330 theories and current
Which of the following statements best describes the central process, an organizing concept of psychosocial theory?
The central process helps to resolve the psychosocial crisis.
Under what conditions are parents most likely to be willing to provide financial support to their child in later adolescence?
While a child is single and attending college
Vicarious reinforcement can best be described as learning
by observing what happens to someone else who is either rewarded or punished for their actions
Which of the following statements best describes a link between cultural theory and psychosocial theory?
An individual's culture contributes fundamentally to development.
Which factor is most likely to contribute to families living in poverty?
An increase in single-mother households
Which scenario best illustrates how the environment influences the biological system?
An infant is exposed to many illnesses while attending infant day care
Gilda's professor has asked her to describe a cognitive map. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response?
An internal representation of the learning environment
Gilda's professor has asked her to describe a cognitive map. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response?
An internal representation of the learning environment
Bianca receives, processes, and transmits all sensory information through which components of her biological system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Which of the following should Trevor do if he wants to utilize problem-focused coping?
He should control his emotions associated with a particular stressor
In a survey of entering college freshmen, which of the following life objectives was more important to women than to men?
Helping others who are in difficulty
Explain how the psychosocial theory takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual growth
"cultures have implicit theories about the stages of life, the expectations for behavior as one matures, and the nature of one's obligations to the older and younger members of the culture group." The psychosocial theory takes this into account and demonstrates the importance of culture in development
About what percent of eighth graders in the U.S. say they have been drunk at least once?
13%
Yolanda was born in 2015. Which of the following is most closely represents her life expectancy?
90 years
About what percent of adolescents in the United States try an illegal drug (not including alcohol) by their senior year in high school?
50%
The epigenetic principle refers to
A biological plan for growth
Jo Ellen's divorce was final yesterday afternoon. Based on research, she and her two children can expect which of the following in terms of their financial well being?
A decrease in household income
Describe what a theory is in your own words.
A theory is a context of ideas that contribute to the overall knowledge of a particular subject. Theories help explain why things happen and the reason for different things in life.
Which group has the shortest life expectancy?
African American males
Which of the following factors appears to play an important role in the mate selection process today as partners determine their similarity?
Agreement about the balance of work and family roles
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of stages?
All individuals follow the same basic stage sequence
Which statement best describes the biological system?
All of the processes necessary for the physiological functions of an organism
In the context of human development, to what does the term plasticity refer?
An adaptive re-organization during the life span
Abby is a shy adolescent who lives a very structured life, keeping to a strict routine. Over the last six months, she has lost 20 pounds. She is often nauseous and does not enjoy eating. Her mother tries to encourage her to eat, but Abby insists she is too fat and she looks better this way. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Anorexia
How is the problem of anorexia linked to the topic of emotional development?
Anorexia is associated with difficulties accepting and expressing emotions.
Discuss the challenges and benefits of the dual earner marriage and consider the impact of these challenges and benefits for marital stability.
As mentioned in the text, four benefits include involvement in multiple roles, the participation of both partners in the workforce, success in one role can buffer each person against negative experiences in other roles, and involvement in similar roles provides husbands and wives with a shard frame of reference. All of these benefits can contribute to marital happiness. Some challenges of dual-earner marriage include finding a relative balance of power and demands for household labor for two partners. Couples may struggle to find equality in household chores along with developing work/life balance. Other challenges include role overload and finding time in schedules for one another. All of these challenges can contribute to psychological and marital distress.
Which of the following involves the ability to select and guide one's decisions and actions, without undue control from or dependence on parents?
Autonomy
Carrie is a 2-year-old who is starting to learn how to control her actions and implement her will upon the world around her. Which psychosocial crisis is Carrie experiencing?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
If you were a career counselor working with a college student, which of the following suggestions would you be unlikely to give the student?
Avoid being confused by talking to a lot of people.
Why is Erik Erikson typically associated with psychosocial theory?
Because he identified and developed the theory
What is one aspect of social integration that has been linked to improved health and longevity?
Being in a committed relationship
Michael's breathing, blood circulation, and reflexes are all considered elements of which of the following systems?
Biological
Dr. Know and Dr. Shore are discussing the merits of psychosocial theory while drinking lattés. Dr. Know asserts that the basic concepts of psychosocial theory are not well developed or defined Dr Shore concurs and feels that the theory is further hampered because its concepts are based on its European American male context As a student of human development, how would you characterize these comments?
Both comments are accurate portrayals of the weaknesses associated with the theory
Alcohol may be associated with adolescent death in which of the following conditions?
By suppressing breathing when in high concentration levels
Dale is 12 yrs old and is being raised by a single mother who recently lost her job. Dale and his mom are now homeless and experiencing poverty for the first time. Chip is 6 yrs old. He is being raised by an unemployed single father. Chip and his father have been living in poverty since Chip's birth. According to research on poverty, which is more at risk for negative consequences pertaining to health. cognitive development, and school achievement?
Chip only
Daniela is capable of organizing and making meaning of her experiences. Which of the following allows her to do so?
Cognition
Which of the following best describes the difference between cognitive behaviorism and the other theories of learning?
Cognitive behaviorists study internal mental activities that influence behavior
Which of the following best describes the difference between cognitive behaviorism and the other theories of learning?
Cognitive behaviorists study internal mental activities that influence behavior.
Of the four types of communication styles, what style do husbands and wives agree is most desirable?
Contactful
The structure of identity has two components. What are they?
Content and evaluation
Robin has moved to a new town during her sophomore year in high school. In order to find a new group of friends, she joins the staff of the school paper and tries out for the girls' swim team. These efforts are examples of which of the following?
Coping behavior
What is the relationship between personal identity and intimacy?
