305 Theories

Nursing theory provides nurses with... (How do nursing theories help the nurse?)

A perspective to view clients situations, a way to organize data, and a method to analyze and interpret info.

As an art nursing relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection on past experiences. As a science nursing relies on: (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) 1. Experimental research 2. Nonexperimental research 3. Research from other disciplines 4. Professional opinions

1. Experimental research 2. Nonexperimental research 3. Research from other disciplines

You are working in a clinic that provides services for homeless people. The current local regulations prohibit providing a service that you believe is needed by your pts. You adhere to the regulations but at the same time are involved in influencing authorities to change the regulation. This action represents which stage of moral development? 1. Instrumental relativist orientation 2. Social contract orientation 3. Society-maintaining orientation 4. Universal ethical principle orientation

2. Social contract orientation

Who developed the primacy of caring model and what it is?

Benner and Wrubel Nurses help pt recover by noticing interventions that are successful and that guide future care giving.

Health care providers use this theory to quantify and compare the changes that occur as a newborn infant grows into adulthood against established norms.

Biophysical Developmental Theories Biophysical development is how out physical bodies grow and change.

This nurse's focus was caring for the pt through the environment and being knowledgeable about the disease process. She linked the pts health status with environmental factors like hygiene and sanitary conditions.

Florence Nightingale She also oriented her ideas towards providing fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and adequate nutrition.

This nurse focused on interpersonal relationships between the nurse, pt, and the pts family. She used the following phases to characterize the nurse-pt relationship: Orientation, working phase, termination.

Peplau

What stage of Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development is characterized by repression of sexual urges that are then channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable? At what age do people reach this stage?

Stage 4: Latency (6-12 years)

Which component of personality represents the conscience according to Sigmund Freud?

Superego Preforms regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions.

True or false Theories are designed to explain a phenomenon.

True

A nurse is applying Henderson's theory as a basis for theory-based nursing practice. Which other elements are important for theory-based nursing practice? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1. Knowledge of nursing science 2. Knowledge of related sciences 3. Knowledge about current health care issues 4. Knowledge of standards to practice

1. Knowledge of nursing science 2. Knowledge of related sciences 4. Knowledge of standards to practice

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory does the person develop egocentric thought (self-consciousness), and they start risk-taking behavior? 1. Preoperational stage 2. Concrete operations 3. Formal operations 4. Sensory motor

3. Formal operations (11 to adulthood)

Which stage of Erikson's theory is characterized by thriving on accomplishments and praise? As a nurse, you need to make sure these pts understand routines and can participate as actively as possible. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Sense of Shame and Doubt 3. Industry vs. Inferiority 4. Identity vs. Role Confusion

3. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 yrs)

Dave reports being happy and satisfied with his life. What do we know about Dave? 1. He is in one of the later developmental periods, concerned with reviewing his life. 2. He is atypical, since most people in any of the developmental stages report significant dissatisfaction with their lives. 3. He is in one of the earlier developmental periods, concerned with establishing a career and satisfying long-term relationships. 4. It is difficult to determine Dave's developmental stage since most people report overall satisfaction with their lives in all stages.

4. It is difficult to determine Dave's developmental stage since most people report overall satisfaction with their lives in all stages.

A 35 year old woman is speaking with you about her recent diagnosis of a chronic illness. She is concerned about her treatment options in relation to her ability to continue to care for her family. As she considers the options and alternatives, she incorporates information, her values, and emotions to decide which plan will be the best fit for her. She is using which form of cognitive development? 1. Conventional reasoning 2. Formal operations 3. Integrity vs. Dispair 4. Preformal thought

4. Preformal thought Fifth stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory in which adults incorporate emotions, logic, practicality, and flexibility when making decisions.

Which type of theory/theories does/do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions? A. Grand theories B. Middle-range theories C. Descriptive theories

A. Grand theories C. Descriptive theories - help explain pt assessments

These theories say that human growth and development are orderly predictive processes which are dependent on a pts stage in life. A. Systems theory B. Basic human needs theory C. Developmental theory D. Psychological theory

C. Developmental theory

Which nurse's theory viewed the body as an adaptive system?

Roy Help the person to adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role-function, and interdependent relationships. Ex. A pt recovering from worsening heart failure needs interventions to assist in adapting to the resultant activity intolerance.

While working in a comminuty health setting, it is important to get histories and get to know the pts. Part of history taking is to develop the nurse-pt relationship. Which of the following apply to Peplau's theory when establishing the nurse-pt relationship? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1. An interaction between the nurse and pt must develop. 2. The pts needs must be clarified and described. 3. The nurse-pt relationship is influenced by pt and nurse preconceptions. 4. The nurse-pt relationship is influenced only by the nurse's preconceptions.

