3.3 and 3.4 Assessment
What is the function of the pharynx and trachea?
Pharnyx and Trachea - air from the nose travels down this, and the pharnyx acts as a passageway.
Define "resume"
A brief written account of personal, educational, and professional qualifications and experience, as that prepared by an applicant for a job.
Define "diaphragm"
A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs.
Describe two situations where a person might work with a respiratory therapist.
A situation where a person might work with a respiratory therapist if they have sleeping problems, because it is possible that with this, it can become difficult to breathe. Another situation where a person may work with a respiratory therapist is if they have COPD, and want to understand what COPD is, how it affects their body and respiratory system, in addition to understanding how to manage it.
Describe the relationship between the bronchioles, alveoli, and blood vessels.
Air travels through the bronchioles and on the end of the bronchioles are the alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, which are blood vessels. Both have thin-walls, and the reason behind this is so that oxygen can pass through. Applying that, once oxygen enters the alveoli, it enters the capillaries, or the blood vessels. Now that the oxygen has entered the blood vessels, it is able to be delivered to the rest of the body. Once the oxygen has been delivered, the oxygen-deficient blood returns and so does carbon dioxide. Then, it passes from the capillaries to the alveoli, and then goes back to the bronchiole, and carbon dioxide is released from the body.
How can an individual improve or damage their lung function?
An individual can improve their lung function by continuing to exercise their lungs. For instance, an athlete who consistently exercises their lungs, the lungs are going to get stronger. While the lungs are not necessarily a muscle, rather more of a organ, the more that the lung is used, the lung capacity can increase, therefore improve the lung function. The function of the lung is primarily to be a place for gas exchange to occur. Therefore, if increasing the use of the lungs to improve this lung capacity, and by increasing it so that further gas exchange occurs, that can improve the function of the lung. On the contrary, an individual can damage their lung function. An example could be smoking. Smoking damages the lung function due to the dangerous chemicals present in smoking.
Define "spriometer"
An instrument for measuring the air entering and leaving the lungs.
What organs or structures in the body (other than the urinary system) help you maintain a water balance?
Another structure in the body that helps maintain a water balance is the pituitary gland. This gland releases hormones that help with regulating the water in the body. To elaborate, the hormone vasopressin which maintains osmolality. Osmolality is the concentration of salts and similar substances which are dissolved in the body. This demonstrates how the nervous system and endocrine system also play a role in maintaining a water balance in the body.
Describe how asthma impacts normal functioning of the lungs.
Asthma impacts the normal functioning of the lungs by narrowing the airway which can cause breathing problems. For instance, inflammation of the airways can be caused by asthma. When the airways are inflamed, then oxygen may not be able to pass through, causing breathing problems. Asthma can also lead to bronchoconstriction. This is when the airways become tightened, and due to the tightness this can block the airways. Asthma can also cause an increase in mucus, and this blocks the airways. Therefore, asthma can impact the functioning of the lungs.
Define asthma.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease which can lead to hypersensitive lungs, and the narrowing of an airway which can cause breathing problems.
Define "abdominal cavity"
The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
What part of the urinary system is this and what is the function?
Bladder, stores urine temporarily
What part of the respiratory system is this and what is the function?
Bronchi transports air from the trachea to the lungs and the smaller tubes are called the bronchioles
Describe and evaluate medical intervention strategies that can treat or cure diseases. How can medical intervention help with asthma?
Bronchodilators can help with asthma by working to combat the symptoms of asthma because the medication works towards relaxing the muscles surrounding the airways. By reducing the bronchoconstriction, this leads to the airways being able to pass through better. As a result, oxygen circulation is increased.
How can monitoring a patient's response to medication during wheezing events help in making a clinical diagnosis of asthma?
By monitoring a patient's response to medication during wheezing events, it can help determine if the patient has asthma. By doing so, if the patient shows improvement or no change, this can also help in making a clinical diagnosis of asthma.
Review medical evidence to diagnose a patient and recommend a course of treatment. A 50 year old patient arrives to the ER, showing signs of lung damage, and the patient reports that they are a frequent smoker. The patient history also records previous lung infections and wheezing with a chronic cough. What is the diagnosis and recommended course of treatment?
COPD, and a course of treatment would be to stop smoking, bronchodilator, and oxygen therapy.
Describe how clinical diagnostic exams are conducted to determine the health of a body system.
