3.1 + 3.2 Reading Notes- AP World History

Daimyo

A Daimyo is an army of soldiers. This term is significant because the daimyo contributed to the decentralization in Japan by creating conflict between the aristocrats. They had also had limited power due to Oba Nobunaga and the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Caste

A caste is a social group each individual person is placed into. This term is significant because The Mughal Empire used Hindu Castes, which were given at birth. There were four categories: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vashiyas, and Shudras.

Absolutism

Absolutism was basically a ruler who had 100% of authority. This term is significant because many corrupt rulers would take advantage of this title and had given their civilians a rough time and no say in legal problems. For example, the French government was very absolute compared to the English.

Akbar

Akbar was a descendant of Tamerlane who ruled the Mughal Empire. This term is significant because Akbar was able to rule and achieve a lot for the Mughal Empire, both economically and religiously.

Which two regions was Russia influenced by?

Asia and Europe.

Askia the Great

Askia the Great was an Islamic leader. This term is significant because he had created the largest kingdom in Songhai and promoted Islam why legitimizing his power. He had also created a strong, efficient bureaucracy that united his empire.

Boyars

Boyars are the Russian nobility. This term is significant because they were the reason for Ivan IV's madness. He had even punished them by taking away their land and deporting them to Moscow. He had terrorized the boyars. He had a group of people called the oprichnina kill them for the supposed death of his wife.

Describe the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

Christian boys serve in the Ottoman government.

Describe the cultural contributions of the Ottoman Empire:

Coffeehouses thrived in the empire. Many new mosques, buildings, and forts were constructed. Production of new items were encouraged. Buildings from Constantinople became restored as well.

What led to the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922?

Defending Ottoman territory from invasion caused the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire.

Emperor Qianlong

Emperor Qianlong was a ruler and poet. This term is significant because during his rule, Emperor Qianlong had expanded into west of China, which had resulted in Xinjiang getting annexed.

What did Europe's expansion involve that was unique from the Gunpowder Empires?

Europe's expansion involved a bigger, more effective network of exchange that was connected to America.

Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires are Russia, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empire. This term is significant because the artistic and architectural advancements, as well as the conquest-led economies had created a time period of conquering and military innovations.

How did Peter increase revenue for Russia when industrialization didn't bring in as much money as he wanted?

He increased revenue for China when industrialization didn't bring as much money as he wanted by raising taxes and forced workers to work in shipyards.

Why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always Christian?

Islamic law stated that people of the book, such as Jews and Muslims, couldn't be enslaved. Therefore, they conquered Christians.

Under Mehmed II, where was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire?

Istanbul.

What was the Grand Bazar and why was it important?

Istanbul. It was important because it was full of foriegn imports.

How did Ivan IV feel about the boyar class?

Ivan IV had disliked the Boyars, and punished them. He took away their lands and deported them and their families to Moscow.

Ivan IV

Ivan IV was a ruler of Russia from 1547-1584. This term is significant because he managed to expand the border of Russia eastward by controlling the Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia khanates who were held by the Mongolian conquerors' descendants.

Ivan IV

Ivan IV was the ruler of Russia. Ivan was obsessed with absolute power, and would go to any extent to get it. In fact, he was so annoyed by the boyars that he quit until he could gain complete absolute power. He had confiscated the lands of the boyars and moved them to Moscow.This term is significant because Ivan IV was very brutal and had killed many people during his time.

Janissaries

Janissaries were an elite force in the Ottoman empire. This term is significant because the devshirme had recruited Christian males to join the army or serve in the Ottoman empire. The Janissaries were very involved in the military and provided a path of upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire. They had caused a great and fierce loyalty between the citizens and rulers.

Justice of the Peace

Justice of the Peace were officials selected by someone who holds a lot of power. This term is significant because these people in Tudor England kept England peaceful as well as settled problems. They had a lot of importance because they had handled the job very well and kept the land at peace for a while.

Kangxi

Kangxi was a ruler in China. This term is significant because Emperor Kangxi's rule in China had brought stability and expansion to the region, also lasting long. He incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia into China's rule

Istanbul was a center of what:

Learning and arts.

