3500 ORAL EXAM

El Estilo Barroco

The Baroque was a period of history in Western culture originated by a new way of conceiving the visual arts (the "baroque") and, starting from different historical and cultural contexts, produced works in many artistic fields: literature, , sculpture, painting, music, etc. emerges in Italy manifested itself mainly in Western Europe and latin america, 17th & 18th cen, It is usually placed between Mannerism and Rococo, in an era characterized by strong religious disputes between Catholics and Protestants countries and marked political differences between the absolutist states and parliamentarians, where an incipient bourgeoisie began to lay the foundation of capitalism. For a long time (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) the term "baroque" was a pejorative sense, to mean ornate, misleading, whimsical, until it was subsequently revalued at the end of the nineteenth century

El "boom novelístico en lo años 60: Asturia/ García Márquez/ Vargas Llosa/Julio Cortázar/ Carlos Fuentes

The Latin American Boom or, more properly said, the boom in Latin American narrative was a literary and publishing phenomenon that emerged between 1960 and 1970, when the work of a group of relatively young writers from Latin America was widely distributed throughout the world. Boom novels are essentially modernist. They try to time in a way perspective and adjustments of both rural and urban way; These writers challenged and overcame the conventions established in the literature of their countries through experimental works, tote desire, and a marked political character, due to the general situation of Latin America in those years.;

Los jesuitas

The Society of Jesus (Societas Jesu, SJ), whose members are commonly known as Jesuits, a religious order of the Catholic Church founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola, in the city of Rome; the Jesuits profess the three vows of religious life policy (obedience, poverty and chastity) and also a fourth vow of obedience to the Pope;

La Gran Pintura Española del Siglo 17

The Spanish Baroque painting is done that throughout the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century in Spain. The full baroque in the second half of the century, with its vitality and inventiveness, is the result of combining flamenco influences with the new currents coming from Italy with the arrival of decorators to fresh Mitelli and Colonna in 1658 and Luca Giordano in 1692. known as golden age of spanish painting

El estilo neoclásico

The term Neoclassicism emerged in the 18th century to describe the aesthetic movement that came to be reflected in the arts the intellectual principles of the Enlightenment, which from the mid-eighteenth century they had been going on philosophy, and consequently had been transmitted to all areas of culture. However, coinciding with the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte, Neoclassicism was losing favor in favor of Romanticism.

el villancico

The villancico is a traditional Portuguese music and poetry, popular Castilian way and in Spain, Latin America and Portugal between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. The carols were originally secular songs with chorus, grassroots and harmonized with several voices. Later they began to sing in churches and to associate specifically with Christmas. notable composers of carols were, among others, Juan del Encina, Pedro de Escobar, Francisco Guerrero, Gaspar Fernandes and Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla. Today, after the decline of the ancient form of the carol, the term became simply called a genre of song whose lyrics refers to Christmas and is traditionally sung on those dates.

La Teología de la Liberación

a Christian theological stream composed of several Catholic slopes and Protestant, born in Latin America after the appearance of the Ecclesial Communities, the Second Vatican Council and the Conference of Medellin , characterized considering that the Gospel calls the preferential option for the poor and resort to human and social sciences to define the ways in which this can be realized opción

*José de Espronceda

a Romantic Spanish poet.; formed secret society with his friends at age 15; secret society conspired against Ferdinand VII; gets imprisoned in a monastery and exiled; comes back to spain in 1833 and gets involved with left wing politics; died of diptheria in 1842; his teacher inspired his lit career and he wrote the historical poem El Pelayo at a monastery but it was never completed; the novel Sancho Saldaña; El estudiante de Salamanca and El Diablo Mundo, long lyric poems, the latter remained unfinished; his works displayed romanticism tendancies; along with José Zorrilla he is considered Spain's most important Romantic poet, as well as the most rebellious.

*José Zorilla

a Spanish Romantic poet and dramatist.; educated by jesuits; wrote poetry at age 12; horrified the friends of his absolutist father (Ferdinand VII) by making violent speeches and by founding a newspaper which was promptly suppressed by the government; gets noticed after de Larra dies when he speaks at his funeral; coallabarates on his play Juán Dondolo; then goes solo dramatist with Cada cual con su razón; writes 22 play in all; uses national legends as themes and rewrites plays that have lost favor; famous for Don Juan Tenorio ( ); he thought Traidor was his best play; his mom dies he gets depressed and emigrated to America three years later, hoping, he claimed, that yellow fever or smallpox would kill him. ;

*Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

a Spanish post-romanticist poet and writer (mostly short stories); considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature on the level of Cervantes; associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism; after his death that most of his works were published; Rimas y leyendas are his best known works usually published together; His work approached the traditional poetry and themes in a modern way, and he is considered the founder of modern Spanish lyricism.; Los leyendas -The Legends are a variety of romantic tales. As the name implies, most have a legendary tone

*Pérez Galdós

a Spanish realist novelist. Some authorities consider him second only to Cervantes in stature as a Spanish novelist.; prolific writer, publishing 31 novels, 46 Episodios Nacionales (National Episodes), 23 plays, and the equivalent of 20 volumes of shorter fiction; consider spain's version of Dickens; his plays are generally considered to be less successful than his novels, Realidad (1892) is important in the history of realism in the Spanish theatre.; his first writing was rejected 1867 and it wasn't til 1868 that he got into dickens and got published; the Episodios Nacionales: a series of historical novels outlining the major events in Spanish history from the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 to his own times. The ostensible aim of this project was to regenerate Spain through the awakening of a new sense of national identity. The first episode was called Trafalgar and appeared in 1873. Successive episodes appeared in fits and starts until the forty-sixth and final novel, Cánovas, appeared in 1912. Galdós seemed to grow tired of this project and stated that he would not write another episode. However, the public bought them avidly, despite the criticism that was levelled at his other works, and they remained the basis of his contemporary reputation and income. ; The descriptions of the various districts and low-life characters that he encountered in Madrid, particularly in Fortunata y Jacinta, are similar to the approaches of Dickens and the French Realist novelists ; Lo prohibido (1884-85),[5] which is also noteworthy for being told in the first person by an unreliable narrator who, in addition, dies during the course of the work ; All through his literary career, Galdós incurred the wrath of the Catholic press. He attacked what he saw as abuses of entrenched and dogmatic religious power rather than religious faith or Christianity per se. 1901, his play Electra caused a storm of outrage and floods of equally hyperbolic enthusiasm. As in many of his works, Galdós targeted clericalism and the inhuman fanaticism and superstition that can accompany it. The performance was interrupted by audience reaction and the author had to take many curtain calls. After the third night, the conservative and clerical parties organised a demonstration outside the theatre.