1. An interaction between the nurse and pt must develop. 2. The pts needs must be clarified and described. 3. The nurse-pt relationship is influenced by pt and nurse preconceptions.

Which of the following statements apply to theory generation? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1. Builds scientific knowledge base of nursing 2. Discovers relationships of phenomena to practice 3. Tests scientific phenomenon 4. Identifies observations about a phenomenon

1. Builds scientific knowledge base of nursing 2. Discovers relationships of phenomena to practice 4. Identifies observations about a phenomenon

Which of the following is closely aligned to Leininger's theory? 1. Caring for pts from unique cultures 2. Understanding the humanistic aspects of life 3. Variables affecting a pts response to stressors 4. Caring for pts who cannot adapt to internal and external environmental demands.

1. Caring for pts from unique cultures

You are caring for a recently retired man who appears withdrawn and says he is "bored with life." Applying the work of Havinghurt, you would help this individual find meaning in life by: 1. Encouraging him to explore new roles. 2. Encouraging relocation to a new city. 3. Explaining the need to simplify life. 4. Encouraging his to adopt a new pet.

1. Encouraging him to explore new roles. Havinghurt proposed an activity theory which states that continuing an active, involved lifestyle results in greater satisfaction and well-being in aging.

Allison, age 15 years, calls her friend Laura crying. She has a date with John, someone she was hoping to date for months, but now she has a pimple in the middle of her forehead. Laura firmly believes that John and everyone else will notice the blemish right away. This is an example of the: 1. Imaginary audience 2. False-belief syndrome 3. Personal fable 4. Personal absorption syndrome

1. Imaginary audience A belief that your actions and appearance are constantly being scrutinized. Part of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, Formal Operations stage (11 yrs through adulthood).

You work in a pediatricians office and your pt is a 5 year old little girl. She comes into the office with her parents and is holding a stuffed bunny in her arms. When you ask the little girl why she brought her stuffed bunny into the doctors office she replies that the bunny is scared to be left alone in the car. Which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does this child fall under? 1. Preoperational stage 2. Formal operations 3. Concrete operations 4. Sensory motor

1. Preoperational stage (2-7 yrs) Believe inanimate objects have life-like thoughts and feelings.

What are the three primary sources for developmental tasks in the Stage Crisis theory and how developed them?

1. Tasks that surface because of physical maturation 2. Tasks that evolve from personal values 3. Tasks that are the result of pressures from society. Robert Havinghurst

A pt is admitted to an acute care area. The pt is an active business man who is worried about getting back to work. He has had severe diarrhea and vomiting for the last week. He is weak, and his breathing is labored. Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, identify the pts immediate priority. 1. Self-actualization 2. Air, water, and nutrition 3. Safety 4. Esteem and self-esteem needs

2. Air, water, and nutrition

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is the child able to describe a process without actually doing it and see it in reverse order? 1. Preoperational stage 2. Concrete operations 3. Formal operations 4. Sensory motor

2. Concrete operations (7-11 yrs)

This refers to the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begin at conception and continue throughout the lifetime. It is dynamic and include progression. 1. Growth 2. Development 3. Cognition

2. Development

Which of the following theories describe the life processes of an adult facing chronic illness? 1. System theories 2. Developmental theories 3. Interdisciplinary theories 4. health and wellness models

2. Developmental theories

A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that: 1. Form legislation 2. Explain a phenomenon 3. Measure nursing functions 4. Reflect the domain of nursing practice

2. Explain a phenomenon

The nurse teaches parents how to have their children learn impulse control and cooperative behaviors. This would be during which of Erikson's stages of development? 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Initiative vs. Guilt 3. Industry vs. Inferiority 4. Autonomy vs. Sense of shame and doubt

2. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs) Successful resolution of this stage leads to direction, purpose, and impulse control.

A pt with diabetes is controlling the disease with insulin and diet. The nursing health care provider is focusing efforts to teach the pt self-care management. Which of the following nursing theories is useful in promoting self management? 1. Neuman 2. Orem 3. Roy 4. Peplau

2. Orem

According to Piaget's cognitive theory, a 12-year old child is most likely to engage in which of the following activities? 1. Using building blocks to determine how houses are constructed. 2. Writing a story about a clown who wants to leave the circus. 3. Drawing a picture of a family using stick figures. 4. Writing an essay about patriotism.