Couples who worked on identity are more likely to experience high levels of intimacy
Ezekiel was preparing for his marriage at the age of 13. His upcoming marriage is typical of his peers in Iran. This example best illustrates which of the following influences of developmental tasks?
Cultural values
Which social change is brought about by longer life expectancies?
Delayed marriage and reproduction
Brenda and all of the other 11 women in her bridge club are in their 80s. Which of the following core pathologies is MOST related to her and her fellow bridge players?
Diffidence
Which term refers to the sense of separateness, withdrawal from others, and an inability to experience the bond of mutual acceptance?
Dissociation
Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the societal system?
Entry into new roles
Which of the following statements reflects a psychosocial stage approach to development?
Each stage brings a unique set of problems to solve
Childbearing is considered a developmental task associated with what life stage?
Early adulthood
According to experts, what factor is LEAST likely to drive young people to join gangs?
Easy access to guns
Which factor is most influential in a society's life expectancy?
Education
Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the psychological system?
Education
How do environmental and social contexts affect individual development?
Environmental and social contexts are apart of individual development. The person's environment will shape and determine how a person develops. For example, if a person grows up homeless, they will be less likely to developing positively as opposed to a child whose parents are middle-class. Societal contexts include the community and society around the person. Communities influence what is expected of its members, what resources it members will have, the roles and norms for its members, the activities they can be apart of, and the risks that its members will face. An individual needs social contexts to develop properly.
Pamela strives to achieve a balance of organized structures that provides effective ways of interacting with her environment. This is known as
Equilibrium
explain the significance of ethnic groups in contents of develops
Ethnic groups are important subcultures in the shaping and development of individuals. Ethnic groups allow individuals to experience culture and learn from it
Kimberly just began a new job. In her work, she will focus on the unique adaptive behaviors of specific species, such as mating, caregiving, play, and strategies for obtaining resources. In which of the following fields is Kimberly working?
Ethology
What is the focus of evolutionary theory? What is its relevance for the study of human development? Give two examples of behaviors that take on new meaning when considered from an evolutionary perspective
Evolutionary theory "focuses on how diverse and increasingly complex life forms come to exist." It emphasizes the role of natural selection and adaptation. Its relevance for the study of human development is shown by its three phases of the life span. Two behaviors that take on new meaning when considered from an evolutionary perspective would include reproductive strategies and learning as an adaptive behavior.
What is an essential process that promotes growth in Rogers' theory of personality development?
Experiencing and accepting the authentic self
Which of the following are considered developmental tasks of early adulthood?
Exploration of intimate relationships
Which of the following statements is considered a major implication of evolutionary theory related to the study of human development?
Factors that influence reproductive success of a group have implications for the survival of the species.
Which statement best describes systems theory?
Family members are interdependent in which each member can influence the others.
In the study of three ethnic groups, what happened to relations with parents as peer relations increased in importance during early adolescence?
Family members continued to be the most central source of love and emotional support.
Which of the following statement about gender and identity is most accurate?
Few gender differences in identity status have been discovered.
What is the biggest challenge in an individual's transition from the welfare system?
Finding a job with a salary that meets basic living expenses
Which of the following statements about the relationship of gender and identity achievement is most accurate?
For both men and women, identity achievement is associated with positive ego qualities.
Jennie is struggling with whether to give in to peer pressure in order to fit in or whether to be herself, but not have many friends. This is an example of which psychosocial crisis?
Group identity versus alienation
Diverse processes such as joining a group, forming in-group and out-group attitudes, stereotyping, rejecting a group, and exercising leadership in a group, are all examples of
Group operations
Dick has shown throughout his life that he is more likely than most of his friends to exhibit positive outcomes in the face of serious threats to his development. Which of the following is TRUE of Dick?
He is more resilient than most of his friends.
How does the case of Rose illustrate the relationships among the biological psychological and societal systems?
Her case provides examples of how the biological, psychological, and societal systems are key components in development across the lifespan.
Through which of Alice's ages would psychosocial theory focus?
Her entire life
Which of the following best describes Joanna's psychosocial crisis?
Her normal set of stresses and strains
Among the factors that contribute to social integration, which one is related to a high divorce rate?
High population change
What is a common consequence of early maturation for girls?
Higher levels of conflict with parents
In the case of Houston A. Baker, Jr., what aspect of his identity process is revealed?
His commitment to the pursuit of intellectual creativity
As Jamison develops new ego qualities, which of the following will he reformulate to adapt to them?
His worldview
A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following?
How people change and grow over the life span
A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following?
How people change and grow over the life span
Which of the following is most accurate?
If chlamydia is untreated, it may cause pelvic inflammatory disease that leads to infertility
Which factors do high school and college students say played the greatest role in career decision-making?
Individual factors such as abilities and interests
Which of the following terms best describes a worldview in which social behavior is guided by personal goals, ambitions, and pleasures?
Individualism
Arnold is in middle childhood. He is most likely dealing with which psychosocial crisis?
Industry versus inferiority
Which of the following is considered one of Piaget's contributions to understanding infant cognition?
Infants establish logical connections
Which descriptor most accurately reflects the psychosocial approach?
Internal experiences are products of interaction of biological, psychological, and societal systems
Which of the following is TRUE of social cognition?
It is a facet of social learning theory that emphasizes a cognitive orientation.
Define the concept of psychosocial crisis. Give an example Explain how the crisis contributes to psychosocial growth
It is a state of tension that results from the discrepancies between the person's competences at the beginning of a stage and the society's expectations. An example would be when an infant is experiencing trust or mistrust of a caregiver. These crises are normal and needed for development.
Which of the following is TRUE of life expectancy?