Mariano José de Larra

a Spanish romantic writer best known for his numerous essays and his infamous suicide. His works were often satirical and critical of the 19th-century Spanish society, and focused on both the politics and customs of his time.; 1831 he produced his first play, No más mostrador,1834 he produced Macías, a play based on his own historical novel, El doncel de don Enrique el Doliente ;

*Pío Baroja

a Spanish writer, one of the key novelists of the Generation of '98.; educated as a physician, Baroja practiced only briefly; used his memories as a student for his novel El árbol de la ciencia.; Baroja's first novel, La casa de Aizgorri is part of a trilogy called La Tierra Vasca. This trilogy also includes El Mayorazgo de Labraz, which became one of his most popular novels in Spain.; Baroja often wrote in a pessimistic, picaresque style; he influenced Hemingway;

*Los Gauchos

a gaucho was "A mestizo who, in the 18th and 19th centuries, inhabited Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil Today, in Argentina and Uruguay, a gaucho is simply "A country person, experienced in traditional cattle ranching work" historical gauchos were reputed to be brave, if unruly, the word is also applied metaphorically to mean "Noble, brave and generous" comparable to N.American cowboy The gaucho is a national symbol in both Argentina and Uruguay. Gauchos became greatly admired and renowned in legends, folklore and in literature and became an important part of their regional cultural tradition. Beginning late in the 19th century, after the heyday of the gauchos, they were celebrated by South American writers.

Las Guerras Carlistas

a series of civil strife that took place in Spain during the nineteenth century. Although the main reason for the fight was disputed by the throne, also they represented the clash of political ideologies of the time. The Chartists which fought under the slogan "For God, for Country and King" - they embodied the reactionary opposition to liberalism, defending the traditional absolutist monarchy, conservative Catholicism The first Carlist War began with the Carlist uprising in the Basque Country and Navarre, and soon controlled the rural areas, The hesitation of the government allowed the Chartists, with great popular support, organize war with guerrillas method,

Carlos V

aka Carlos I of spain; was a Duke of Burgundy and Holy Roman Emperor. He was ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of the Netherlands from 1506, until he voluntarily stepped down from these and other positions by a series of abdications he brought together under his rule extensive territories in western, central, and southern Europe, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia. As a result, his domains spanned nearly four million square kilometers,[3] and were the first to be described as "the empire on which the sun never sets ChIn the Americas, Charles sanctioned the conquest by Castillian conquistadors of the Aztec and Inca empires. Castillian control was extended across much of South and Central America.Charles was the heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties: the Houses of Valois-Burgundy (Netherlands), Habsburg (Holy Roman Empire), and Trastámara (Spain) elected to succeed his Habsburg grandfather, Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor after 34 years of energetic rule he was physically exhausted and sought the peace of a monastery where he died at the age of 58

La Generación del 27

as an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. Their first formal meeting took place in Seville in 1927 to mark the 300th anniversary of the death of the baroque poet Luis de Góngora.; has also been called, with lesser success, "Generation of the Dictatorship," "Generation of the Republic,"; cannot be neatly categorized stylistically, due to the wide variety of genres and styles cultivated by its members.; The group tried to bridge the gap between Spanish popular culture and folklore, classical literary tradition and European avant-gardes. It evolved from pure poetry which emphasized music in poetry; The Civil War brought about the splitting of the movement: García Lorca was murdered, Miguel Hernandez died in jail, and other writers were forced into exile, Members: In a restrictive sense, the Generation of '27 refers to ten authors, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, Dámaso Alonso, Gerardo Diego, Luis Cernuda, Vicente Aleixandre, Manuel Altolaguirre and Emilio Prados

*Don Juan Tenorio

by José Zorilla; The story begins with Don Juan meeting Don Luis in a crowded wine shop in Seville so that the two can find out which of them has won the bet that they made one year ago: each expected himself to be able to conquer more women and kill more men than the other. Naturally, Don Juan wins on both counts. People in the crowd ask him if he isn't afraid that someday there will be consequences for his actions, but Don Juan replies that he only thinks about the present. It is then revealed that both caballeros have gotten engaged since they last met, don Luis to doña Ana de Pantoja and don Juan to doña Inés de Ulloa. Don Luis, his pride hurt, admits that Don Juan has slept with every woman on the social ladder from princess to pauper, but is lacking one conquest: a novice about to take her holy vows. Don Juan agrees to the new bet and doubles it by saying that he will seduce a novice and an engaged woman, boasting that he only needs six days to complete the task with don Luis's fiancee as one of the intended conquests. At this point, don Gonzalo, don Juan's future father-in-law, who has been sitting in a corner during this entire exchange, declares that don Juan will never come near his daughter and the wedding is off. Don Juan laughs and tells the man that he will either give doña Inés to him, or he will take her. He now has the second part of the bet concreted with doña Inés set to take her vows.

El mester de cleresía

genre of Castillian lit that is seen as oppositon & better than Mester de juglaria; used by learned poets in 13th century - usually clerics; usually written on paper and not anonymous; stanzas in them are composed of 4 alejandrinos which contain 14 syllables each (aka cuaderna vía); poets counted syllables and strived for perfection;

*Rosalía de Castro

important figure of the Galician romantic movement, known today as the Rexurdimento ; Her poetry is marked by saudade, a combination of nostalgia, longing and melancholy.; published her first collection of poetry in Galician, Cantares gallegos ; Cantares gallegos & Follas novas poetry written in galacian; in spanish she wrote a poem called La flor and prose called La hija del mar and Flavio

*La Araucana, de Alonso de Ercilla

is a 16th-century epic poem in Spanish about the Spanish Conquest of Chile by Alonso de Ercilla. It was considered the national epic of the Kingdom of Chile and one of the most important works of the Spanish Golden Age (Siglo de Oro). La Araucana consists of 37 cantos that are distributed across the poem's three parts. The work describes the initial phase of the Arauco War which evolved from the Spanish conquest attempt of southern Chile. The war would come to shape the economics, politics and social life of Chile for centuries.

José Martí

is a Cuban national hero and an important figure in Latin American literature. In his short life, he was a poet, an essayist, a journalist, a revolutionary philosopher, a translator, a professor, a publisher, a Freemason, a political theorist, and supporter of Henry George's economic reforms known as Georgism.[1][2] Through his writings and political activity, he became a symbol for Cuba's bid for independence against Spain in the 19th century he dedicated his life to the promotion of liberty, political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans; his death was used as a cry for Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Cubans previously reluctant to start a revolt.