2. Writing a story about a clown who wants to leave the circus. Formal operations stage (11 to adulthood) Egocentric thought leads adolescents to demonstrate feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness, a belief that their actions and appearance are constantly being scrutinized, their thoughts and feelings are unique, and that they are invulnerable.

Nine year old Brian has a difficult time making friends at school and being chosen to play on a team. He also has trouble completing his homework and, as a result, receives little positive feedback from his parents or teacher. According to Erikson's theory, failure at this stage of development results in: 1. A sense of guilt 2. A poor sense of self 3. Feelings of inferiority 4. Mistrust

3. Feelings of inferiority Industry vs. Inferiority stage (6-11 yrs) Thrive on accomplishments and praise.

Which stage of Erikson's theory is characterized by development of the superego? Successful resolution of this stage leads to direction, purpose, and impulse control. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Sense of Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Identity vs. Role Confusion

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs)

To practice in today's health care environment, nurses need a strong scientific knowledge base from other disciplines such as physical, social, and behavior sciences. This statement identifies the need for which of the following? 1. System theories 2. Developmental theories 3. Interdisciplinary theories 4. health and wellness models

3. Interdisciplinary theories

Which of the following statements about theory based nursing practice is incorrect? 1. Contributes to evidence based practice 2. Provides a systematic process for designing nursing interventions 3. Is not linked to nursing outcomes 4. Guide's the nurse's assessment

3. Is not linked to nursing outcomes

What is the proposed fifth stage of cognitive development and what are it's characteristics? 1. Preoperational stage 2. Formal operations 3. Post-formal thought 4. Concrete operations

3. Post-formal thought Adults do not always arrive at one answer to a problem but may accept several possible solutions. Adults incorporate emotions, logic, practicality, and flexibility when making decisions.

Teaching an older adult how to use e-mail to communicate with a grandchild who lives in another state is an example of __________ which aids cognitive performance by using new approaches. 1. Cognitive development 2. Activity theory 3. Selective optimization with compensation 4. Formal operations

3. Selective optimization with compensation Older adults select fewer and more meaningful goals and activities, optimize their existing abilities through practice and new technologies, and compensate for the losses of some abilities by finding other ways to accomplish tasks. This is part of the Life Span Approach.

This theory is that each child's pattern of growth is unique and this pattern is directed by gene activity. 1. Freud 2. Havinghurst 3. Piaget 4. Gesell

4. Gesell Genes direct the sequence of development but environmental factors also influence development. Poor nutrition or chronic illness effect growth rate over genetics. (Gesell = genes)

When preparing a 4 year old child for a procedure, which method is developmentally most appropriate for the nurse to use? 1. Allowing the child to watch another child undergoing the same procedure. 2. Showing the child pictures of what he or she will experience. 3. Talking to the child in simple terms about what will happen. 4. Preparing the child through play with a doll and toy medical equipment.

4. Preparing the child through play with a doll and toy medical equipment. Piaget's theory of cognitive development, preoperational stage (2-7 yrs) Believe that inanimate objects have life-like thoughts and feelings.

Which type of theory describes Freud's five stages? 1. Biophysical development 2. Psychosocial 3. Cognitive developmental theory 4. Psychoanalytical

4. Psychoanalytical Explains development as primarily unconscious and influenced by emotion.

Elizabeth, who is having unprotected sex with her boyfriend, comments to her friends, "Did you hear about Kathy? You know, she fools around so much; I heard she was pregnant. That would never happen to me!" This is an example of adolescent: 1. Imaginary audience 2. False-belief syndrome 3. Personal fable 4. Sense of invulnerability

4. Sense of invulnerability

Theory-based nursing practice uses a theoretical approach for nursing care. This approach moves nursing forward as a science. This suggests that: 1. One theory will describe nursing practice. 2. Scientists will decide nursing decisions. 3. Nursing will only base nursing care on the practice of other sciences. 4. Theories will be tested to describe or predict pt. outcomes.

4. Theories will be tested to describe or predict pt. outcomes.

A theory that focuses on a narrow scope such as incontinence, social support, and caring would be considered which type of theory? A. Grand theories B. Middle-range theories C. Descriptive theories

B. Middle range theories.

These theories are interdisciplinary and involve psychological, physiological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual needs of the pt. Ex: Theories on cultural diversity, family theory, death, dying, and grieving. A. Systems theory B. Basic human needs theory C. Developmental theory D. Psychological theory

D. Psychological theory

How is Erikson's theory different than Freud's?

Erikson's showed developmental changes throughout the lifespan and the developmental changes focused on psychosocial stages rather than psychosexual stages.