It is a useful "bellwether" of societal progress.
Which of the following is considered a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
It is based on a method emphasizing prohibitive moral judgments.
Which of the following is TRUE of the biological system?
It is guided by genetics
Why is a depressed mood in early adolescence of special concern?
It is linked to suicide and/or suicidal attempts.
Which of the following statements is considered a characteristic of a "good" formal theory?
It is logical and internally consistent.
Which of the following is TRUE of the stage theory concept?
It proposes a specific direction of development.
Which of the following is TRUE of the stage theory concept?
It proposes a specific direction of development.
Jamie is better able to cope with challenges than is her twin sister. Which of the following is TRUE of these twins?
Jamie is more resilient than her sister.
Jeanne's great grandmother was born at the turn of the 20th century. Jeanne was born at the turn of the 21st century. Which of the following is TRUE of their life expectancies?
Jeanne had a longer life expectancy than her great grandmother.
Joel just graduated from college and is about to start his first job as a family life educator. He has planned to ask his college sweetheart to marry him after about 3 months in his new job. When Joel came home last weekend, he learned that his parents are divorcing, partially in order to dedicate more time to their careers. According to psychosocial theory a combination of Joel's needs for development and the unexpected divorce of his parents may lead to
Joel needing to revisit and reinterpret earlier psychosocial stages
Why is it so important to interpret events in context?
People are affected by their surroundings
What term refers to the number of years of life, based on the average length of life for a given population?
Life expectancy
How is the study of life span development related to an understanding of life expectancy?
Life expectancy provides a framework for timing about stages and periods of life.
Which statement about longevity is false?
Longevity is primarily influenced by psychological factors.
For boys, the rapid physical growth at puberty
May leave a boy awkward and uncoordinated for a time
Bronfenbrenner argues that development is influenced by interactions that take place within the
Microsystem
Which of the following statements is one of the results of research by Ryff, Keyes, & Hughes on psychological well-being in midlife?
Minority status is associated with many indicators of strength for men and women.
Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to a psychosocial crisis?
Most people resolve the crisis positively along with some negative experience.
Which of the following may occur during Phase II of the mate selection process and could lead to termination of the relationship?
Negative self-disclosure
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about formal operational thinking?
New skills help the person anticipate the consequences of their actions.
Which category is LEAST associated with the feelings of loneliness?
Nonverbal
Which of the following would Erik Erikson be LEAST likely to argue?
Once a developmental stage of psychosocial theory is passed, there is no way to review or reinterpret events from that stage.
The Jones family consists of the mother (Jane), father, (Jack), son (Ethan), and daughter (Bella). The grandmother (Lila) lives in the home as well. Viewing this family as a system, give an example of at least 2 subsystems and 1 component of each subsystem.
One subsystem would be the marriage of Jane and Jack and a component of them would be their children. A second subsystem would be Lila and Jane and a component of them would be Jane's children.
To whom do gay and lesbian couples most often turn to validate and encourage their relationships?
Other members of the gay and lesbian community
Which statement BEST describes the laws of natural selection?
Over generations, species gradually change in response to changing environmental conditions.
Which of the following is most accurate concerning sexual-minority youth's sexual orientation?
Parental acceptance after disclosure is very important to well-being and identity development.
Which of the following was observed in research that examined the influence of parenting practices on peer group membership?
Parents who emphasize academic achievement have children who belong to the "popular" crowd.
Which of the following best describes the range of applicability of psychosocial theory?
Patterns of psychological and social change and growth over the life course
Which of the following is least likely to cause depression in early adolescence?
Peer acceptance
Michael believes that he can influence his personal development by making certain choices and being motivated to succeed. Michael's belief's best illustrates which of the following assumptions of Newman and Newman text?
People contribute actively to their development
Which assumption is fundamental to understanding how significant social relationships influence development?
People contribute actively to their development.
Raymond and Ayesha met for dinner at their favorite restaurant after work. After dating for four months, they were discussing childhood memories and family goals. Based on this information, what phase in the mate selection process are they in?
Phase II
Give at least 3 examples of situations considered ACES.
Physical abuse from a parent, parent who has a mental illness, and emotional neglect from a parent.
What does it mean to say that the concept of life-span development implies plasticity?
Plasticity is the capacity for adaptive reorganization at the psychological, neurological, and behavioral levels. Life span development requires an individual to have plasticity in order to take in new capacities, roles, and challenges at each period of life.
What are possible actions that might be taken when a client requests services from an agency? What reason might these actions be taken?
Possible actions include the agency obtains sanctions and working agreements/contracts, they identify and study a problem, they establish goals for change, and they influence major targets for change. These actions are taken so the client will best benefit from the services.
Which of the following statements is considered a strength of Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages?
Presentation of stages makes each stage look similar in length of time to complete
_ develop from the positive resolution of the psychosocial crisis, and _ develop from the negative resolution of the psychosocial crisis.
Prime adaptive ego qualities; core pathologies
Which of the following LEAST describes the biological system?
Processes central to making sense of experiences
Manuel speaks six languages and has a very good memory. Which of the following systems can he thank for this?
Psychological
Explain what it means to say that there is an evolution" to psychosocial theory.
Psychosocial evolution "refers to the human abilities that allow us to gather knowledge from our ancestors and transmit it to our descendants. the transmission of individuals who are capable of creating knowledge, symbolizing it, adapting it, and transferring it to others." Psychosocial theory demonstrates this concept in its six basic concepts of development
refers to a period of experimentation and freedom from daily expectations for role performance.
Psychosocial moratorium
Dylan wants to drop out of high school and go to New York to be a musician. Her parents, friends, and high school teachers encourage her to graduate from high school prior to moving to New York. This encouragement is an example of what organizing principle of psychosocial theory?