Juan Goytisolo

is a Spanish poet, essayist, and novelist. still living; born to an aristocratic family.; joined communist party in his youth; published his first novel, The Young Assassins, in 1954. His deep opposition to Francisco Franco led him into exile in Paris in 1956; Breaking with the realism of his earlier novels, he published Marks of Identity (1966), Count Julian (1970), and Juan the Landless (1975). As with all his works, they were banned in Spain until after Franco's death. Count Julian (1970, 1971, 1974) takes up, in an act of outspoken defiance, the side of Julian, count of Ceuta, a man traditionally castigated as the ultimate traitor in Spanish history. In Goytisolo's own words, he imagines "the destruction of Spanish mythology, its Catholicism and nationalism, in a literary attack on traditional Spain." He identifies himself "with the great traitor who opened the door to Arab invasion." The narrator in this novel, an exile in North Africa, rages against his beloved Spain, forming an obsessive identification with the fabled Count Julian, dreaming that, in a future invasion, the ethos and myths central to Hispanic identity will be totally destroyed. Works: The Young Assassins (Juegos de manos) (1954). Duelo en el Paraíso (1955). El circo (1957). Part of the trilogy El mañana efímero. Fiestas (1958). Part of the trilogy El mañana efímero. La Resaca (1958). Part of the trilogy El mañana efímero. Para vivir aquí (1960). Short stories. La isla (1961). La Chanca (1962). Fin de Fiesta. Tentativas de interpretación de una historia amorosa (1962). Stories. Marks of Identity (Señas de identidad, 1966). Álvaro Mendiola trilogy. Count Julian (Reivindicación del conde don Julián, 1970). Álvaro Mendiola trilogy. Juan the Landless (Juan sin Tierra, 1975). Álvaro Mendiola trilogy. Makbara (1980). Paisajes después de la batalla (1985). Las virtudes del pájaro solitario (1988).

*Fernando Botero

is a figurative artist and sculptor from Medellín, Colombia. His signature style, also known as "Boterismo", depicts people and figures in large, exaggerated volume, which can represent political criticism or humor, depending on the piece. He is considered the most recognized and quoted living artist from Latin America

el tremendismo

is a literary narrative technique that was developed mainly in the Spanish novel of the year 1940.1 It is characterized by a special crudity in the presentation of the plot (recurrence of violent situations), treatment of the characters (usually marginalized beings with physical or mental defects, prostitutes, criminals, etc.) and language,; the relationship between this trend and the social context of the immediate postwar period is clear, it seems to respond to the complicated experiences of the authors during the war, strife that would have conditioned their way to see and present reality in the world artístico.

La Reconquista

is a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 770 years between the initial stage of the Islamic conquest in the 710s and the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, to expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The Reconquista ended immediately before the European re-discovery of the Americas—the "New World"—which ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires. Historians traditionally mark the beginning of the Reconquista with the Battle of Covadonga

Los Muralistas Mexicanos

is an artistic movement that began in Mexico in the early 20th century, created by a group of intellectuals Mexican painters after the Mexican Revolution, reinforced by the Great Depression and the first war worldwide. the desire for a true transformation and increased they began to make more radical demands, seeking a social, political and economic revolution. Mestizos, the middle and lower classes united against Porfirio Diaz. When Alvaro Obregon came to power many changes were implemented. Three million hectares of land were redistributed to farmers, educational programs were improved and funds were allocated to promote the arts. Part of these funds were used by the muralists to express pride in their indigenous past and educate the gente

*Rigoberta Menchú

is an indigenous woman from the country of Guatemala Menchú has dedicated her life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala's indigenous peoples during and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960-1996), and to promoting indigenous rights in the country. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992

*Prosa Colonial: Lizardi "el Periquito sarniento"

is generally considered the first novel written and published in Latin America in 1816; can be read as a nation-building novel, written at a critical moment in the transition of Mexico (and Latin America) from Colony to Independence.; Given Lizardi's career as a pioneering Mexican journalist, his novel can also be read as a journal of opinion in the guise of a picaresque novel. ; follows the adventures of Pedro Sarmiento (nicknamed "Periquillo Sarniento" or "Mangy Parrot" by his disreputable friends), who, like Lizardi himself, is the son of a Criollo family from Mexico City with more pretensions to "good birth" than means of support. The story begins with Periquillo's birth and miseducation and continues through his endless attempts to make an unearned living, as a student, a friar, a gambler, a notary, a barber, a pharmacist, a doctor, a beggar, a soldier, a count, and a thief, until late in life he sees the light and begins to lead an honest life. At every point along the way, Lizardi uses the deathbed voice of the elderly and repentant Periquillo to lambast the social conditions that led to his wasted life. In this, the novelist mimics the role of the early nineteenth-century journalist more interested in arguing opinions than relating mundane incidents. The marriage of slapstick humor with moralizing social commentary, established in El Periquillo, remained a constant in the Mexican novels that followed on its heels throughout the nineteenth century.

Los Reyes Católicos

is the joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. ;this marriage united both kingdoms (Castille & Aragon) under one crown.; The title of "Catholic King and Queen" was bestowed on Ferdinand and Isabella by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in recognition of their defence of the Catholic faith within their realms.

*El Sendero Luminoso

is the name of a rock climb at El Potrero Chico, Nuevo León, Mexico rises over 1500 ft up the impressive front side of El Toro

*El Franquismo

is the term used to refer to the historical period or ideology whose social movement authoritarian served to support and sustain the dictatorship that emerged in Spain after the Civil War following the coup led by Emilio Mola in 1936, prevail until the death of dictator Francisco Franco, on November 20, 1975 and continued until the self-dissolution of the Francoist Cortes in 1977 with the adoption of the Law Political Reform

El Poema de mio cid

oldest perserved castillian epic poem; popular w mester de juglaría; cid is arabic for "sir"; cid married cousin of the king alfonso VI; fell into disfavor of king; to regain favor he battled moorish armies and conquered Valencia; marries his daughters to sons (infantes) of the king; el cid dishonors the infantes who swear revenge;

La Inquisición

refers to several institutions dedicated to the suppression of heresy mostly within the Catholic Church. Heresy in medieval Europe was often punished with the death penalty; founded in 1184 in S France;

el lazarillo de tormes

spanish novella published anon bc of its heretic content; published simultaneously in 3 cities (antwerp; burgos; alcala de hernares); Lázaro is a boy of humble origins from Salamanca. After his stepfather is accused of thievery, his mother asks a wily blind beggar to take Lazarillo (little Lázaro) on as his apprentice. Lázaro develops his cunning while serving the blind beggar and several other masters, while also learning to take on his father's practice.; credited with founding a literary genre, the picaresque novel which exposes injustice while amusing the reader;

Lope de Vega

spanish playwright; key figure in Spanish Golden Century of Baroque literature; 2nd most prolific author in lit history; renewed span theater as it becomes cultural phenomenon; was exiled after a lover shunned him and he talked bad about her; La Arcadia (1598), a pastoral romance; La Dragontea (1598), an epic poem of Sir Francis Drake's last expedition and death; La Hermosura de Angélica (1602), an epic poem in three books, is a quasi sequel to Ariosto's Orlando Furioso.; La selva sin amor (18 December 1627) (The Lovelorn Forest), first Spanish operetta ; Las fortunas de Diana; Guzmán el Bravo;

Guerra Civil Española

took place from 1936 to 1939 and was fought between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic, left-leaning Second Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a falangist group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists won, and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from April 1939 until his death in November 1975. FRanco ruled as a dictator

Felipe II

was King of Spain[a] (1556-1598), King of Portugal (1581-1598, as Philip I, Filipe I),[1] King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and during his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554-58), was King of England and Ireland.[2] He was also Duke of Milan.[3] From 1555, he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. Known in Spain as "Felipe el Prudente" ('"Philip the Prudent'"), his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippine Islands. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. This is sometimes called the Golden Age. The expression, "the empire on which the sun never sets," was coined during Philip's time to reflect the extent of his dominion.