Clinical diagnostic exams can be conducted to determine the health of a body system because they are present in order to test the functions of the body and the efficiency of that. To add onto that, the diagnostic tests can test if the function is working they way it should, and if not, this can help confirm a symptom which could lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
What does the generic name for drugs refer to?
Common term of medication
What does the chemical name for drugs refer to?
Describes the exact chemical composition of medicine
How can you confirm the diagnosis and begin to treat your patient?
Diagnosis can be confirmed by ruling out any other potential diagnoses. For example, by relating the medical history with the patient, and determining which symptoms are more closely related. A diagnosis can also be confirmed by asking another medical health professional to ensure that the diagnosis is correct, so as to avoid misdiagnosing a patient.
What environmental conditions might cause damage to the alveolar sacs, and what would be the consequences of that damage?
Environmental conditions such as pollution, dust or pollen could cause damage to the alveolar sacs. The consequences of that damage would lead to either inflammation, bronchoconstriction, or increase in mucus of the airways. This can lead to difficulty breathing, since it would be difficult for oxygen to pass through.
What is the structure and function of alveoli?
Found in the lungs, the alveoli are thin-walled air sacs extended from the bronchioles and are wrapped in the capillaries. Carbon dioxide exits the blood stream through the capillaries and into the alveoli.
What section of the kidney collects the urine?
From the nephrons, the urine is transported to the collecting ducts. From there, urine travels out of the kidney, into the ureters, and then to the bladder. In the bladder, urine is temporarily stored.
What is information is in a prescription?
Health care provider information Patient information Date of prescription Rx symbol Names and quantities of ingredients Directions for the pharmacist as to how to fill the prescription Directions for patient as to how to take the medicine Information about refills and special labeling
What can abbreviations in pharmacology mean?
How often to the medication When to take the medication How to take the medication Amount of medication to take
How will other body systems be affected if the kidneys begin to shut down? Explain your answer.
If the kidney was to shut down, then other body systems would be affect. The kidneys are responsible for the filtration of blood. If blood was not to be filtered, then waste products would not be able to exit the body. Excess fluid would remain in the body. This build up of fluid can increase blood pressure or hypertension, and therefore the cardiovascular system can become affected. Another body system that can be affected due to kidney failure is the digestive system. The toxins in the body can cause a poor appetite, and lead to gastrointestinal issues, such as renal failure. Kidney failure can also lead to a parathyroid hormone to drain calcium from the bones, and the lack of calcium in the bones can lead to the weakening of the bones. Thus, the skeletal system can also be affected due to kidney failure.
If you stretched the nephrons in a kidney from end to end, they would be over 40 miles long! Explain how this structure directly relates to the function of the kidney.
If the nephrons in a kidney were stretched from end to end, they would be over forty miles long. This structure relates to the function of the kidney because it portrays how many nephrons are in the kidney. In addition to portraying how much the nephrons impact the function of the kidney. Thus, by explaining that nephrons in a kidney could be forty miles long, this shows that nephrons compose the kidney to this extent. Furthermore, the kidney's function of filtration is also demonstrated since this also is the main function of nephrons.
Describe how imbalances in the body system can result in diseases.
Imbalances in the body system can lead to the imbalance of homeostasis. Homeostasis is important to the function of the body. Without homeostasis, there would be problems with the body system as it would affect the functions to work improperly. When the body systems don't function properly, that is when diseases can occur.
How do you think a drug called a bronchodilator works to combat the symptoms of asthma? Refer to how structure and function differ in normal and asthmatic lungs.
In the lungs, the airways should not be inflamed in order for oxygen to be circulated throughout the body. There should not be tightening or an increase in mucus either, as this could also stop oxygen from circulating throughout the body. A drug named a bronchodilator works to combat the symptoms of asthma because the medication works towards relaxing the muscles surrounding the airways. By reducing the bronchoconstriction, this leads to the airways being able to pass through better. As a result, oxygen circulation is increased.
Describe how Accolate® helps control asthma. Refer to relevant respiratory anatomy as well as the changes that occur in the airways of an asthmatic.
In the lungs, there is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli. After which, does oxygen circulate through the body. There are also airways in the lungs that help bypass oxygen in the body. An asthmatic can have inflamed airways which make it difficult for oxygen to pass through and be delivered to the body. Accolate® works to help treat and control asthma. This medication reduces the inflammation of the breathing airways. In doing so, this allows for oxygen to circulate throughout the body better. The improved oxygen circulation is how this medication affects the body, and helps treat and control asthma.