Recognizing your own moral developmental level is essential in ___________________________________________ when helping pts with their moral decision-making process.

Recognizing your own moral developmental level is essential in separating your beliefs from others when helping pts with their moral decision-making process.

What are interdisciplinary theories and what is included in interdisciplinary theories?

Interdisciplinary theories use knowledge from other disciplines to design appropriate therapies. Ex. A nurse can use their knowledge of Piaget's theory of cognitive development to design approprate therapeutic play interventions for ill toddlers or school-aged children. Interdiscaplinary theories include systems theory, basic human needs (Maslow's), developmental theories (Gesell's, Freud, Erikson, Havinghurst, Piaget, Kohlberg), psychosocial theories.

Who developed the moral developmental theory? What are the limits of this theory?

Kohlberg Most of the subjects were males raised in Western philosophical traditions and Kohlberg's research design did not allow a way to measure those within different cultures.

What is the overall goal of nursing knowledge?

To explain the practice of nursing as different and distinct from the practice of medicine, psychology, and other health care disciplines.

True or false The Life Span Approach views an individual's personal circumstances such as health and family, how the person views and adjusts to changes, and the current social and historical context in which the individual is living.

True

If you are unsure what the BEST answer is on a test, what two things can you use to figure out which nursing practice you should do FIRST? (Silvestri mentioned this tip in her 305 lecture)

Use the Nursing Process (ADPIE, assessment always comes first) or Maslow's hierarchy of needs (physiological issues always come first)

Whose famous for the following quote? "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible"

Virginia Henderson

Which nurse formed the transpersonal caring theory? The nurse in concerned with promoting and restoring health and preventing illness. Understand the interrelationship among health, illness, and human behavior.

Watson

Whose theory contains stages such as Sensorimotor, preoperational, and formal operations?

Piaget

Nurses don't diagnose the pts problem. They diagnose the pts __________ to problems, set up a plan of care for the client to improve, and ___________ the plan.

Nurses don't diagnose the pts problem. They diagnose the pts response to problems, set up a plan of care for the client to improve, and implement the plan.

What concept distinguished stage five from stage six in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Civil disobedience. In stage six a person may not follow the law if they feel it is unjust.

What does Cognitive Developmental Theory stress and who created this theory?

Cognitive development theory stress how people learn to think and make sense of their world. Jean Piaget

Which component of personality represents "the reality component" according to Sigmund Freud?

Ego Mediates conflicts between the environment and the forces of ID. Helps people judge reality accurately, regulate impulses, and make good decisions.

Who created the theory of psychosocial development?

Erik Erikson

She was known as the "Mother of Modern Nursing" and organized her theory into 14 basic needs including physiological, psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, and developmental.

Henderson

What is included in the domain of nursing?

History Theory Eduction Practice Research

Who formed the culture care diversity and universality theory and what is it?

Leininger Background in anthropology. Human caring varied among cultures in expression, process, and patterns. These are influenced by social structures of the culture such as religion, politics, culture, and traditions. These factors influence the pts health and illness patterns.

Whose theory is based on stress?

Neuman Based on stress and the pts reaction to the stressor. A system that includes 5 steps: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.

Why are nursing theories used?

Nursing theories provide nurses with a perspective to view client's situations, a way to organize data, and a method to analyze and interpret information.

Place the folloing stages of Freud's psychosexual theory in order by age progression. Oedipal Latency Oral Genital Anal

Oral (birth to 12/18 months) Anal (12/18 months - 3 yrs) Oedipal (3-6 yrs) Latency (6-12 yrs) Genital (puberty through adulthood)

Who created the Self Care Deficit Theory?

Orem Nursing care is necessary when the pt is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.

Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice. Everything we do as nurses involves these concepts.

Person - pt, family, community. Health - goal of nursing care, on a continuum Environment - internal, external, intrapersonal. Factors in home, school, workplace, or community which influences the pts level of health and health care needs. Nursing - diagnose the pt response to problems, set up plan of care to assist the client improve, implement the plan.

What are the 4 components of a nursing theory?

Phenomenon - the term or label given to describe an idea or responses about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. Concepts - words that represent a known reality like pen, chair, family. Definitions - define general meanings of concepts. Assumptions - "taken for granted" statements in a theory that explain the nature of concepts.

What is the difference between theoretical knowledge and experiential knowledge?

Theoretical knowledge is the "science" of nursing. Experiential knowledge is the "art" of nursing and involves knowledge gained from experience.

What is the difference between theory generating research and theory testing research?

Theory generating research is used to generate new theories. Theory testing research is used to test the accuracy of theories that already exist.