Bartolomé de las casas

was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". His extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples Arriving as one of the first European settlers in the Americas, he initially participated in, but eventually felt compelled to oppose, the atrocities committed against the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. In 1515, he reformed his views, gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives. In his early writings, he advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West-Indian colonies; consequently, criticisms have been leveled at him as being partly responsible for the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade. Later in life, he retracted those early views as he came to see all forms of slavery as equally wrong

*El Padre Bartolomé de las Casas

was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". His extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples. Arriving as one of the first European settlers in the Americas, he initially participated in, but eventually felt compelled to oppose, the atrocities committed against the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. In 1515, he reformed his views, gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives. In his early writings, he advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West-Indian colonies; consequently, criticisms have been leveled at him as being partly responsible for the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade. Later in life, he retracted those early views as he came to see all forms of slavery as equally wrong. his efforts resulted in several improvements in the legal status of the natives, and in an increased colonial focus on the ethics of colonialism. Las Casas is often seen as one of the first advocates for universal human rights.

Alejo Carpenter

was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period; born in switzerland and grew up in havana; pol aligned with Fidel Castro's communist revolution in cuba; he most famous example of Afro-Cuban influence and use of lo real maravilloso is Carpentier's 1949 novel El reino de este mundo (The Kingdom of this World) about the Haitian revolution of the late 18th century; Carpentier's writing style integrated the resurgent Baroque style, or New World Baroque style that Latin American artists adopted from the European model and assimilated to the Latin American artistic vision. ;

*Emilia Pardo Bazán

was a Galician (Spanish) novelist & journalist; born into a noble family; culture of her birthplace was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including Los pazos de Ulloa; known for introducing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era. ; creative stories such as Temprano y con Sol, which explicitly describes an ironic misfortune.; won an award for an essay about the Benedictine monk Benito Jerónimo Feijoo; Her first novel, Pascual López; Un viaje de novios caused a sensation; response to her critics was issued under the title of La cuestion palpitante; The naturalistic scenes of El Cisne de Villamorta (1885) are more numerous, more pronounced, than in any of its predecessors, though the author shrinks from the logical application of her theories by supplying a romantic and inappropriate ending.; Los pazos de Ulloa (1886), translated as The House of Ulloa by, 2013, which recounts the decadent of an aristocratic family, as notable for the heroes Nucha and Julián as for characters including the political bravos, Barbacana and Trampeta. Yet perhaps its most abiding merit lies in its pictures of country life, its poetic realization of Galician scenery portrayed in an elaborate, highly colored style. One of her last works was Verdad - a very bold play;

*Frida Kahlo

was a Mexican painter known for her self-portraits. celebrated internationally as emblematic of Mexican national and indigenous traditions, and by feminists for its uncompromising depiction of the female experience and form Mexican culture and tradition are important in her work, which has been sometimes characterized as naïve art or folk art.[6] Her work has also been described as surrealist She suffered lifelong health problems, many of which were caused by a traffic accident she survived as a teenager. Recovering from her injuries isolated her from other people, and this isolation influenced her works, many of which are self-portraits. Kahlo suggested, "I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best.

Octavio Paz

was a Mexican poet-diplomat and writer. He is considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century and one of the greatest Hispanic poets of all time.; won cervantes prize and nobel prize for lit; introduced to literature thru grandpas library; In India, Paz completed several works, including El mono gramático (The Monkey Grammarian) and Ladera este (Eastern Slope). While in India, he met numerous writers of a group known as the Hungry Generation and had a profound influence on them. ;

Juan Rulfo

was a Mexican writer, screenwriter and photographer. He is best known for two literary works, El Llano en llamas (1953), a collection of short stories, and the 1955 novel Pedro Páramo. Fifteen of the seventeen short stories in El Llano en llamas have been translated into English and published as The Burning Plain and Other Stories. This collection includes the popular tale "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not to Kill Me!").; cofounded lit journal Pan; The first book was a collection of harshly realistic short stories, El Llano en llamas (1953). The stories centered on life in rural Mexico around the time of the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. Among the best-known stories are "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not To Kill Me!"), a story about an old man, set to be executed, who is captured by order of a colonel, who happens to be the son of a man whom the condemned man had killed about forty years ago; and "No oyes ladrar los perros" ("You Don't Hear the Dogs Barking"), about a man carrying his estranged, adult, wounded son on his back to find a doctor.

*Rubén Darío

was a Nicaraguan poet who initiated the Spanish-American literary movement known as modernismo; learned to read at age 3 and soon began writing verses; he was published in a newspaper at age 13; Darío attempted, for the first time, to adapt the French Alexandrine verse into Castilian metric.; He encountered economic hardships and contracted smallpox.; made a name for himself with love poems and stories; became newspaper correspondent in Buenos aires; French poetry was a determinant influence in Darío's formation as a poet. ;

*Teatro Colonial: Ruiz de Alarcón

was a Novohispanic writer of the Golden Age who cultivated different variants of dramaturgy. His works include the comedy La verdad sospechosa (es), which is considered a masterpiece of Latin American Baroque theater. his red haired complexion made him an occasional object of scorn, since some sectors of the conservative catholic society in which he later lived held the prejudice that Judas Iscariot was a redhead himself. Because of this, his critics often ridiculed his appearance rather than his works. Led a double life in law/work in courts and writing plays Alarcón was the least prolific of all the great dramatists of Spain and is one of the very few Spanish-Americans among the great dramatists of the Siglo de Oro. He is the author of approximately twenty-five dramas. Twenty of them were published by the playwright in two volumes. The most famous of his plays is La verdad sospechosa, (published in 1634). His plays can be divided into at least three distinct categories: social comedies, political dramas and plays that dramatize astrology, magic and other occult practices. Among the political plays, El dueño de las estrellas stands out as a stunning tragedy, dealing with Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver. Although the oracle had predicted that he would either kill a king or be killed by one, when faced with the dilemma he commits suicide thus overcoming the power of the stars.