Describe how albuterol provides relief to asthma patients. Refer to relevant respiratory anatomy as well as the changes that occur in the airways of an asthmatic.
In the lungs, there is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli. After which, does oxygen circulate through the body. There are also airways in the lungs that help bypass oxygen in the body. An asthmatic can have inflamed airways which make it difficult for oxygen to pass through and be delivered to the body. Albuterol sulfate is a bronchodilator, and provides quick relief. When it is inhaled, it enters the lungs and then relaxes the muscles surrounding the airway, allowing oxygen to pass through. Thus, it helps control asthma.
Describe how persistence is a key mindset when identifying problems and/or pursuing solutions.
Persistence is a key mindset when identifying problems and pursuing solutions because it demonstrates that despite errors there is determination towards finding the solution. It shows determination and the fact that one is unwilling to give up. Furthermore, this mindset is a positive one which is a good motivator.
What is pharmacology?
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their function, impact, and effects in living body systems.
Describe why it is important that a pharmacist knows each medication that a person is taking before they provide a new drug.
It is important that a pharmacist knows each medication that a person is taking before providing a new drug to be able to understand the possible side effects and results of taking both drugs either simultaneously or afterwards.
Explain how events can cause organ system dysfunction and lead to disease.
Kidney failure is common to lead to organ system dysfunction. The events that lead up to kidney failure can be high blood pressure or diabetes, or infections. The kidney failure leads to a build up of waste in the body since it is not being filtered, and this build up of waste can lead to other body systems being unable to to do their job. Therefore, that causes an imbalance in homeostasis and causes the organs to fail. When the organs cannot do their job, that can lead to disease because the function of the body is not working effectively.
What part of the urinary system is this and what is the function?
Kidney, to filter waste products and remove excess fluids from the body. In addition to this, the kidney is also responsible for regulating the ion concentration, pH level, and other similar functions.
What do doctors need to know to safely administer a drug?
Know usual dose Route of administration Significant adverse reactions Major drug interactions
What part of the respiratory system is this and what is the function?
Larynx - voicebox on top of trachea known as the Adam's apple
What is the structure and function of the loop of Henle?
Loop of Henle Structure: simple cuboidal epithelium which is what the ducts are aligned with, and are similar to a passageway. Function: A tube that collects the urine and transports it to the pelvis and ureters.
Explain how the roles of macromolecules, oxygen, and water enable the body systems to power the body.
Macromolecules power the body because they contain nutrients which are essential in energizing the body. By doing so, macromolecules effectively power the body. Furthermore, oxygen powers the body because it is needed for the body to function. Oxygen is needed by the cells in our body, and once provided oxygen, those cells can function, which means oxygen therefore powers the body. Water powers the body because of hydrolysis, and being able to break ATP in order to release energy, and thus is also powering the body.
Describe medical interventions that improve human health.
Medical interventions can improve human health because they can be supplements to help restore balance in the human body, or help a structure in the human body complete the function. This can help restore homeostasis or it can help a body system better do the task, which can improve human health.
What is the structure and function?
Medullary Pyramid Structure: These structures like their name, are in a pyramid shape or cone shape and contain a network of nephrons. Function: Transports urine to the calyces
Define "intercostal muscles"
Muscle located between the ribs.
What does the proprietary/brand name for drugs refer to?
Name given by manufacturer and has a copyright
From the diagram, what part of the respiratory system is this?
Nasal cavity
Define "Drug Interactions"
Occurs when effects of one drug are altered by the effects of another drug. Can lead to increase or decrease in how effective the new medicine is. Severe interaction with drugs can lead to serious consequences, even death.
Describe the interaction between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.
Oxygen is brought into the body through the respiratory system, and carbon dioxide is sent out. When the lungs expand to let oxygen in, and oxygen travels to the bronchioles, to the alveoli, to the capillaries, this is where the cardiovascular system comes into play. The cardiovascular system proceeds to circulate oxygen throughout the body, and with this process, it also carries carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide returns to the capillaries, and then passes through the alveoli, to the bronchioles, to be exhaled from the body.
How do capillaries and alveoli work together?
Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries, which are blood vessels. The oxygen binds to the red blood cells in order to be transported throughout the body. Likewise, carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli. Later, this is exhaled out of the body.
What is the structure and function?