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was a ruler of France who believed in the divine right of kings/monarchs. This term is significant because Louis XIV was considered a dictator for holding so much absolute power and prioritizing that only. Growing up, Louis had become the heir of the throne just at the age of four. Many people, including family, did anything in their power to hurt him and get him out of that seat... hIs mom had struggled to travel to many different lands and cities to keep him protected until he was of age to become a rightful king. With all that anxiety and mistrust, Louis XIV was bound to have a government with absolute power, so no one would betray him or be unloyal.

Who established the Qing Dynasty?

Manchu from Manchuria.

Mehmed II

Mehmed II was the conqueror of the Ottoman Empire. This term is significant because Mehmed was able to expand the empire all the way into other lands in Europe. He had also made the capital city of the empire Istanbul, which was prosperous in trade, had control over the Bosporus Strait, and connected the Black and Aegean Sea.

Where was the Ottoman Empire located?

Modern-day Turkey, Balkan areas of Europe, and parts of North Africa and Southeast Asia.

Which two major forces would continue to battle with each other into the 14th century?

Mongols from the northeast and Islamic forces from Arabia.

Who was responsible for collecting taxes in the Ming Dynasty?

Private citizens from wealthy families collected taxes in the Ming Dynasty.

Who were the four Gunpowder Empires?

Russia, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empire.

What was the origin of the Safavid Empire?

Safavid order of Sufism in Iran.

Serfdom

Serfdom was a social class at the lowest rank in the Russian social pyramid. This term is significant because serfs were peasants, and they received land to keep in good care. In return of this land, the peasants had to submit to the nobles and have little freedom.

Shah Abbas I

Shah Abbas I was a ruler during the Safavid Empire's highest point in their period. This term is significant because this force stabilized Iran and strengthened the economy. The trade links between Asia and Europe were great and the religion of Shi'a Islam was popular. They had a period of foreign, but it was controlled.

Shah

Shah was a king or emperor. This term is significant because the Shahs of the Safavid Empire had brought great power and prosperity. They also had control over religion and politics.

What two things caused tension between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires?

Strict beliefs in Islam & control of trade routes

Suleiman I

Suleman I was a ruler of the Ottoman Empire after Mehmed II. This term is significant because Suleman I was able to bring the Ottoman Empire to its peak. He had tried to besiege Vienna, which was a failure. However, he brought fear to the people in the area by sending troops far out to Christian Europe.

Tamerlane

Tamerlane was a Mongol-Turkic ruler who invaded Samarkand, Persia, and India. This term is significant because Tamerlane encourages arts by writing his own memoirs and advocating literature. Buildings from the era show his art and architecture. He had also led the Gunpowder Empire for a while, and made the military successful.

Tax Farmers

Tax farmers are intendants who collected taxes. This term is significant because they had a very important job, and they oversaw the entire collection of taxes in the royal government. They held great responsibility within their job.

How did tax farmers grow wealthy? Were they corrupt?

Tax farmers grew wealthy by keeping some of the taxes that were made. This made them corrupt.

Taxes were collected in what form?

Taxes were collected in the form of grains and silver.

Monarchies in Europe in 1450 wanted to control:

Taxes, the army, and religion.

What were the three groups in Russia vying for power under the Romanov Dynasty and what did they want?

The Church, conserving traditional beliefs and values.,The Boyars, desire of power.,Members of the Tsar's Royal Family.

Divine Right of Kings

The Divine Right of Kings was the claim that God gave rulers the authority to vote. This term is significant because certain rulers, such as King James I, would justify their rule through this belief. King James I used this belief commonly and believed he was outside of the law.

English Bill of Rights

The English Bill of Rights was a set of rules for civilians. This term is significant because this bill had established rules that had helped the citizens gain a more fair society and a more easygoing government. This had also given the citizens more peace.

How did the French government grow in comparison to the English?

The French government grew more absolute than the English.

Ghazi Ideal

The Ghazi Ideal was a model for warriors in the Gunpowder Empire. This term is significant because the Ghazi Ideal helped the Gunpowder Empires grow through a combination of warrior life, nomadic culture, and a fighter for Islam.

Gutenberg Printing Press

The Gutenberg Printing Press was an innovation in Europe made to print books and other literature. This term is significant because it marks the beginning of a huge increase in literacy in the time period.

Ming Dynasty

The MIng Dynasty was a short-lived empire. This term is significant because they had managed to stabilize East Asia, conquer lands such as Mongolia and Central Asia, and have people from different regions (Europe, Portugal, etc.) intrude on their trade networks.