Radius of significant others
Which of the following psychosocial theory concepts is most similar to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
Radius of significant relationships
Which of the following psychosocial theory concepts is most similar to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
Radius of significant relationships
Whereas theories of cognitive development emphasize thinking and reasoning, theories of learning tend to focus on which of the following?
Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience
Which behavior would NOT be considered a positive post-divorce coping strategy?
Reminiscing about the former spouse
Which of the following is most likely to result from a negative resolution to a normative crisis?
Rigidity
Helena is 6 months old. At what stage in Piaget's cognitive developmental theory is she in?
Sensorimotor thought
What is the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity?
Sexual orientation does not predict gender identity.
According to psychoanalytic theory, middle aged Valerie has two instinctual drives that contribute to her personality development. What are these two instinctual drives?
Sexuality and aggression
In developing the eight stages, which of the following did Erik Erikson utilize?
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages
Which of the following is the best definition of developmental tasks?
Skills and competencies that contribute to increased mastery.
Which of the following statements is considered an implication for human development based on Vygotsky's theory?
Social interaction and culture shape an individual's cognitive development.
Differentiate between social learning theory and cognitive behaviorism
Social learning theory gives emphasis on imitation being a key part of learning a new behavior. Cognitive behaviorism states that in order to understand why people behave as they do in a specific situation, one needs to understand the meaning they give to the situation. Thus, in social learning, a person can imitate another person's behavior immediately. In cognitive behaviorism, the person has to attach meaning to the behavior in order to enact on the behavior.
The Moore family's elderly grandmother hosts an annual family celebration at the family farm every spring. Which system does this ritual best illustrate?
Societal
Which of the following statements is considered a strength of Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages?
Stages incorporate biological and societal influences
According to Walter Mischel's six types of cognitive affective factors that influence behavior, which of the following best describes self-regulatory plans?
Strategies to achieve one's goals
According to psychoanalytic theory, which structure houses Jonathan's moral and ethical principles?
Superego
Which of the following is an important characteristic of formal operational thought?
The ability to think about themselves, other individuals, and their world in relativistic ways
In terms of psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is most accurate?
The basic function of defense mechanisms is to protect the person from being overwhelmed by painful thoughts and feelings such as anxiety and guilt
Wilson and Juanita are both employed and have recently married. Based on the text readings about marital adjustment, what assumptions will they need to re-examine?
The division of labor in the family
What is the purpose of an ecomap? How is it helpful for both the social worker and the client?
The ecomap is an interviewing and assessment tool that places an individual ora family within a social context. It helps the clients and social worker understand how a family functions in their environment. Also, it shows how individuals in the family are connected to external systems. It is helpful for both the social worker and the client because it can assist in developing a trusting relationship, facilitate the sharing of information, and shorten the case record for the social worker.
Discuss the essential characteristics of formal operational thought What kinds of experiences are most likely to stimulate this kind of reasoning?
The first characteristic is the ability to manipulate more than two categories of variables simultaneously. A situation to stimulate this would be when a person thinks about time, speed, and distance when planning to go somewhere. The second characteristic is the ability to think about things changing in the future. An example would be when a child realizes that their family structure and relationships will change as they grow older. The third characteristic ie the ability to hypothesize logical sequences of events. An example would be that adolescents will consider how well they do in school will impact college and career options. The fourth characteristics the ability to foresee the consequences of actions. An example would be if a child does not study, they realize they may not do as well on the test. The fifth characteristic is the ability to detect logical consistency or inconsistency in a set of statements. An example would be a child testing the truth of a statement by finding evidence that supports or disproves it. The sixth characteristic is the ability to think in relativistic ways about self. others, and the world. An example of this is when an adolescent recognizes that people are the products of societies with different sets of rules and norms. They also recognize that they are expected to behave in a certain way because of the cultural norms and rules.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor in a person's coping strategy?
The hidden meaning of the stressor
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor in a person's coping strategy?
The hidden meaning of the stressor; or range of resources
According to psychosexual theory, what are the three basic structures of personality? Give the term for each and a definition
The id, which includes instincts impulses, is the primary source of psychic energy and exists from birth. It is the pleasure principle. The ego is the idea of a person's self and refers to all mental functions that have to do with the person's relation to the environment. The superego includes both a punishing and rewarding function. It includes ideas about which behaviors and thoughts are improper and includes ideas about what behaviors and thoughts are admirable.
Which of the following is considered the focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
The influence of sexual and aggressive drives to motivate behavior
According to the text, on what is development based?
The interaction of the social, psychological, and biological systems
Which of the following criticisms of psychosocial theory relates to the stages of development?
The period of adult life is not adequately differentiated
Which of the following statements is considered a weakness of psychosocial theory?
The process of moving from one stage to another needs more development
Which of the following is TRUE of individuals' lives, as they progress through time?
They show both continuity and change
Discuss the questions that must be answered in the evaluation of a theory.
What phenomena is the theory trying to explain? What assumptions does the theory make? What does the theory predict?
Select three theories and explain how each one accounts for stability and change over the life span
The psychoanalytic theory provided importance placed on childhood experiences for shaping adult thoughts and behavior. It also provided various stages of development that account for stability and change over the life span. Piaget's theory also provided stages of development and highlighted equilibrium and adaptation as key components. Thus, it essential accounts for stability and changes over the life span. The social learning theory demonstrates how observation imitation plays a vital role in the adaptation of behaviors. This accounts for stability and changes over the life span.
Which of the following statements about the psychosocial crisis is most accurate?
The psychosocial crisis is expressed as polarities with positive and negative ends on a continuum.