Renal Cortex Structure: The outermost part of the kidney which is a layer of tissue that is composed of granular tissue, particularly due to the composition of nephrons in the kidney. Function: Works to protect the inner layers of the kidney in addition to providing space for perfusion of nephrons within the kidney.
What is the structure and function?
Renal Medulla Structure: The innermost tissue of the kidney is known as the renal medulla. The renal medulla tissue forms cones which form pyramids, known as renal pyramids. The medulla is a region of the kidney, more specifically, the innermost region of the kidney. Function: Regulates the concentration of the urine. It is hypertonic in order to be able to filter urine and therefore regulate the concentration of urine.
What is the structure and function?
Renal Pelvis Structure: Funnel shaped structure which is the upper end of the ureter, connecting to the kidney Function: It is a funnel that allows urine to pass through into the ureter.
On the diagram, what does this demonstrate about the lungs?
Residual Volume, the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (under normal conditions, the lungs are never completely emptied).
Define "Side Effects"
Results of drug therapy that occur beyond the desired therapeutic effects. Can vary depending from patient-to-patient. Medications go through rigorous testing to make sure that all potential side effects are reported on the literature that comes with a medication
Explain the importance of life-long learning for biomedical science professionals.
Science is constantly evolving and new aspects of the field are being discovered. Discoveries are often made, and it is important to be consistent with that. Not only can it improve the efficiency of the job, it can be a factor leading to more discoveries to improve health, medicine, and science.
What is the structure and function of the calyx?
Structure: At the apex of the renal pyramids, a calyx is similar to a cuplike extension Function: Receives the urine to transport to the papilla.
What is the structure and function of the ureter?
Structure: Tubes composed of fibrous and muscular tissue. Function: A passageway for urine to travel from the kidneys into the bladder
What is the structure and function of the renal capsule?
Structure: a thin membranous sheath that encapsulates the kidney, mostly composed of collagen and elastin which are fibers Function: Support kidney mass, as well as protecting the organ and tissues of the kidney
What is the structure and function of the bowman's capsule
Structure: double-walled cuplike structure which is what the nephron is composed of. Function: Assists in the filtration of blood by creating space for the excess liquid to pass through towards the tubules and blood components go through here to be passed into the renal vein.
What is the structure and function of the site of the glomerulus?
Structure: mesangial cells compose the glomerulus Function: The part of the nephron that filters blood. For instance, larger molecules: proteins and blood cells, remain in the blood vessels. Smaller molecules pass into the tubule, such as molecules, wastes and excess fluids.
If the VC is 4 and the RV is 2, then what is the total lung capacity?
The TLC is 6 because VC + RV = TLC, so applying this to the problem, 4+2=6.
Define "Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)"
The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation.
Define "Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)"
The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration.
Define "dose"
The amount of drug that a patient takes for a desired effect. The dose can be a generic dose, or the amount can vary for each patient. Factors that can impact that include: route of administration of the medication, weight of the patient, overall severity of the condition
How can analysis of lung capacity be used to diagnose or treat a patient?
The analysis of lung capacity can be used to diagnose or treat a patient because the amount of air that the lungs can hold are important. For example, if the lung capacity is unable to hold enough oxygen, then this can lead to the possibility of a lack of oxygen in the body. If there isn't enough oxygen in the body, that's going to cause a lack of it. Oxygen is instrumental to the function of the body, and therefore the lack of oxygen can help with a diagnosis because it provides a symptom or problem with a human body system.
Define "thoracic cavity"
The body cavity in mammals that houses the lungs and heart. It is surrounded in part by ribs and separated from the lower abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.
Explain how the career area of respiratory therapy relates to our study of oxygen and lung volumes. Provide an example that illustrates your point.
The career area of respiratory therapy relates to the study of oxygen and lung volumes, as it discusses how much the lungs can handle and the levels of air that can pass through. Understanding the capacity of the lung can impact the respiratory therapy because it contributes to the breathing capacity of that person, and at what point they would need medication. In regards to peak flow, this relates to the oxygen and lung volume, and this can help determine a course of medication, or help better understand a patient's medical history. For example, Melissa's peak flow can relate to her lung and oxygen capacity, and help determine the amount of medicine that should be given to her, and when the medication should be taken.
Describe how cell shape differs when the bladder is full and when the bladder is empty.
The cell shape differs when the bladder is full because the transitional epithelium tissue is cuboidal, and when the bladder is empty, the tissue is squamous. The reason for this is because the tissue stretches, and thus becomes flat shaped, or squamous.