Summarize why the Mughal Empire declined:

The Mughal Empire declined when Aurangzeb led a weak empire with a failed military and no innovations. The economy grew empty and had many rebellions and conflicts when attempting to move southward. Islamic and Hindu princes were involved in revolts. By the time of Aurangzeb's death, the empire became unstable. The British took over in the 19th century, which marked the end of the once prosperous Mughal Empire.

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a dynasty founded in 1520s in India by Babur. This term is significant because The Mughal Empire was the wealthiest and best-governed nation by Akbar, Babur's grandson.

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was a long-lasting empire in modern-day Turkey, Balkan areas of Europe, and parts of North Africa and Southeast Asia. This term is significant because it was the largest Islamic empire of the 15th century.

How did the Ottomans raise taxes to support their empire and military?

The Ottomans raised their taxes to support their empire and military by taxing peasants and using tax farmers to collect the tax.

Period of Great Peace

The Period of Great Peace was the mid 19th century in Japan. This term is significant because Tokugawa Ieyasu had established a successful government in Japan and had ruled it very wisely, resulting in this era of peace.

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was a Chinese empire founded by Manchu from Manchuria. This term is significant because it was the first imperial dynasty in China that was long-lasting.

Romanov Dynasty

The Romanov Dynasty is a Russian empire that took control in 1613 after Ivan IV's death. This term is significant because this dynasty had three groups that all wanted something different: The Church who wanted to conserve traditional beliefs and values, the Boyars desired power, and Members of the Tsar's Royal Family.

Summarize why the Safavid Empire declined:

The Safavid Empire declined when leaders such as Shah Abba had focused more on their lavish lifestyle and military spending rather than a strong economy. They became oppressed by Sunni Pashtuns. By the end, tax collection, failure to centralize the government, and seized territories by the Ottomans and Russians led to the fall of the Safavid Empire.

Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire was a dynasty with an origin in the Safavid order of Sufism in Iran. This term is significant because they had advanced military technology from Europe. However, they lacked natural defenses and didn't have a real navy.

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal was a building created by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife. This term is significant because creating big monumental buildings during this time showed citizens that they had great authority and power, and should be given respect.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The Tokugawa Shogunate was focused on reorganizing the Japanese government more centrally and efficiently. They had divided the government into 250 territories called hans, which were all controlled by their own daimyo.They also controlled the aristocratic daimyos by keeping their family hostage in the capital if the daimyo wascisiting their home land. The government made daimyos stay in their territory, or else they would face those consequences.

Volga River

The Volga River was a body of water that flowed into the Caspian Sea. This term is significant because Russia wanted to control the Volga river so they could expand east and gain control of the fur trade.

What eventually contributed to the economic decline of the Mughal empire?

The amount of taxes and military issues led to the economic decline of the Mughal Empire.

What goods were imported and exported in the Mughal Empire?

The goods that were imported were gold and silver. The goods that were exported were tropical foods, spices, precious stones, and textiles.

What made the Gunpowder Empires successful?

The military

Describe the tribute system. What empires have we learned about that utilized the tribute system?

The tribute system was a system in which you can submit or respect someone as a way to pay your dues and debts. Some other empires that have utilized this system are the Qing and Aztec Empires.

List two things the English Bill of Rights accomplished:

You could not be arrested before going through a legal process., Protection against the monarchy on matters of taxation and raising an army.

Zamindars

Zamindars are government officials in charge of taxation, construction, and water supply. This term is significant because Zamindars eventually impacted the Mughal Empire when they kept more of the taxes that were collected, and created personal armies of soldiers and loyalty from the civilians with that money.

Who was Tamerlane and where did he conquer?

a Mongol-Turkic ruler who invaded Samarkand, Persia, and India.

Describe St. Petersburg:

a port given to Russia from the conquest by Peter the Great. Peasants and prisoners from war worked the streets and government. They also built structures there.

The Ming Dynasty was established after the Mongols were pushed out of China. What was the result of the Ming Dynasty?

a short time in power, where they managed to stabilize East Asia, conquer lands such as Mongolia and Central Asia, and have people from different regions (Europe, Portugal, etc.) intrude on their trade networks.

What caused China to rebuild the Great Wall of China for protection?

after Mongol armies defeated the Ming forces, and imprisoned the Ming emperor.

