307- exam 1
Extroversion-
Extent to prefer solitude or being with others
Personality
A totality of behavioral and emotional traits
The Aché Tribe
-All food goes in a communal spot. Everyone shares the food equally. -The best hunters get the most women/prestige
Age-Ambiguous
-life experienced in relative time -not important to know age
*What are some characteristics about the !Kung population?
-no calendar -do not count years -no word for age -time is not significant -foraging society
traits of the !Kung
-no calendar -do not count years -no word for age -time is not significant -foraging society
Japan has the highest life expectancy among the major countries in the world. How many years will a Japanese baby born in 2015 expect to live?
84
The world's older population (65 and over) was increasing by approximately how many people each month in 2010?
870,000
*Describe moai and how it contributes to longevity
A group of people who travel through life together, social construct, gender based, typically women -Provides healthy outlet for sharing feelings; combats social isolation.
True or false? o Current demographic projections suggest that 35% of all people in the US will be at least 65 years of age by 2015.
False
True or false? o More than half of the world's older people live in the industrialized nations of Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia.
False
Agreeableness-
Interpersonal behavior is nice, warm, etc
*What country has the highest life expectancy?
Japan
Who might benefit from agism?
Nobody
Is personality stable or plastic?
Personality continues to change until age 30
Which of the world's developing regions has the highest percentage of older people?
The Caribbean
Delayers
Those who get disease after age 80 and survive
What is gerontological imagination?
an awareness of the process of human aging that enables one to understand the scientific contributions of a variety of researchers studying aging.
What are the leading killers of older people in Europe and North America?
circulatory diseases
heterogeneity
diversity
Sokojikara
resiliency and ability to recover in unexpected ways (Strength and willpower)
Personality type
several traits that come together
List the tenets of the gerontological imagination
-aging and causality -aging as multifaced change -genetic influence -aging and heterogeneity -aging and life course analysis -aging and cumulative disadvantage -aging and agism
*Compare "agism" in the USA vs blue zones. What are the factors of an agist or non agist society?
Agism exists in the USA but not in blue zones. -In societies where agism is prevalent, there is an increased risk for suicide. -due to social isolation, loss of status, etc. -In nonagist societies, the elderly are respected and taken care of.
Source traits
Underlying characteristics of personality
(Shapes of population) Box
developed nation: -Low infant mortality -Slow population growth -Long life expectancy (ex. Sweden, USA)
Describe the five-factor model of personality
Openness to new experiences Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Nueroticism
ego-dystonic
Patient knows they have a problem and are distressed by it (bipolar, OCD)
Discuss why age is positively associated with heterogeneity
People become less alike as they age -more individual experiences
Serotonin's role in leadership and social hierarchy
Status is not predetermined -But, when in leadership positions, your brain has higher levels of serotonin
Personality disorders
-A pattern of enduring thoughts and behaviors -Display an unusual intensity or range of emotion ---Personality disorders are a DISTORTION
Summarize the work of Costa and McCrae on the longitudinal relationship of personality and age
-Administered in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) -Measures each of the five factors (E, A, C, N, and O) -Measures also six subordinate dimensions in each of the five factors -240-items on 5-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" -Takes approximately 40-60 minutes to complete **Increasing age is associated with lower impulsiveness, activity, excitement seeking, openness to fantasy, and values. **Increasing age is associated with higher straight-forwardness and modesty. **CONCLUSION: predominately stable personality traits with age.
Describe a dimensional model of personality diagnosis. How is it different than the cluster model?
-Dimensional models are based on scales that measure each trait "how do they rank on Neuroticism 0 being not neurotic and 5 being extremely neurotic" -Cluster model puts patient into categories based on what they think they should be diagnosed with.... rather than just measuring each trait. (So (A) is paranoid PD, schizoid PD, Schizotypes PD......(B) is Antisocial PD, Borderline PD, etc.)
The Aka pygmies
-Foragers in tropical forests of Southwestern Central African Republic The Aka speak a Bantu language called Diaka, which is characterized by three tones. The language often sounds musical -Speak a language characterized by three tones -Men and women contribute equally to diet -Very egaltarian
What is a cohort?
-Groups of people who "Age Together" -Go through life Experiences Together Generally More Like Each Other Because of These Common Experiences
*what sort of things effect epigenetics?
-Heredity -Environment
*What is the box pyramid characterized of?
-Low infant mortality -Slow population growth -Long life expectancy
Absolute time
-Measured -Understand temporal distance
traits of the Piraha
-No religion -No concept of time -No past tense -No # or letters
Relative time
-Not measured -only know sequence -Might not know how long ago something happened
Describe the types of problems older adults with personality disorders may encounter in long term care settings
-Odd and Eccentric -Dramatic and Emotional -Anger, depression about lack of status -Noncompliance -Anxious and Fearful -Indecision -Schedule rigidity -Fear of rejection All these things can make the patient socially isolated -----because workers and fellow residents will not want to interact with them
Describe the early origins of personality theory using Hippocrates four temperaments (what are they)
-Sanguine (blood) -Choleric (yellow bile) -Melancholic (Black bile) -Phlegmatic (phlegm)
Name the locations of the blue zones
-Sardinia -Okinawa -Loma Linda, CA -Greece -Costa Rica
Discuss the relevant social constructs of the Seventh-Day Adventists which confer longevity
-Tend to associate frequently with other Adventists -Family life -These people do things as a community, thereby avoiding social isolation
Be able to list several cultural common denominators among the blue zone societies
-They build physical activity into their lives -They know how to relax -They have a sense of purpose -They eat a predominately a plant-based diet -They have strategies for not overeating -They belong to a community -They know how to connect socially -They take put family first, take care of aging parents -They surround themselves with the right people
Age-Aware
-Use calendar and know how old they are, BUT dont care
*What behaviors do patients with borderline personality exhibit in a long term care environment?