Describe how changes inside the airways in the lungs lead to an asthma attack.
The changes inside the airways in the lungs can lead to an asthma attack. Inflammation, for instance, is when the airways become swollen and irritated. The airways are sensitive, and asthma triggers such as tobacco smoke, allergies, and catching a cold can cause a flare-up. This irritates the bronchi and bronchioles. The airways can produce mucus and the muscles outside the airway squeeze, known as bronchoconstriction. It becomes difficult for oxygen to pass through the airways, and this can lead to an asthma attack.
How does the function of the diaphragm relate to the function of the respiratory system?
The diaphragm is a muscle which contracts to allow the lungs to expand, allowing for air to enter, and then relaxes, causing the lungs to contract, causing air to exit. This relates to the function of the respiratory system because its function is to deliver oxygen to the entire body and remove carbon dioxide. The function of the diaphragm helps in the process of this because this helps air circulate throughout the body.
Model the structure and describe the function of the organs in the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
The digestive system is one that is able to absorb nutrients, perform digestion, and provide power to the body. There are several organs involved such as the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine and the liver. The esophagus and oral cavity are also parts of the digestive system. The respiratory system mainly includes the lungs and this system works towards providing the body with oxygen. The urinary system filters the nutrients from the waste, and then disposes of the waste.
Describe how the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems work together to power the body.
The digestive system works to power the body because it digests and breaks down food which releases energy to be used in the body, thus powering it. Furthermore, the respiratory system provides oxygen which is necessary for function, thus powering the body. The urinary system powers the body by filtering the nutrients from the waste, and by doing so powers the body.
How do the duties of a respiratory therapist link to diseases such as asthma?
The duties of the career can link to diseases such as asthma because asthma affects the respiratory system. Due to this, an asthmatic can go to see a respiratory therapist who can help provide a treatment plan. As the duties of the respiratory therapist are to help assess a patient and develop a course of treatment, these can help an asthmatic. As the interview states, the respiratory therapists are specialized in their field and often sit in for patient discussions and provide their recommendations. The Asthma Action Plan is also something that respiratory therapists provide to their patients, and help with asthma management.
Define "Glomerular Filtration"
The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
In which main regions of the kidney are the collecting ducts and the loop of Henle located?
The kidney's medulla is where the collecting ducts and the loop of Henle are located.
Why might the lung volume of an athlete, singer, or wind instrument musician be different from someone who does not participate in any of these activities?
The lung volume of an athlete, single or wind instrument musician may be different from someone who does not participate in any of these activities. They may exercise their lungs more, and by doing so their lung capacity increases. Those who may not participate in these activities don't exercise their lungs as much, and therefore their lung capacity, or their lung volume may not be the same as someone who does participate in those activities.
Note that the bladder is made up of a tissue called transitional epithelium. Research how the structure of this tissue type is perfect for the function of the bladder.
The main function of the bladder is to be able to store urine. Transitional epithelium is helpful in this case because it is able to stretch in order to accommodate and store for the liquids.
Define "tidal volume"
The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort.
Define "minute volume"
The volume of air breathed in one minute without conscious effort: MV = TV × (breaths/minute).
Describe how the muscular system is interconnected to the respiratory system. What role do muscles play in an asthma attack?
The muscular system is interconnected to the respiratory system since the oxygen is needed for the cells in the muscles. Bronchoconstriction, which is the tightening of the surrounding muscles. This can contribute to an asthma attack because the tightening of the muscles makes it difficult for oxygen to pass through. The decrease in oxygen flow can cause an asthma attack.
How does the urine move from the kidney out of the body?
The nephrons inside the kidney produce urine. Urine is then transported out of the nephron due to the nephron tubule, and then passes to the collecting duct. From there onwards, the urine travels to the renal pelvis, and then to the ureter. Afterwards, urine is stored in the bladder. Then the urine goes to the urethra and exits the body.
What is the function of the nose and the nostrils?
The nostrils trap dirt and microbes in the air, which therefore acts as a filter for the air. The nose also warms the air prior to entrance in the lungs.
Interpret coding for prescriptions to understand terminology for pharmacology. If a prescription says "ad lib" what does that mean?
The prescription can be used as necessary.
Use the principles of diffusion to explain why oxygen molecules in the tissues of the lung go into the blood, and then in other tissues the oxygen molecules leave the blood.