*Francisco Pizarro

was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Inca Empire. On his expedition he captured and killed the Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the fallen empire for the Spanish Reports of Peru's riches and Cortés's success in Mexico tantalized Pizarro and he undertook two expeditions to conquer the Incan Empire in 1524 and in 1526. Both failed as a result of native hostilities, bad weather, and lack of provisions n April 1528, he reached northern Peru and found the natives rich with precious metals. This discovery gave Pizarro the motivation to plan a third expedition to conquer Peru, and he returned to Panama to make arrangements, but the Governor refused to grant permission for the project. Pizarro returned to Spain to appeal directly to King Charles I. His plea was successful, and he received not only a license for the proposed expedition, but also considerable authority over any lands conquered during the venture. When hostile natives along the coast threatened the expedition, Pizarro moved inland and founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru, San Miguel de Piura. The incan ruler was captured by Pizarro during the Battle of Cajamarca

el padre Benito Jerónimo de Feijoo

was a Spanish essayist; one of the most prominent figure of the first Spanish Enlightenment.; became a Benedictine monk and took vow of poverty thus waiving his rights as firstborn. Since then he devoted himself to study, becoming named "Maestro General" in order, and taught in different parts of Galicia, Leon and Salamanca; Teatro crítico universal; Cartas eruditas y curiosas; Apología del escepticismo médico; Respuesta al discurso fisiológico-médico;

José Ortega Y Gasset

was a Spanish liberal philosopher, and essayist. He worked during the first half of the 20th century, while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism, and dictatorship. His philosophy has been characterized as a "philosophy of life" ; The liberal tradition and journalistic engagement of his family had a profound influence in Ortega y Gasset's activism in politics.; 1910 he was named full professor of Metaphysics at Complutense University of Madrid; In 1917 he became a contributor to the newspaper El Sol, where he published, as a series of essays, his two principal works: España invertebrada (Invertebrate Spain) and La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of the Masses). The latter made him internationally famous. He founded the Revista de Occidente in 1923, remaining its director until 1936. This publication promoted translation of (and commentary upon) the most important figures and tendencies in philosophy,; Works: Meditaciones del Quijote (Meditations on Quixote, 1914) Vieja y nueva política (Old and new politics, 1914) Investigaciones psicológicas (Psychological investigations, course given 1915-16 and published in 1982) Personas, obras, cosas El tema de nuestro tiempo (The theme of our time, 1923) Las Atlántidas (The Atlantises, 1924) La deshumanización del arte e Ideas sobre la novela (The dehumanization of art and Ideas about the novel, 1925) Espíritu de la letra (The spirit of the letter 1927) Mirabeau o el político (Mirabeau or the politician, 1928-1929) ¿Qué es filosofía? etc

*Camilo josé Cela

was a Spanish novelist, short story writer and essayist associated with the Generation of '36 movement.; won 1989 nobel prize in lit for rich prose; 1931 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and admitted to the sanatorium of Guadarrama where he took advantage of his free time to work on his novel, Pabellón de reposo;The Spanish Civil War kicked off in 1936 when Cela was 20 years old and just recovering from his illness. His political leanings were conservative and he was able to escape to the rebel zone and enlisted himself as a soldier but was wounded and hospitalized; his first novel, La familia de Pascual Duarte (The Family of Pascual Duarte), which was finally published when he was 26, in 1942. Pascual Duarte has trouble finding validity in conventional morality and commits a number of crimes, including murders, for which he feels nothing.; Cela's best known work came during a period where his work had been banned by Spanish censors. Such work includes La colmena (The Hive) which was published in 1950, featuring more than 300 characters and a style showing the influence of both Spanish realism and contemporary English and French-language authors. Cela's typical style—a sarcastic, often grotesque, form of realism—is exemplified in La colmena. Cela's work became increasingly experimental. In 1988, for example, he wrote Cristo versus Arizona (Christ versus Arizona), which tells the story of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in a single sentence that is more than a hundred pages long. he became known for his scandalous outbursts; He had already scandalized Spanish society with his Diccionario secreto, a dictionary of slang and taboo words.

*Antonio Buero Vallejo

was a Spanish playwright associated with the Generation of '36 movement and considered the most important Spanish dramatist of the Spanish Civil War. he won three National Theatre Prizes (in 1957, 1958 and 1959), a National Theatre Prize for all his career in 1980, the National Literature Prize in 1996, and the Miguel de Cervantes Prize During the civil war, he served as a medical aid in the Republican army. After the war he was imprisoned for six years. After being released he wrote Story of a Stairway in 1949. This work presented a graphic picture of Spain after the Civil War and won the Lope de Vega Prize While other authors left Spain to escape Franco's censorship, Vallejo stayed in Spain and used symbolism to criticize the government A common theme in his work is Spain's problems during and after Franco. In the tragedies there is always a sense of hope for the future. His works make frequent use of the symbolism of the senses Works: Historia de una escalera ("Story of a Stairway")(1949) En la ardiente oscuridad ("In The Burning Darkness") (1950) La tejedora de sueños (1952) La señal que se espera (1952) Casi un cuento de hadas (1953) Madrugada (1953)[1] Irene o el tesoro (1954) Las cartas boca abajo (1957) Hoy es fiesta (1955) Un soñador para un pueblo (1958) Las Meninas (1960) El concierto de San Ovidio ("The concert at Saint-Ovide Fair") (1962) Aventura en lo gris (1963) El tragaluz ("The basement window") (1967) La doble historia del doctor Valmy ("The double-case history of Doctor Valmy")(1968) El sueño de la razón ("The Sleep of Reason") (1970) La detonación ("The Shot")(1977) Llegada de los dioses (1971) La Fundación ("The Foundation") (1974) Jueces en la noche ("Judges in the Night") (1979) Caimán (1981)

Jorge Guillén

was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27, as well as a university teacher, scholar and literary critic.; he founded and edited a literary magazine called Verso y Prosa.; at outbreak of span civil war he was briefly imprisoned then he exiled himself to US; Works: Cántico (75 poems) Cántico (125 poems), Cántico (270 poems), Cántico (334 poems), Del amanecer y el despertar, Valladolid, 1956 Clamor. Lugar de Lázaro, Historia Natural, Palma de Mallorca, Papeles de Sons Armadans, 1960 Las tentaciones de Antonio, Según las horas, Clamor.

