurons. D. Astrocytes play an essential role in maintaining the blood brain barrier by anchoring blood vessels and neurons in place.

D. Astrocytes play an essential role in maintaining the blood brain barrier by anchoring blood vessels and neurons in place.

49. Which of the following best defines ganglia? A. Axon bundles found in the CNS B. Axon bundles found in the PNS C. Cell body clusters found in the CNS D. Cell body clusters found in the PNS

D. Cell body clusters found in the PNS

37. Kristi suffers from brittle bone disease (osteogeneis imperfecta), which results in her bones breaking very easily. Which component of Kristi's extra cellular matrix is likely abnormal? A. Elastic fibers B. Glycoaminoglycans C. Glycoproteins D. Collagen

D. Collagen

78. What component of ground substance adheres cells to each other and to their places within the extracellular matrix (ECM)? A. Proteoglycans B. Glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) C. Hyaluronic acid D. Glycoproteins

D. Glycoproteins

102. During the absolute refractory period: A. Each stimulus produces an action potential B. A strong stimulus can produce an action potential C. Sodium ion channels are in their resting state (closed) D. No additional stimulus, no matter the strength, can produce an additional action potential

D. No additional stimulus, no matter the strength, can produce an additional action potential

75. If the body temperature increased above its normal range, but was regulated by a positive feedback, would would likely occur? A. Decreased core body temperature B. Increased temperature in the upper limbs only C. Decreased temperature in the torso only D. None of the above

D. None of the above

42. This component of a negative feedback loop senses when a regulated variable is outside of its normal range: A. Stimulus B. Effector C. Responder D. Sensor

D. Sensor

76. What would occur in the skin if desmosomes stopped functioning? A. The skin would no longer be able to protect against bacterial infections B. The skin would become tougher and less likely to tear. C. The skin would not show any wrinkles. D. The skin would not be able to resist mechanical stress and break down easily.

D. The skin would not be able to resist mechanical stress and break down easily.

63. Which of the following is FALSE about an action potential? A. They are not proportional to stimulus B. They do not act locally C. They do not attenuate with distance D. They are bi-directional

D. They are bi-directional

41. After consuming a Pop-Tart (14g of sugar), your pancreas secretes insulin to reduce blood glucose levels. This is an example of which core principle of physiology? A. Structure-function B. Gradient C. Positive feedback loop D. Cell-cell communication E. None of the above

E. None of the above

15. How many of the statements below are TRUE about the tissue level of organization of the human body? 1. Tissues are composed of different cell types, each with a specific function 2. Collagen provides structural support to tissue 3. Cells within tissue communicate with one another via desmosomes a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1

1. Does the resting membrane potential increase or decrease if we increase the concentration of intracellular K+? a. Increase (a greater negative charge- hyperpolarization) b. Decrease (a smaller negative charge- depolarization) c. No change from the resting membrane potential when the pump is active d. There would be no resting membrane potential

a. Increase (a greater negative charge- hyperpolarization)

30. If you were able to modify a neuron to have more voltage-gated sodium channels than a normal neuron, what could the resting membrane potential theoretically be? I. -90mV II. -20mV III. 0mV IV. +10mV a. It could not be any of the above values (I-IV) b. It could be only one of the above values (I-IV) c. It could be only two of the above values (I-IV) d. It could be only three of the above values (I-IV) e. It could be any of the above values (I-V)

a. It could not be any of the above values (I-IV)

29. How many of the following statements are true? I. Myelin sheaths are formed from fatty, white secretions via vesicles from oligodendrocytes in the brain and Schwann cells in the spinal cord. II. Oligodendrocytes play an essential role in maintaining the blood brain barrier by wrapping around blood vessels in the brain. III. The blood brain barrier is found between the CSF and the ECF of the brain. IV. Microglia are a type of ciliated cell in the brain a. None of these statements are true b. Only one of these statements (I-IV) is true c. Only two of these statements (I-IV) are true d. Only three of these statements (I-IV) are true e. All four of these statements (I-IV) are true

a. None of these statements are true

22. How does the effector restore homeostasis in a negative feedback loop? a. The effector opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range. b. The effector amplifies the response, but does not continue indefinitely. c. The effector increases and reinforces the initial stimulus. d. The effector causes a rapid change in a variable.

a. The effector opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range.