The principles of diffusion can be applied to explain the reason as to why oxygen molecules in the tissues of the lung go into the blood, and why in the other tissues, the oxygen molecules exit the blood. The principle of diffusion says that the molecules in a higher concentrated area are going to naturally move to the area of a lower concentration. There are more oxygen molecules in the tissues of the lungs, and less in the bloodstream. Thus, applying the principle of diffusion, the oxygen molecules are going to go into the blood. The same can be applied to why in other tissues, the oxygen molecules leave the blood. The tissues have less oxygen than the bloodstream, so the oxygen molecules are going to diffuse into the tissues, therefore leaving the bloodstream.
Model the structure and describe the function of the circulatory, respiratory, and muscular systems.
The respiratory system has the lungs, which intake oxygen and take away carbon dioxide from the body. Furthermore, the cardiovascular system proceeds to circulate these around the body. In specific, the muscular system cells would need these oxygen and after production of ATP and energy, then the removal of carbon dioxide would be necessary. Then the circulatory system, or the bloodstream in specific, would cause this to go to the lungs and later to be exhaled from the body.
How do the systems of the human body work together to facilitate gas exchange?
The systems of the human body work together to facilitate gas exchange, primarily the respiratory and cardiovascular system. These two systems persist to deliver oxygen to the body, and to remove carbon dioxide out of the body. It is fundamental that these two systems work together. This process begins when air is inhaled and travels down to the lungs, which is of the respiratory system. Within these lungs, there are bronchioles which contain alveoli and capillaries. The alveoli are thin-walled air sacs extended from the bronchioles and are wrapped in the capillaries. Carbon dioxide exits the blood stream through the capillaries and into the alveoli. It is important to note that the blood stream correlates to the circulatory system, or the cardiovascular system. The correlation between the respiratory and cardiovascular system portray the facilitation of gas exchange within the human body.
Define "Vital Capacity"
The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV.
Define the "urethra"
The tube through which urine leaves the body
Define "nephron"
The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney.
The walls of the alveoli in the lungs are incredibly thin. Explain how this structure is related to function in the body.
The walls of alveoli are incredibly thin because this allows oxygen to pass through easily. Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries, and from the capillaries to the alveoli. It is essential for oxygen to be able to do this in order to provide oxygen to the body, and release carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is vital for oxygen to be able to move from the two, and in order to efficiently complete the process, the walls of the alveoli are incredibly thin.
In which main regions of the kidney are the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule located?
These structures are located in the renal cortex. This contains many capillaires, and with that the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are also located there.
Explain how pharmaceuticals interact with body systems.
They can interact with body systems depending on the route of administration. For instance, if administered subcutaneously, then the integumentary system would be directly affected. Another example is the focus and purpose of the pharmaceuticals. If the purpose is to help with digestion for example, then the digestive system would be involved.
Define "renal vein"
They transport blood from the kidney and ureter to the heart, more specifically the inferior vena cava.
Define "renal artery"
They transport blood to the kidneys, and can also be filtered by the kidneys.
What is the function of the urinary system?
To filter waste and to remove it from the body, and to regulate blood volume and composition.
Why is it important for a patient to have a follow-up with her physician after she begins using these medications?
To monitor for side effects and to ensure that the medication is working effectively. Otherwise, a different course of treatment may be recommended.
On the diagram, what does this demonstrate about the lungs?
Total Lung Capacity, the total volume of the lungs is the sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume: TLC = VC + RV.
True or false: The process of breathing can be voluntary and involuntary.
True. Breathing can be controlled by the nervous system, specifically the brain stem. It can also be voluntary.
Exposure to environmental hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to pulmonary fibrosis or scarring of the lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have less elasticity. What would happen to the total lung capacity and vital capacity under these conditions? Explain your reasoning for your response.
Under these conditions, the total lung capacity and the vital capacity would decrease. The reasoning behind this is because there would be damage to the lungs, specifically the tissues of the lungs. Furthermore, it damages the alveoli and the capillaries. When the lungs are damaged, it decreases the total lung capacity and vital capacity.
Define "urine"
Waste material that is secreted by the kidney, is rich in end products (as urea, uric acid, and creatinine) of protein metabolism together with salts and pigments, and forms a clear amber and usually slightly acid fluid.
In which section or sections of the kidney is the urine formed?
Within the renal medulla, there are renal pyramids which is where urine is created. The urine from the renal pyramids travels to the renal pelvis, and then from there the urine is transported to the ureters.