*Juan Ramón Jiménez

was a Spanish poet, a prolific writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956 "for his lyrical poetry"; One of Jiménez's most important contributions to modern poetry was his advocacy of the French concept of "pure poetry."; studied law, but declined to use it; his father died he got depressed and had an affair w doc's wife then got sent to sanatorium where he lived and wrote erotic poetry; The main subjects of many of his other poems were music and color, which, at times, he compared to love or lust.; He celebrated his home region in his prose poem about a writer and his donkey called Platero y yo; When spanish civil war broke out he moved with his wife to puerto rico; later became prof of spanish lit at uni of puerto rico; his wife died 2 days after he won nobel prize and he got depressed and died 2 year later

*Federico García Lorca

was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director.; member of gen del 27; was executed by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. His body has never been found.; he maintained the importance of living close to the natural world; his first prose works such as "Nocturne", "Ballade" and "Sonata" drew on musical forms; his first book, Impresiones y Paisajes; he wrote and staged his first play, El maleficio de la mariposa (The Butterfly's Evil Spell). It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off the stage ; first book of poems was published in 1921 They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation and nature that had filled his prose reflections; Romancero Gitano (Gypsy Ballads), which became his best known book of poetry;His second play, Mariana Pineda, with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927; wanted sexytimes with Dali but the artist rejected him; he got depressed because he was gay and got dumped ; He felt he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could only acknowledge in private.; his return to Spain from NY in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic.; Lorca left Madrid for his family home in Granada only three days before the Spanish Civil War broke out; It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia

*Francisco Goya

was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of late 18th and early 19th centuries and throughout his long career was a commentator and chronicler of his era Goya is often referred to as both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. He became a court painter to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and the early portion of his career is marked by portraits commissioned by the Spanish aristocracy and royalty, as well as the Rococo style tapestry cartoons designed for the royal palace. illness left him deaf He remained in Madrid during the Peninsular War, which seems to have affected him deeply later abandoned spain to move to france

*el Inca Garcilaso

was a chronicler and writer born in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.[1] Sailing to Spain at 21, he was educated informally there, where he lived and worked the rest of his life. The son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman De la Vega is recognized primarily for his histories about Inca history, culture, and society. His work was influential, well-received, and particularly notable as the first literature by an author born in the Americas to enter the western canon.

*La cronica Mestiza: el inca garcilaso de la vega

was a chronicler and writer born in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru; educated informally at 21 when he sailed to spain; De la Vega is recognized primarily for his histories about Inca history, culture, and society. His work was influential, well-received, and particularly notable as the first literature by an author born in the Americas to enter the western canon.; Born during early years of span conquest, he was the illegitimate son of a Spanish aristocrat and a royal Inca mother. Under the Spanish system of caste that developed, he would have been classified as a criollo (for being of Spanish descent, born in South America) and mestizo (for his mixed parents). His works are considered to have great literary value, and are not simple historical chronicles. He wrote from an important perspective, as his maternal family were the ruling Inca. He portrays the Inca as benevolent rulers who governed a country where everybody was well-fed and happy before the Spanish came While in Spain, Garcilaso wrote his most well-known work, Comentarios Reales de los Incas, published in Lisbon in 1609. This was based on stories and oral histories told by his Inca relatives when he was a child in Cuzco. The Comentarios have two sections and volumes: the first was primarily about Inca life. The second, about the Spanish conquest of Peru, was published in 1617.

*La Generación del 98

was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898).; The name Generación del 98 was coined by José Martínez Ruiz, commonly known as Azorín, in his 1913 essays titled "La generación de 1898", alluding to the moral, political and social crisis in Spain produced by the disaster and the loss of the colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines after defeat in the Spanish-American War that same year. ; In his work Spain, 1808-1939, Raymond Carr defines the Generation of '98 as the "group of creative writers who were born in the seventies, whose major works fall in the two decades after 1898".; The intellectuals included in this group are known for their criticism of the Spanish literary and educational establishments, which they saw as having characteristics of conformism, ignorance, and a lack of any true spirit. Their criticism was coupled with and heavily connected to the group's dislike for the Restoration Movement that was occurring in Spanish government.; The Generation of '98 intellectuals objected to the meticulously organized structure of the Restoration system of government and the corruption that it fostered. After Spain's bloody and decisive defeat in the Spanish-American War, which resulted in thousands of dead Spaniards and the loss of all of Spain's remaining colonies in the Americas and the Pacific, these writers were prompted to voice their criticism. They agreed on the urgency of finding a means, in areas of thought and activity separate from politics, of rescuing Spain from its catatonic state. The writers, poets and playwrights of this generation maintained a strong intellectual unity, opposed the Restoration of the monarchy in Spain, revived Spanish literary myths, and broke with classical schemes of literary genres. They brought back traditional and lost words and always alluded to the old kingdom of Castile, with many supporting the idea of Spanish Regionalism. Most texts in this literary era were produced in the years immediately after 1910 and are generally marked by the justification of radicalism and rebellion.; Members: Costa, Ganivet, Unamuno, Ruiz, Baroja, & Machado

La Revolución Mexicana

was a major armed struggle ca. 1910-20 that radically transformed Mexican politics and society. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the Revolution, it was a "genuinely national revolution. The failure of the 35-year long regime of Porfirio Díaz to find a managed solution to the presidential succession meant there was a political crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection Madero cheated out of the 1910 presidential election, revolted under the Plan of San Luis Potosí which declared the Díaz presidency illegitimate, named Madero as provisional president, called for democracy, and demanded the return of lands unjustly taken from Mexican villages The armed conflict lasted for the better part of a decade, until around 1920, and had several distinct phases The origins of the conflict were broadly based in opposition to the Díaz regime, with the 1910 election becoming the sparking point for the outbreak of a political rebellion.

*Pablo Picasso

was a prolific Spanish painter, sculptor that spent most of his adult life in France. Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century cofounded cubist movement invention of constructed sculpture,[3][4] the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore Famous Work: proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Guernica (1937), a portrayal of the Bombing of Guernica by the German and Italian airforces at the behest of the Spanish nationalist government during the Spanish Civil War. His work is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901-1904), the Rose Period (1904-1906), the African-influenced Period (1907-1909), Analytic Cubism (1909-1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912-1919), also referred to as the Crystal period.

*Che Guevara

was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture As a young medical student, Guevara traveled throughout South America and was radicalized by the poverty, hunger, and disease he witnessed.[6] His burgeoning desire to help overturn what he saw as the capitalist exploitation of Latin America by the United States prompted his involvement in Guatemala's social reforms in Mexico City, he met Raúl and Fidel Castro, joined their 26th of July Movement, and sailed to Cuba aboard the yacht Granma, with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator

*Jorge Luis Borges

was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language literature. His best-known books, Ficciones (Fictions) and El Aleph (The Aleph), published in the 1940s, are compilations of short stories interconnected by common themes, including dreams, labyrinths, libraries, mirrors, fictional writers, philosophy, and religion. Borges' works have contributed to philosophical literature and the fantasy genre. became blind by age 55;

*La Revolución Cubana

was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the U.S.-backed authoritarian government of Cuban President began in July 1953,[4] and continued sporadically until the rebels finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. The 26th of July Movement later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965. caused trade embargo w US following its independence from Spain in 1902, Cuba experienced a period of significant instability, enduring a number of revolts, coups and periods of U.S. military intervention. Fulgencio Batista, a former soldier who had served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, became president for the second time in March 1952, after seizing power in a military coup and canceling the 1952 elections.[13] Although Batista had been a relative progressive during his first term,[14] in the 1950s he proved far more dictatorial and indifferent to popular concerns.[15] While Cuba remained plagued by high unemployment and limited water infrastructure,[16] Batista antagonized the population by forming lucrative links to organized crime and allowing American companies to dominate the Cuban economy. Guerrilla warfare