Explain how the psychosocial theory takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual growth.
The psychosocial theory takes into consideration how the integration of person and culture produces distinctive personal experiences for individuals in various cultures.
Explain radius of significant relationships and how it influences development. Give at least one example.
The radius of significant relationships is how age-related demands on individuals are communicated. The network of relationships plays a major role at every stage of life, impacting cognitive and emotional development, self-understanding, family and career roles, and physical health. An example would be parents, caregivers, and children during infancy.
Which of the following statements best describes the pattern of change in the radius of significant relationships from infancy through adolescence?
The range and variety of significant relationships expand.
Which of the following statements reflects an important contribution made by the psychoanalytic theory to the study of human development?
The role of childhood experiences can be used to explain adult behavior
Explain the importance of the ACEs study and information to your future social work career.
The study provided a model for data collection and demonstrated the value of the data. It allows social workers to see the signs of ACEs and also provides preventions to help clients become resilient to ACES.
What is the basic idea behind Tiedeman's model of career decision-making?
There is a continuous interaction between the work context and self-understanding about career goals.
From a psychosocial perspective, what are the factors that may contribute to the high divorce rate for couples who marry before age 20?
There is a greater incidence of premarital pregnancy, dropping out of school, and lower-paying employment, which all contribute to the likelihood of divorce. Also, not achieving developmental needs is also a great risk factor. There is a greater difference in development between people who marry younger and later including having goals and commitments, maturation of executive functions, integration of one's morality, and opportunities to establish significant relations to community supports.
Which statement about couples who decide to remain childless is most accurate?
They are increasingly common in the U.S. and other industrialized nations.
How is the timing of puberty related to self image for late-maturing adolescent boys?
They are likely to be self-conscious and have a negative self-image.
Which of the following is considered a characteristic of people who have experienced one or more inter ethnic dating relationships?
They have an ethnically diverse group of friends.
Which of the following statements best describes how theories help explain observations?
They identify orderly relationships.
According to research, which couples are able to maintain their relationship quality in the face of economic distress?
Those who exhibited cooperative, mutually respectful problem-solving strategies
What is the function of a theory?
To describe unobservable processes and relate them to observable events
Michelle graduated from high school last month. She is preparing for her freshmen year in college. Michelle's preparation for her first year in college is an example of which of the following life course terms?
Transition
Psychosocial theory predicts that self concept and worldview are reorganized at each stage of life.
True
Some people engage in sexual activity to avoid a negative outcome, such as conflict in a relationship.
True
As a general rule, how would you characterize the kinds of jobs that are available to people who leave high school without a diploma or who do not go to school beyond high school?
Unstable and supervised by rigid autocratic employers
When did Yang's preoperational thought stage occur?
When, as a child, he learned a language
According to Gilligan, women's reasoning about moral situations differs from that of men in which of the following ways?
Women are more sensitive than men to the interpersonal context and one's responsibility for others.
Which of the following is most accurate concerning differences in the communication styles of men and women?
Women tend to want to talk things out so everyone feels comfortable.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is most accurate?
Young children and adults approach problems using the same basic principles of logic and reasoning. (?)
Giovanni sustained a serious injury to his brain and spinal cord during a hockey game. Who among the following specialists should his parents seek for consultation
a central nervous system specialist
When workers are organized into teams,
a competitive orientation is likely to be fostered
what is an example of an informal helper to family?
a friend or neighbor that isn't related to the family, but helps by watching the children occasionally
The core pathology of later adolescence is repudiation. This refers to
a hostile rejection of ideas and groups that do not adhere to one's own beliefs.
When an individual engages in a central process, the result is
a reworking of an individual's psychological system.
When an individual engages in a central process, the result is
a reworking of an individual's psychological system.
The term private self refers to
a sense of being the originator of one's thoughts.
According to the metaphor of a three-dimensional space to describe lifestyle, the dimension of depth stand for
a sense of purpose and meaning
In the partner selection process, role compatibility refers to
a sense that the two partners approach a situation in ways that work well together.
Poverty is primarily considered an element of _ the system.
societal
Youth who are involved in repeated violent crimes are likely to
to drop out of school
Micah goes to a high school where the majority of students are immigrants from Russia, China, Bangladesh, and Korea. This diverse environment will benefit Micah by encouraging her to
adapt
The Dillard family adopted a new child, requiring the older children to take on new responsibilities for childcare and household tasks. Mrs. Dillard changed her work hours, and Mr. Dillard gave up his nighttime job so he could be with the baby in the evenings. From a family systems perspective, these changes are an example of
adaptive self-organization
Candace has a 7 year old son, and she would never leave him home alone. But in another country, it is common for 7 year old boys to have a job and work. This is an example of
age-graded expectations
In the U.S., 16 year olds expect to obtain a driver's license. What concept is best illustrated here?
age-graded societal expectations
Among Yolanda and her peers there is a set of behaviors that they have collectively agreed upon which function as an accepted code of norms. Which of the following terms BEST encapsulates this?
agency (?)
As adolescents become aware of a more differentiated array of emotions, boys are more likely to have a heightened awareness of new levels of negative emotions that focus on
aggressive impulses
The self-consciousness and egocentrism common in early adolescence is likely to result in experiences of
alienation
What is one of the earliest signs for the onset of puberty for girls?
breast buds
Lou was uncomfortable when he arrived at summer camp, so he began to walk around and learn where the activities were held. He next observed the boys in his age group playing a game of ball. According to psychosocial theory, Lou was
appraising the situation as a coping behavior.
Lou was uncomfortable when he arrived at summer camp, so he began to walk around and learn where the activities were held. He next observed the boys in his age group playing a game of ball. According to psychosocial theory, Lou was
appraising the situation as a coping behavior.