Summarize why the Ottoman Empire eventually declined:

after Suleiman's death, where people from Spain and Venice defeated the Ottomans. They had weak sultans with strong European neighbors. They failed the Siege of Vienna in 1638, and the Ottoman land became occupied by British and French involvement.

What were some continuities in the Ottoman Empire at the time?

arts, culture, and economy.

Why were the Janissaries so loyal to the Ottoman empire?

because it created upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire.

Why did the Gunpowder Empires decline?

because of the growing strength in economy and military by Western Europe.

Why were intendants called tax farmers?

because they oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of the royal governments.

Why did the samurai have significant economic power in Japan?

because they were salaried in first rice then gold.

Who did Peter have to defeat to come into power?

boyar-led elite military crops known as the Streltsy, who were supporters of his half-sister Sophia. He also had to defeat her.

Describe the class system in Russia:

boyars, merchants, then peasants.

What was significant about Emperor Kangxi's rule AND what regions did he incorporate into China's rule?

brought stability and expansion to the region, also lasting long. He incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia into China's rule.

How did Europe assist the Safavid Empire?

by advising the troops with their new military technology.

Summarize how Akbar established an efficient government in India:

by allowing his citizens to confide in him for judgement in lawsuits and controlling the laws fairly.

How did Ivan IV create loyalty within the oprichnina?

by being drawn down from merchants and bureaucrats who had a lower status.

How did King James I use the Divine Right of Kings to justify his rule?

by believing he was outside of the law, and his challenges and problems were all given to him from God.

How did the MIng Dynasty erase Mongol influence in China (3 examples):

by bringing back the civil service exam, establishing a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy.

How did Ivan IV extend the border of Russia Eastward?

by controlling the Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia khanates, who were held by the Mongolian conquerors' descendants.

How did Louis XVIII change the French Government?

by creating a centralized government and created a system of intendants.

How did the daimyo contribute to decentralization in Japan?

by creating conflict between the aristocrats.

How did Peter organize the Russian government?

by creating provinces and a senate.

How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of Japan?

by dividing it into 250 territories known as hans, each which were controlled by a daimyo with an independent army.

How did Peter the Great attempt to industrialize Russia?

by establishing new industries and encouraging the work of metallurgy, woodwork, gunpowder, paper, leather, and mining.

How did Versailles give Louis XIV power over his nobles?

by keeping all of his nobles so they wouldn't rebel from elsewhere. The buildings he built gave him more power and could hold many people so they could keep their loyalty with Louis XIV.

How did the Tokugawa Shogunate control the aristocratic daimyos?

by keeping their family hostage in the capital if the daimyo wascisiting their home land. The government made daimyos stay in their territory, or else they would face those consequences.

Describe two ways Askia the Great of Songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule:

by making Islam Songhai's official language and centralized the government with an efficient bureaucracy to unite the empire.

How were Serfs connected to Russia's land?

by taking care of a plot of land in exchange for protection from a noble.

Conquests led by the Gunpowder Empires were marked by what?

by violence, which resulted in new dynasties being formed.

Describe the late years of Emperor Qianlong's reign:

consisted of a corrupt bureaucracy, high taxes, and a rebellion against the dynasty.

What did Ivan IV create to keep an eye on the Boyars?

created a paramilitary force loyal called the oprichnina to keep an eye on the Boyars.

What was the Ottoman relationship with Venice?

created through Mehmed II attacking Italy. He didn't capture the land, but made Venice pay a yearly tax.

Why did Peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred to as "the Defender of Orthodoxy"?

due to his reforms.

Why was the White Lotus Society reinstated? Where have we heard of them before?

due to the high taxes. We have seen them in the Yuan Dynasty as well.

What was notable about Emperor Qianlong's rule? (where did he expand, what was the reaction to his expansion, etc.)?

expanded into west of China, which had resulted in Xinjiang getting annexed.

Where did the Russian Empire extend to by 1639?

far east into the Pacific Ocean.

What is the significance of the new lands Peter the Great conquered?

giving Russia its own port in St. Petersburg and moving the capital to Moscow so he could watch over the boyars.

Tamerlane's invasions were a testament to what?

gunpowder.

Why was Suleman I's siege of Vienna significant?

he failed at conquering Vienna twice, but brought fear to the people in the area by sending troops far out to Christian Europe.