*Ana maría Matute

was an internationally acclaimed Spanish writer and member of the Real Academia Española. She was the third woman to receive the Cervantes Prize. She is considered to be one of the foremost novelists of the posguerra, the period immediately following the Spanish Civil War. At the age of four she almost died from a chronic kidney infection, and was taken to live with her grandparents in a small town in the mountains for a period of recovery. Matute says that she was profoundly influenced by the villagers whom she met during her time there. This influence can be seen in such works as those published in her 1961 collection Historias de la Artámila ("Stories from Artámila"), all of which deal with the people that Matute met during her recovery. Matute was ten years old when the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, and this conflict is said to have had the greatest impact on Matute's writing. Since Matute matured as a writer in this posguerra period under dictator Franco's oppressive regime, some of the most recurrent themes in her works are violence, alienation, misery, and especially the loss of innocence. Her work was sometimes censored by the Franco regime, and at least once she was fined because of her writings. Works: En esta tierra Los Abel El arrepentido y otras narraciones Pequeño teatro Los hijos muertos Fiesta al noroeste (Translated into English as Celebration in the Northwest) Historias de la Artámila Don Payasito Algunos muchachos Luciérnagas (Translated as Fireflies) Olvidado rey Gudú Aranmanoth (novel, 2000) El árbol de oro Los Chicos Rafael El ausente Bernardino

*General Augusto Pinochet

was dictator[3][4] of Chile between 1973 and 1990 and Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army from 1973 to 1998. He was also president of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 Pinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States-backed coup d'état in 1973 From the start of the new military government harsh measures were implemented.[11] During the period of Pinochet's rule, various investigations have identified the murder of 1,200 to 3,200 people with up to 80,000 people forcibly interned and as many as 30,000 tortured

*Las Grandes Poetisas: Alfonsina Storni

was one of the most important Argentine and Latin-American poets of the modernist period. born in switzerland then moved at age 4 w family to argentina; In spite of economic difficulties, she published La inquietud del rosal in 1916, and later started writing for the magazine Caras y Caretas while working as a cashier in a shop.; haunted by solitude and breast cancer, Storni sent her last poem, Voy a dormir ("I'm going to sleep") to La Nación newspaper in October 1938. then drowned herself at the beach;

*Cervantes

widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and the world's pre-eminent novelist.; His major work, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel; His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ; dubbed El Príncipe de los Ingenios ("The Prince of Wits"); Novelas ejemplares (1613): a collection of 12 short stories of varied types about the social, political, and historical problems of Cervantes' Spain; La Galatea, the pastoral romance, which Cervantes wrote in his youth

Alfonso X/ El Sabio

Alfonso X el sabio (the wise); king of castille/leon/galacia; encouraged learning; prolific poet;

*El árbol de la ciencia

Baroja novel; a pessimistic Bildungsroman that depicts the futility of the pursuit of knowledge and of life in general. The title is ironically symbolic: the more the chief protagonist, Andres Hurtado, learns about and experiences life, the more pessimistic he feels and the more futile his life seems.

*Las Grandes Poetisas:Gabriella Mistral

a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and feminist. She was the first Latin American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she did in 1945 "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions"; Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love, a mother's love, sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and European influences. ; her portrait is on chilean money;

Al Andalus

also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.; Following the Muslim conquest of Hispania, al-Andalus, then at its greatest extent, was divided into five administrative units; al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north;

Pedro Calderón de la Barca

born during span golden age defined by Lope de Vega, he developed it further, his work being regarded as the culmination of the Spanish Baroque theatre.; Calderón's debut as a playwright was Amor, honor y poder,;

Santeria

is an Afro-Caribbean religion based on Yoruba beliefs and traditions, with some Roman Catholic elements added. The religion is also known as La Regla Lucumi and the Rule of Osha. Santeria is a syncretic religion that grew out of the slave trade in Cuba.

*Miguel de Unamuno

spanish essayist, novelist, playwright and rector at uni of salamanca; His major philosophical essay was The Tragic Sense of Life (1912),[1] and his most famous novel was Abel Sánchez: The History of a Passion (1917),[2] a modern exploration of the Cain and Abel story.; member of la Generacion del 98; Unamuno worked in all major genres; Unamuno would have preferred to be a philosophy professor, but was unable to get an academic appointment; philosophy was in Spain somewhat politicized. Instead he became a Greek professor.; Unamuno was removed from his two university chairs by the dictator General Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1924, over the protests of other Spanish intellectuals.; He lived in exile until 1930, first banished to Fuerteventura, one of the Canary Islands; his house there is now a museum,; Unamuno returned to Spain after the fall of General Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1930 and took up his rectorship again. ; Having begun his literary career as an internationalist, Unamuno gradually became convinced of the universal values of Spanish culture, feeling that Spain's essential qualities would be destroyed if influenced too much by outside forces. Thus he initially welcomed Franco's revolt as necessary to rescue Spain from the excesses of the Second Republic.[5] However, the harsh tactics employed by the Francoists in the struggle against their republican opponents caused him to oppose both the Republic and Franco.; WORKS: Paz en la guerra (Peace in War) (1897) — a novel that explores the relationship of self and world through familiarity with death. It is based on his experiences as a child during the Carlist siege of Bilbao in the Third Carlist War. Amor y pedagogía (Love and Pedagogy) (1902) — a novel uniting comedy and tragedy in an absurd parody of positivist sociology. El espejo de la muerte (The Mirror of Death) (1913) — a collection of stories. Balcón de Unamuno, Artenara, Spain Niebla (Mist) (1914) — one of Unamuno's key works, which he called a nivola to distinguish it from the supposedly fixed form of the novel ("novela" in Spanish). Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho (usually translated into English as Our Lord Don Quixote) (1914) — another key work of Unamuno, often perceived one of the earliest works applying existential elements to Don Quixote. The book, on Unamuno's own admission, is of mixed genre with elements of personal essay, philosophy, and fiction. Unamuno felt that Cervantes had not told the story of Don Quijote very well, cluttering it with unrelated tales. This work was Don Quixote the way Unamuno thought it should have been written. He felt that as a quijotista (a fan or student of Don Quixote) he was superior to Cervantes. Abel Sánchez (1917) — a novel that uses the story of Cain and Abel to explore envy. Tulio Montalbán (1920) — a short novel on the threat of a man's public image undoing his true personality, a problem familiar to the famous Unamuno.