Ruth Hamilton believed having many students of different levels in one classroom was good for children. This supports the idea that individuals
are influenced by society
Living arrangements for 18-24 year-olds changed from the 1960s to the present because fewer 18-24 year-olds
are married and living in their own households today.
In a study of four decades of trends associated with having children, in the 1980s and 1990s people viewed childbearing
as more of an option than an obligation.
Kendra has been breastfed. The first time she gets a bottle of apple juice, she uses the same sucking motion she has been accustomed to using during breastfeeding. Juice floods out of the nipple of the bottle. This is an example of
assimilation
Why did the authors of the text alter the life stages in Erikson's original theory?
to expand upon them
White's term competence motivation refers to
behaviors motivated by desire to achieve a sense of mastery.
As a child, Jordan had an accident that has left him with brain damage. As a result, he can't read or write and has trouble with his memory. Which system of development has been most disrupted?
biological
Lack of funds can lead students to
both live at home and work more hours.
A person who develops complex decision-making strategies, gains access to career-related information, and archives self-insight about career-related goals is said to have achieved
career maturity.
Freda has always given great importance to the passage of time over her life, even taking time to often reflect on it. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, which of the following refers to this passage of time?
chronosystem
Sudha has been driving to school using the same route for two years. Although she has never had time to stop at the Coffee Corner, she knows where it is and how to direct a friend there. This is an example of which of the following concepts?
cognitive map
The group of people who are roughly the same age during a particular historical period are referred to as a
cohort
Developmental tasks can be viewed as
competencies that lead to mastery of the environment.
Javier has always known exactly who he is and what is important to him. This shows that Javier has a strong
continuity
The kind of moral reasoning that is dominated by concerns for the maintenance of the existing rule structure and respect for authority is called
conventional
the most critical way in which a person can contribute to his or her development is through
creating significant social relationships
Which of the following is most influential in the demands for growth based on developmental tasks?
cultural values
Alan is experiencing sleeplessness moodiness, and loss of appetite. He is very low in energy and doesn't want to get involved in any of the activities that provided enjoyment in the past. A likely diagnosis is
depressed mood
Parental loss or parental rejection increases an adolescent's vulnerability to
depression
Which of the following is considered a similarity between psychoanalytic theory and psychosocial theory?
description of the functions of the ego system
According to the textbook, active contribution to one's life can be expressed in numerous ways. The text suggests that the most influential among these is:
development of a societal network
Jonathan is in early adulthood. He and his wife are expecting their first child, and Jonathan is learning what it is like to be a father Jonathan's exploration of child-rearing is an example of a(n)
developmental task
The college curriculum can help advance moral reasoning because students experience
differing points of view
How do sexual disorders contribute to the psychosocial crisis of isolation? People with sexual disorders have
difficulty integrating sexuality into meaningful, close relationships.
Hammad, who is 15, does not feel that he is a part of any social group; he is uneasy in the presence of peers. He is experiencing
discrimination
Based on research about the relationship of parental attachment and adaptation to college, _ students had the most difficulty adapting to college during their first year.
dismissive
How is physical appearance related to gender identity? People who are
dissatisfied with their appearance expect to be rejected by the opposite sex.
Which of the following psychosexual terms is most closely related to the processes of cognition?
ego functions
In Erikson's original model, life stages were given names but no ages because Erikson wanted to
emphasize an individual developmental timetable as unique, guided by biological maturation and cultural expectations.
In Erikson's original model, life stages were given names but no ages because Erikson wanted to
emphasize an individual developmental timetable as unique, guided by biological maturation and cultural expectations.
For boys who are experiencing pubescent growth, shaving provides some evidence for
enhanced masculinity
Which of the following exemplifies a persistent subcultural force that shapes the daily lives of children and adults?
ethnic groups
After the birth of a child, conflictual marriages show an increase in marriage satisfaction.
false
Early adolescent changes rarely affect a boy's self-esteem.
false
Eco maps and genograms document all the same information, but they just have different names. T/F
false
Gender role expectations can only change over several generations.
false
Imitation is the central process for psychosocial growth during adolescence.
false
In order for Jennifer to successfully cope with the loss of her job, she must begin with reconciling her situation.
false
In order for Jennifer to successfully cope with the loss of her job, she must begin with reconciling her situation.
false
Kohlberg's view of moral development focuses on the behavioral aspects of morality.
false
Most college students attend colleges far from home in order to achieve autonomy.
false
Species produce just enough offspring to survive and reproduce.
false
Transsexuals develop a gender identity that reflects their biological features.
false
Vygotsky theorized that language is a barrier between generations.
false
it is okay to use generic names of a system when documenting where a family member works. T/F
false
the first day of school is an example of toxic stress
false
In order to adapt to changes in the environment, systems require which of the following?
feedback mechanisms
A positive resolution of the psychosocial crisis of group identity versus alienation results in the achievement of the prime adaptive ego quality of
fidelity to others
Stacey discusses her concerns about her aging parents and her sense of duty and responsibility to them. What she is expressing is called
filial obligation.
Berzonsky suggests that not all later adolescents process identity-related information in the same way. According to his model, the normative types
focus on the standards set for them by others.
In many of the measures of identity development, vocational choice, political and religious ideologies, and gender role or interpersonal values comprise the
foundational content areas.
Compared to heterosexual wives, women in lesbian relationships report
greater satisfaction with their sexual activity and greater dissatisfaction with relationship inequalities.
In the process of resolving the psychosocial crisis of _ adolescents become psychologically connected to the social life of their family, school, and community
group identity versus alienation
Among the Gusii tribe in Kenya, the goal of reproduction is to
have children as frequently as possible.