-anxious of roommate -suspicious of good will -manipulative
What is agism?
-the subordination of and devaluation of the elderly in society OR -Systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old
Choleric (yellow bile)
Ambitious leaders, irrascable
Melancholic (black bile)
Analytical, thoughtful, pessimism
*Which of the following does not belong in the gerontological imagination tenet "Aging and Causality"? a)uniqueness of older adults b)different life experiences c)chronic disease d)perception of self
C) chronic disease
China has the world's largest total population (about 1.4 billion). Which country has the world's largest older population?
China
Example of how cohort effect and how it can cause bias in research
Cohorts who lived through Great Depression might be more stingy than those born after
Age-Forced
Colonizing society brings own measurement and overtakes indigenous ways (Bring measurement and impose age)
Discuss how epigenetics are related to the aging process
Epigenetics- the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. Epigenome does not change your DNA, but it decides how much or whether some genes are expressed. epigenetics looks at what happens to your genes over the course of your life. And whether or not these changes can effect your children, grandchildren, etc.
True or false? o The percentage of older people in rural areas is generally lower than in larger cities?
False
Discuss what twin studies say about the heritability of human lifespan
Genes account for 25% of what determines longevity
*Give two examples of "Aging and Cumulative disadvantages"
Genetics, racism, poverty
What is the guiding paradigm of gerontology?
Gerontological imagination
Define the social constructs of Moai
Group of friends who journey with you through life
*What is the best formula to increase longevity?
High conscientiousness low neuroticism
Conscientiousness-
How an individual completes tasks (careful,, hardworking, neat, punctual)
Temperment
Inherited aspects of personality (distractible, irritable)
Culture
Integrated pattern of belief and behavior
Which country has the world's highest percentage of older people in 2016?
Japan
Age-Explicit
Knowing age is important, Keep statistic -most western US and Europe
Escapers
Live to be old without any diseases
*(Modernization theory) A group of people from birth to 60 were followed to test for the development of mental illness. What kind of study is this?
Longitudinal
Observations about a person with Personality D/O's age and rate of hospitalization
Older adults with Personality D/O are not hospitalized as much as young people. ----Because they dont live to an old age
*What is the five factor model of personality?
Openness to new experiences Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
ego-syntonic
Person thinks they dont have a problem (but they do) and that everyone else has a problem
Sanguine (blood)
Pleasure seeking, sociable
Cite examples of disadvantage that make accumulate and scar life chances
Racism Poverty
Neuroticism-
Relates to persons emotional life, psychological and emotional stability
Phlegmatic (phlegm)
Relaxed, quiet, excess phlegm, sluggish
Openness to new experiences-
Seeking and appreciation of new experiences for own sake, toleration of new things.
*How will the percentage of the older population in Japan effect the population in 2050?
Since Japan has the highest percentage of older people, by 2050 much of the responsibility to take care of them will fall on the younger generation.
Personality trait
Stable qualities shown in situations
*Name and describe an age ambiguous culture?
The Piraha -Amazon rainforest tribe with no word for time. -No art -Live off of land -No concept of time -No past tense (Carpe Diem culture) -If it can't be perceived it does not exist
Dependency ratio
The number of working age people that are there for every one person over the age of 65
Define the social constructs of Ikigai
The reason for which you wake up
Describe how US population pyramid has changed since 1950
There used to be a lot of younger people compared to older. As the years go by, the graph shows that the percentage of older people is increasing and the percentage of younger people is decreasing. It is projected that there will be more older adults in the US than younger people in the near future.
Understand how the trail maker test was able to show how cumulative disadvantage effects cognition
Those in low SES did worse on trail marker test than people who had no economic advantage
Survivors
Those that get diagnosed with a disease before 80, and survive
*What is personality?
Totality of behavioral and emotional traits that are formed in childhood but continue to develop until age 30
True or false? The number of the world's 'oldest old' people (aged 80 and over) is growing more rapidly than the older (65 and over) population as a whole
True
True or false? o Today, average life expectancy at birth is less than 45 years in some countries.
True
*Which of the following is not characteristic of blue zones: a) plant based diet b) ikigai c) active lifestyle d) career centered lifestyle
d) career centered lifestyle
(Shapes of population) Cup
developed nation: -Low birth rate -Shrinking population -Long life expectancy (ex. Japan, Italy)
(Shapes of population) Tree
developing nation: -Slow growth rate -High birth rate -Short life expectancy (ex. Namibia, Bangladesh)
Gerontology
examines processes of getting old. Includes: -changes age brings -interdisciplinary -biopsychosocial
Explain why global aging is among the most pivotal changes of our time
for the first time there will be more older people than younger
blue zone
places people live to be very old
Character
the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual (got this from google)
True or false? o The world's children under the age of five outnumber aged 65 and over?
true
Surface traits
visible areas of personality (anxiety, fear)