Why was Louis XIV considered a dictator?

he had prioritized absolute power and the expansion of the French borders.

Why is the architecture of the Mugal Empire significant?

it is the remaining evidence of their wealth and sophisticated art.

What is significant about the year 1450?

it was the end of the medieval period and the start of the early modern period.

Why is the Ottoman Empire significant?

it was the largest Islamic empire of the 15th century.

Why was the location of the capital city significant?

it was the only waterway that connected the Black and Aegean Sea, prospered in trade, and had control of the Bosporus Strait.

What was the significance of Versailles to the French government?

keeping the nobles close to Louis XIV so they would stay loyal and not plot against him.

What kinds of jobs did the devshirme have?

men becoming administrators of new conquered land, scribes, tax-collectors, diplomats, bodyguards, and elite forces in the Ottoman army.

Tamerlane's government depended on what?

military and artillery.

List two problems the Safavid Empire faced:

not having a real navy and lacking natural defenses.

What was the role of the justices of the peace in Tudor England and why were they so important?

officials to keep England peaceful and settle legal problems. They were so important because they had kept peace in the years of the Tudor rule by responsibly doing their job.

What events signal the beginning of the early modern period (the mid-1450s)?

plagues, wars, and an increase in literacy.

Safavid Shahs controlled what two things?

religion and politics.

What was the result of these efforts to expand?

resulted successfully by forcing them to follow Chinese rule, but Vietnam and Burma were unsuccessful.

Why did Louis XIV want absolute power?

so the government would have no say in decisions, therefore no freedom.

Why did some parents want their sons to be taken into slavery by the Ottoman empire?

so they could achieve mobility and advancement in the empire.

Why did Russia want to control the Volga river?

so they could expand east and gain control of the fur trade.

What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common?

spoke a Turkic language, relied on gunpowder, descended from Central Asian Turkic nomads, and took advantage of the power left by the Mongol khanates after their breakup.

Who were the Cossacks and what did they do?

strong peasant warriors who were hired by the major Russian landowners to fight local tribes and the Siberian Khan.

What religion did Russian missionaries want to convert Siberian tribes to?

the Eastern Orthodox Faith.

Mughal India was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. What were they?

the Taj Mahal, which was a tomb built for Shah Jahan's wife.

What was the result of their uprising?

the deaths of about 100,000 peasants by the Qing Dynasty's government.

Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe?

the middle class.

What did the artistic accomplishments of Mughal India show?

the power of the rulers.

What did Russia's expansion depend on?

the use of gunpowder.

Describe the place of women in the Safavid Empire:

they could inherit law and initiate divorce by the shariah. However, they were restricted from participating in movements.

How did Zamindars eventually impact the Mughal Empire?

they kept more of the taxes that were collected, and created personal armies of soldiers and loyalty from the civilians with that money.

How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow?

through a combination of warrior life, nomadic culture, and a fighter for Islam.

How did Tamerlane fail?

through a weak government and political structure.

How did the Ottomans try to assert dominance over the Safavid Empire?

through bans on trade for Safavid silk traders and trade embargoes.

Why did Russia remain despite the other gunpowder empires falling?

through growing a modern and organized army that was influenced by English, French, and Dutch armies.

How did the Ottoman Empire change at this time?

through religion and government in order to legitimize the rule of the Ottomans.

Describe two ways in which European monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs:

through the divine right of monarchy and building structures that were outstanding to impress their citizens and show off their power.

What was the role of Arab traders in the Mughal Empire?

to conduct commerce.

How did the Mughal Empire use art from Islam?

to curate structures with geometric and artistic designs.

Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artist and architectural legacies?

to give the rulers of the empires more legitimacy.

What was the role of Parliament?

to make a monarch seem more legit and to give them more authority.

Summarize the role of Oda Nobunaga:

to take over Kyoto and expand his power. He unified Japan and caused Daimyos to submit.

What was the effect of a stronger Tudor rule on feudalism in England?

weakened power of feudal lords.

What were "Harem Politics" and how did they contribute to the fall of the Ottoman Empire?

wives of the sultans who promoted their children as heirs of the throne, making women more powerful.

How did Tamerlane encourage the arts?

writing his own memoirs and advocating literature. Buildings from the era show his art and architecture.