Ann is an adolescent girl whose boyfriend wants to have sexual intercourse with her. Her decision about this will be closely related to
her parents values and the norms of her peer group.
The psychosocial crisis serves as a mechanism for development by
highlighting the tension and conflict between positive and negative poles.
John has dropped out of college. The most likely consequence will be that
his marriage prospects will be impacted.
The principle of _ suggests that people are attracted to others who share important areas of similarity.
homogamy
The application of systems theory to families has focused primarily
how families determine their culture
The application of systems theory to families has focused primarily on
how families establish boundaries and rules
Of the various identity statuses, which one is most likely to be associated with tendencies toward procrastination, hostility, and disagreeableness?
identity confusion
The theoretical construct of identity status assumes a developmental progression. According to this view, a person who has been categorized as in a period of moratorium could never accurately be described at a later time as
identity foreclosed.
What role does imitation play in resolving psychosocial crises?
imitation is the central process for psychosocial growth during toddlerhood. Central process is the way in which psychosocial crisis is resolved.
What role does imitation play in resolving psychosocial crises?
imitation is the central process for psychosocial growth during toddlerhood. Central process is how psychosocial crises are resolved. Therefore, if a toddler is not able to perform imitation, they may not resolve the psychosocial crises positively
In the Tiedeman model of career decision-making, the last three phases involve
implementation.
Delinquency is associated with which of the following?
inability to control and manage one's impulses
Evolutionary theory places the study of individual development in the context of
individual development in the context of the history of the species.
_ is a worldview in which social behavior is guided largely by personal goals and ambitions.
individualism
In later adolescence, work on identity requires _ various sources of content and deciding which elements have the greatest importance.
integrating
Vygotsky argued that complex mental operations exist first in the social world and are then internalized. He described this as a movement from the _ to the _
intermental; intramental
Changes in the biological system are most likely to cause changes in the
psychological and societal systems
A tenuous personal identity is likely to stand in the way of achieving
intimacy
The ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one's identity is called
intimacy
Processing (2)
is a system utilizing the input received. An example would be service planning and organization.
What is an umbrella agency? Give an example.
is a very large, organized group of agencies. The United States Department of Health and Human Services would be an example
Input (1)
is the energy going into a system. An example of this would be a request for services by a client.
Feedback (4)
is the information about the system's performance. It can be positive or negative. An example would be survey responses.
Output (3)
is the product or outcome that the system produces. An example would be service action.
Coping is an important concept in psychosocial theory because
it always involves gathering new information that changes the biological system
What guiding premises underlie the logic of a theory?
its assumptions
Cognitive developmental theory focuses specifically on how
knowing emerges and is transformed into logical, systematic, capacities for reasoning
Cultural theory provides insight into
learned systems of meanings and patterns of behavior shared by a group of people.
In the work trajectory, getting hired, being promoted, and retirement are examples of
life course transitions
In the work trajectory, getting hired, being promoted, and retirement are examples of
life course transitions.
Retirement, dating in old age, and second or third careers are all part of a complex network of policies and practices that are being called into question. Which factor is the biggest influence in this shift?
life experiences
The assumption of any theory may or may not be correct. In other words, assumptions
may be influenced by cultural context of theorist
The assumptions of any theory may or may not be correct. In other words, assumptions
may be influenced by the cultural context of the theorist.
Likely advances in _ and treatment coupled with _ can lead to higher standards of living in later life.
medical technology; improved support services
Nia works at a community mental health center. She is the group leader for the outpatient program. She is engaged in _ work.
mezzo
John works with adults recently released from prison to help them find work and housing. He is _ engaged in practice work.
micro
College faculty _ concerned now than in the are past that students are not prepared for college mathematics, independent work, and critical thinking.
more
Moral judgment changes from early school age to later adolescence in that in later adolescence, there is
more emphasis on principles of social responsibility
Men who entered fatherhood at a later age (after 30), when compared to young and on-time fathers, were considered
more involved in parenthood.
The biological system is a _ system.
multilevel and dynamic
The first few years of a committed relationship involve a process of
mutual adaptation.
The central process through which intimacy is acquired is
mutuality among peers.
the death of a family member is considered _ stress
negated
Young people who identify with labels such as hood, loser, or druggie are likely to develop a
negative identity
For young people, the transition to sexualized relationships including learning the art of flirtation, practicing how to approach, and learning the rules of engagement between the sexes is influenced by
norms of peer group and community
Social learning theory emphasizes the process of learning new behaviors by
observing and imitating the behavior of others
According to the epigenetic principle, the succession of psychosocial crises
occurs in a predictable sequence over the life course.
Psychosocial crises arise because
of a discrepancy between a person's competence and societal expectations.
According to a systems theory, a system that maintains its organization, even though the parts constantly change, is considered
open (?)
Harvinder and Jasmine just had their first baby, Nina. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the psychosexual stages through which Nina will develop?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
The life span approach strives to identify
patterns of transition and transformation from one period of life to another
Populars, gangs, skateboarders, and jocks are examples of
peer crowds
Which of the following statements most accurately describes trends in the age of marriage?
people are marrying at later ages
In the mate selection process, men tend to emphasize _ while women tend to emphasize _ in their attraction to a partner
physical appearance; social status
The kind of reasoning associated with diplomacy, psychotherapy, and spiritual leadership is called
postmoral reasoning
In contrast to those with anorexia, adolescents who suffer from bulimia are more likely to
prevent food absorption through induced vomiting or use of laxatives.
human service systems
private, public, and voluntary
Although income, occupation, and education are important predictors of divorce, when you ask couples about the major cause for their divorce, they frequently cite
problems in communication.