13. The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane a. True b. False

a. True

19. When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body temperature. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin. What part of this feedback loop is the stimulus? a. increased body temperature b. brain c. nerve cells d. sweat glands

a. increased body temperature

20. A hypothetical cation has an equilibrium potential of -25mV. If its corresponding ion channels open at normal neuron resting membrane potential, it will move ____________ the cell. a. into b. out of c. no net movement of this ion will take place

a. into

16. How many of the organ systems listed below fall into the maintenance category? · Integumentary · Nervous system · Skeletal system · Digestive system · Muscular system · Reproductive system · Muscular system · Endocrine system a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

b. 1

3. Choose the correct order that an action potential follows after a sensory receptor stimulated: 1. effector organ 2. interneuron 3. motor neuron 4. sensory neuron 5. sensory receptor a. 5,4,3,2,1 b. 5,4,2,3,1 c. 5,3,4,1,2 d. 5,2,4,3,1 e. 5,3,2,1,4

b. 5,4,2,3,1

33. Which event does NOT take place at the neuromuscular junction following stimulation? a. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane b. Calcium is secreted to the synaptic cleft c. Acetylcholine is cleaved by acetylcholine esterase Depolarization occurs at the postsynaptic membrane

b. Calcium is secreted to the synaptic cleft

12. In a myelinated neuron only the initial segment in the trigger zone have voltage-regulated channels a. True b. False

b. False

83. The dendrite of a neuron is capable of propagating an action potential. a. True b. False

b. False

23. A nerve cell releases chemical messengers to trigger changes in a nearby muscle cell. This is example of a core principle known as: a. feedback loops. b. cell-cell communication. c. principle of complementarity of structure and function. d. gradients.

b. cell-cell communication.

18. Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The skeletal muscles are ________ to the skin. a. inferior (caudal) b. deep c. posterior d. superficial

b. deep

7. Clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are: a. tracts b. ganglia c. nuclei d. nerves

b. ganglia

17. Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The mouth is ________ to the nose. a. posterior (dorsal) b. inferior (caudal) c. superior (cranial) d. distal

b. inferior (caudal)

24. What type of cell junction would most likely prevent water from flowing between our cells? a. collagen b. tight junctions c. desmosomes d. gap junctions

b. tight junctions

25. How are epithelial tissues classified? a. Epithelium is classified as either voluntary or involuntary. b. Epithelium is classified as either loose or dense. c. Epithelium is classified by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells. d. Epithelium is classified by the presence or absence of ECM.

c. Epithelium is classified by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.

27. Where would you expect to see the tissue in the picture below? (picture contains cilia & pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial cells) a. In the skin b. In blood vessels c. In the lungs d. In the bone

c. In the lungs

11. Which of the following occurs first in the initiation of an action potential? a. Voltage-gated sodium channels open b. Voltage-gated potassium channels open c. Membrane depolarizes past -55mV d. Membrane hyperpolarizes past -55mV

c. Membrane depolarizes past -55mV

10. Which of the following sentences is FALSE? a. During the relative refractory period some of the voltage-gated sodium channels have their inactivation gates open b. During the absolute refractory period a new action potential can NOT be generated c. Voltage-gated potassium channels open up as a result of repolarization d. Inactivation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels start to open up during repolarization

c. Voltage-gated potassium channels open up as a result of repolarization

9. Leak channels a. open in response to small voltage changes b. open when a chemical signal binds to its receptor c. are responsible for the ion permeability of the resting plasma membrane d. allow substances to move into the cell but not out e. all of the above

c. are responsible for the ion permeability of the resting plasma membrane

6. Which glial cells are involved in circulation of the CSF? a. astrocytes b. oligodendrocytes c. ependymal cells d. microglia

c. ependymal cells

14. Upon entering your house, you noticed the smell of cake baking in the oven. What division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible? a. visceral motor division b. somatic motor division c. somatic sensory division d. visceral sensory division

c. somatic sensory division

28. The epidermis of the skin serves as a barrier to mechanical stresses and protects us from microorganisms. What tissue do you think forms the epidermis? a. simple columnar epithelium b. pseudostratified columnar epithelium c. stratified squamous epithelium d. simple squamous epithelium

c. stratified squamous epithelium

32. Which of the following describes most accurately the interactions between two neurons? a. A presynaptic neuron can form synapses only with the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron b. Acetylcholine always acts as a stimulatory neurotransmitter c. The postsynaptic neuron is excitable upon hyperpolarization d. A presynaptic neuron can form synapses with the dendrites, the cell body and the axon of a postsynaptic neuron

d. A presynaptic neuron can form synapses with the dendrites, the cell body and the axon of a postsynaptic neuron