Core pathologies
protect the person from unwanted interaction with the societal system.
Rose is torn between her memories of how close her family used to be and how her son's divorce has made her family less close. This disparity is a reflection of Rose's _ system.
psychological
Many young people come to college ready to engage in a period of questioning and personal experimentation. They suspend the need to make commitments. This is described as
psychosocial moratorium.
Students in the top 10% in high school class rankings will _ in college.
quite possibly earn Cs and Ds
Unpredictable life stresses, such as divorce and death, may contribute to the
re-working of earlier life stages.
Unpredictable life stresses, such as divorce and death, may contribute to the
re-working of earlier life stages.
Michele is coping with the death of her father by redefining the meaning of the loss. This process is referred to as
reappraisal.
Daryl is a human being. From an evolutionary perspective, he depends on the capacity of all of the species' individual members to survive, mate, reproduce, and
rear their offspring
Husband and wife, teacher and student, and therapist and client are all examples of
reciprocal roles
What is documented in a Eco Map?
relationships to systems outside the family
Paul has changed his major twice. He has had several summer jobs and is considering another type of internship next year. With respect to his occupational identity, we would say he is engaging in
role experimentation
The advantages of the dual-earner, multiple-role lifestyle can be offset when one or both partners experience
role overload
according to social role theory, _ involves meeting perceived role expectations or balancing competency role demands
role strain
The relationship of a secure attachment to parents and identity in later adolescence is that those who have a
secure attachment are more likely to have an achieved identity.
In Maslow's theory, _ is a motive that urges person to make optimal use of his/her potential to become a more effective, creative participant in daily life.
self-actualization
Research suggests that for most males and females who carry knives, the primary motive is
self-defense
The tendency to pursue activities that are novel, thrilling, and exciting is known as
sensation seeking
When a caregiver and baby engage in reciprocal vocalizations and gesturing, this is known as:
serve and return interaction.
Tiedeman has created a model for career decision making in which there are _ phases
seven
Which of the following is an important aspect of peer relationships that occurs in early adolescence?
sexual interest
In a study of the impact of the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention program in 92 schools, it was found that students who participated in the program
showed an increase of help seeking of 60% in the month following the beginning of the program.
In a cross-national comparison of cohabitation, Heuveline and Timberlake found
six types of cohabiting relationships.
In contrast to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky placed greater emphasis on
social context
Involvement in personal relationships and social groups contributes to the formation of
social identity
The concept of identity, the meaning we give ourselves and our sense of purpose, connects us to others. This concept best illustrates the link between psychological and _ systems
societal
The influence of culture in one's lifespan is considered to be a component of which of the following systems?
societal
most processes through which a person becomes integrated into a community involve the _ system
societal
The emphasis on the interplay between individual development and society is considered a
strength of psychosocial theory
Which of these is an example of a change factor for the societal system?
technological change
Accommodation is referred to as the
tendency to modify schemes to account for new attributes revealed through experience.
Anna started dating Chris soon after breaking up with Hayden She wants to continue to explore intimate relationships and doesn't like being alone. Anna strives to be with others and has acquired new skills and coping that can be classified as
the central process of coping
The comparative study of unique adaptive behaviors survival of the species is called ethology. This type of study helps clarify _ to the long-term survival of species
the contributions of each generation
The term goal affordances refers to
the goals viewed as likely to be achieved in certain careers.
Evolutionary psychology includes the study of
the origins of social behavior.
Data about divorce suggest that
the probability of divorce is highest during the first years of marriage
Describe the three features of psychosocial theory that provide a rationale for its use as the framework for the text
the theory "address growth across the life span.. assumes that individuals have the capacity to contribute to their own psychological development act each stage of life.takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual growth."
In order for later adolescents to be successful in achieving autonomy,
there must be a context of mutual caring, emotional support, and differentiation in the family.
A secure attachment to parents, based on a perception of them as committed to their child's well being, is essential for growth toward independence.
true
According to projections, life expectancy has been increasing for both men and women.
true
Cohabitation may be a prelude to marriage or an alternative to marriage.
true
Core pathologies can lead to a paralysis of action and thought that prevents productivity.
true
Development tasks contribute to increased mastery over our environment.
true
Eco maps are helpful for viewing the family from a systems perspective. T/F
true
It is likely that people will be healthier in older age rather than live much longer than current life expectancy.
true
Many cultures mark the beginning of puberty with a rite of passage.
true
Perceived discrimination undermines psychological wellbeing for women, but not for men.
true
Pressure to marry within a religion or culture is called endogamy.
true
Psychological change is partly guided by genetic information.
true
The development from one period of life to the next is an individual process.
true
The private self includes a sense of unity and decentering
true
A consensual union is considered a(n)
type of informal marriage.
Alienation associated with issues of common bond occurs when adolescents are
unable to form interpersonal ties that provide feelings of acceptance or emotional support.
According to Freud, many explanations for Blanca's seemingly natural behavior can be found by analyzing her conflicting sexual and aggressive needs, fears, and wishes that are housed in her
unconscious
According to Freud, many explanations for Blanca's seemingly natural behavior can be found by analyzing her conflicting sexual and aggressive needs, fears, and wishes that are housed in her
unconscious.
Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the biological system?
use of drugs
During early adolescence, there is _ in the rate and sequence of development
variability
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the term "worldview"?
way of making meaning of relationships, situations, and objects encountered in daily life
Psychosocial evolution refers to
ways in which knowledge can alter or transform behavior and override genetically guided patterns.
Prime adaptive ego qualities and core pathologies influence one's
worldview
Which example is LEAST illustrative of the relationship between psychosocial theory and psychosocial evolution?
your biological evolution