2. A neuron is placed in a dish with the appropriate medium. What would happen to the resting membrane potential if the sodium-potassium pumps are blocked? a. Increase (a greater negative charge- hyperpolarization) b. Decrease (a smaller negative charge- depolarization) c. No change from the resting membrane potential when the pump is active d. It would not reach the normal resting membrane potential

d. It would not reach the normal resting membrane potential

35. Electrical synapse signal strength can be altered by a. Changing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron b. Altering the amount of neurotransmitter secreted by the presynaptic neuron c. Both d. Neither

d. Neither

5. What would happen if there were twice as many K+ voltage gated channels along the axon? a. The membrane potential peak would be greater than +30 mV (more positive) and the cell would repolarize at the same speed as before b. The membrane potential peak would be at +30 mV and the cell would repolarize slower than before c. The membrane potential peak would be much lower than +30 mV (more negative) and the cell would repolarize faster than before d. The membrane potential peak would be at around +30 mV and the cell would repolarize faster than before e. The membrane potential peak would be much lower than +30mV (more negative) and the cell would repolarize at the same speed as before

d. The membrane potential peak would be at around +30 mV and the cell would repolarize faster than before

21. Nick is enjoying an episode of Friends after coming home from a buffet dinner. While his body continues to digest the food, what neurotransmitter is being released to his target cells and what kind of receptors are located on those target cells? a. epinephrine and a muscarinic receptor b. norepinephrine and a muscarinic receptor c. acetylcholine and an adrenergic receptor d. acetylcholine and a muscarinic receptor e. norepinephrine and an adrenergic receptor

d. acetylcholine and a muscarinic receptor

4. A local potential can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT a. temperature changes b. mechanical stimulation c. changes in voltage across the membrane d. all of the choices can cause a local potential e. a and b are correct

d. all of the choices can cause a local potential

34. What is the effect in a postsynaptic cell if 3 EPSPs and 2 IPSPs are spatially summated and stimulate the cell? a. the postsynaptic cell will become excited and calcium channels will open in the cell body, thus resulting in the release of neurotransmitters. b. Potassium channels in the postsynaptic cell will open, thus resulting in the hyperpolarization of the cell c. sodium channels in the postsynaptic cell will open, thus resulting in the depolarization and excitement of the cell d. the postsynaptic cell will depolarize and excite the presynaptic cell the effect of this summation cannot be determined with the information provided. Hyperpolarization or depolarization of the postsynaptic cell may result

d. the postsynaptic cell will depolarize and excite the presynaptic cell the effect of this summation cannot be determined with the information provided. Hyperpolarization or depolarization of the postsynaptic cell may result

8. Absolute refractory period causes... a. action potential propagation to cease b. action potential propagation to begin c. action potential propagation to increase d. action potential propagation to occur in both directions e. action potential propagation to occur normally in one direction only

e. action potential propagation to occur normally in one direction only

31. Which of the following statements is false? a. graded potentials can occur in neurons b. with a graded potential, the site next to the original depolarization event will also depolarize, creating another graded potential c. cations will move towards a negative charge d. graded potentials spread locally in both directions but die out e. graded potentials are not proportional to the signal size

e. graded potentials are not proportional to the signal size

26. Which of the following about chemical synapses are true? a. Gap junctions are present in chemical synapses b. Transmission of signals is bidirectional in chemical synapses c. Chemical synapses involve the propagation of action potentials d. Ca2+ must leave the cell for a chemical synapse to occur e. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft in chemical synapses f. More than one of the above are true g. None of the above are true

f. More than one of the above are true