*La poesía Negrista de Nicolas Guillén

was a Cuban poet, journalist, political activist, and writer. He is best remembered as the national poet of Cuba.; his first collection, Motivos de son (1930) was strongly influenced by his meeting that year with the African-American poet, Langston Hughes. He drew from son music in his poetry. West Indies, Ltd., published in 1934, was Guillén's first collection with political implications; his parents were mixed race of African-European descent; Guillén drew from his mixed African and Spanish ancestry and education to combine his knowledge of traditional literary form with firsthand experience of the speech, legends, songs, and songs of Afro-Cubans in his first volume of poetry, Motivos de son.; Guillén is probably the best-known representative of the "poesía negra" ("black poetry"), which tried to create a synthesis between black and white cultural elements, a "poetic mestizaje"; Characteristic for his poems is the use of onomatopoetic words ("Sóngoro Cosongo", "Mayombe-bombe") that try to imitate the sound of drums or the rhythm of the son. ;

*Luis Buñuel

was a Spanish filmmaker who worked in Spain, Mexico and France. leader of avant-garde surrealism in his youth and a dominant international movie director half a century later associated with the surrealist movement of the 1920 covered nearly every film genre, including experimental film, documentary, melodrama, satire, musical, erotica, comedy, romance, costume dramas, fantasy, crime film, adventure, and western. 6 of his films are considered among the tops films of all time

*Antonio Machado

was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98.; In 1901 he had his first poems published in the literary journal 'Electra'. His first book of poetry was published in 1903 with the title Soledades; Machado was Professor of French at the Instituto de Segovia; Works: Soledades Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas Campos de Castilla Poesías completas Nuevas canciones Poesías completas Juan de Mairena

*Las Grandes Poetisas:Juana de Ibarbourou

was a Uruguayan poet. She was one of the most popular poets of Spanish America. Her poetry, the earliest of which is often highly erotic, is notable for her identification of her feelings with nature around her.; at 17 she wrote "Derechos femeninos" (women's rights), beginning a lifelong career as a prominent feminist.; Works: Lenguas de diamante (1919) Raiz salvaje (1920) La rosa de los vientos (1930) Oro y tormenta (1956), biblical themes reflect her preoccupation with suffering and death. Chico Carlo (1944) contains her memoirs. Obras Completas

*Bolívar

was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Colombia as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule. Following this triumph over the Spanish monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America, Gran Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to 1830. Through further military campaigns, he also liberated Ecuador, Peru, and finally, Bolivia (which was named after him), assuming the presidency of each of these new nations. At the peak of his power, Bolívar ruled over a vast territory from the Argentine border to the Caribbean

*Salvador Dalí

was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. influenced by Renaissance masters His eccentric manner and attention-grabbing public actions sometimes drew more attention than his artwork, to the dismay of those who held his work in high esteem, and to the irritation of his critics

*Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

was a self-taught scholar and poet of the Baroque school, and Hieronymite nun of New Spain, known in her lifetime as "The Tenth Muse." Although she lived in a colonial era when Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire, she is considered today both a Mexican writer and a contributor to the Spanish Golden Age. She stands at the beginning of the history of Mexican literature in the Spanish language. born near Mexico City; she was illegit child of span capitan and a criolla woman; Juana was a devoutly religious child who often hid in the hacienda chapel to read her grandfather's books from the adjoining library, something forbidden to girls. She learned how to read and write Latin at the age of three. By age five, she reportedly could do accounts. At age eight, she composed a poem on the Eucharist. aged 12, Juana was sent to live in Mexico City. She asked her mother's permission to disguise herself as a male student so that she could enter the university there. Not being allowed to do this, she continued her studies privately. She was a lady-in-waiting at the colonial viceroy's court,[3] where she came under the tutelage of the Vicereine Leonor Carreto, wife of the Viceroy of New Spain She chose to become a nun so that she could study as she wished, saying she wanted "to have no fixed occupation which might curtail my freedom to study." In response to critics of her writing, Juana wrote a letter, Respuesta a Sor Filotea (Reply to Sister Philotea), in which she defended women's right to education Archbishop of Mexico joined other high-ranking officials in condemning Sor Juana's "waywardness". By 1693, Sor Juana seemingly ceased writing rather than risk official censure. She is said to have sold all her books,[1] then an extensive library of over 4,000 volumes, and her musical and scientific instruments as well. Other sources report that her defiance toward the church led to all of her books and instruments being confiscated. Only a few of her writings have survived, which are known as the Complete Works. died while nursing other nuns who had the plague

*Evita Perón

was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (1895-1974) and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. Eva Perón became powerful within the pro-Peronist trade unions, primarily for speaking on behalf of labor rights. She also ran the Ministries of Labor and Health, founded and ran the charitable Eva Perón Foundation, championed women's suffrage in Argentina, and founded and ran the nation's first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party. died from cancer at age 33

Los Mozárabes

were Iberian Christians who lived under Moorish rule in Al-Andalus. Their descendants remained unconverted to Islam, but did however adopt elements of Arabic language and culture. They were mostly Roman Catholics

el trovador

"troubador"; romantic drama set in Zargoza; written by Antonio García Gutiérrez; most of the action takes place in the square tower of the Palace of Aljafería; famed due to the opera of Guiseppi Verdi who changed the plot; historical background of the work lies in a conflict between an emblematic figure of the traditionalist nobility (Don Nuño, Count di Luna) and a marginalized and humble hero (the troubadour Manrique). Like many works of the romantic drama, love does not really succeed, but highlights the angst of the protagonists and the importance of freedom.

Las Jarchas Mozárabes

1/3 of his kharjas written in Arabic; 11th century; his poems are the oldest of any romance poetry; poems almost all about love; earliest recorded poetry from iberian peninsula; errors in translation due to scribes who didn't understand what they were writing

*Doña Perfecta

1876) is a 19th-century realist novel by Benito Pérez Galdós from what is called the first of Galdós's three epochs in his novels of social analysis.; The action occurs in 19th century Spain, when a young liberal named Don José (Pepe) Rey, arrives in a cathedral city named Orbajosa, with the intention of marrying his cousin Rosario. This was a marriage of convenience arranged between Pepe's father Juan and Juan's sister, Perfecta. Upon getting to know each other, Pepe and Rosario declare their eternal love, but in steps Don Inocencio, the cathedral canon, who meddles and obstructs the marriage as well as the good intentions of Doña Perfecta and her brother Don Juan. Over the course of time, several events lead up to a confrontation between Pepe Rey and his aunt Perfecta, which is caused by her refusal to allow Pepe and Rosario to marry, because Pepe is a non-believer. The novel ends up with the death of Pepe Rey due to his aunt Perfecta. Rosario, Perfecta's daughter and Pepe's love turns mad and ends up in a madhouse. The novel illustrates the great power that the church wielded. It also describes the differences between the traditional, provincial outlook, and the modern, liberal outlook of Madrid, the capital.

el soneto

A sonnet is a poetic composition composed of 14 lines of high art, heroic in his clásica.1 form verses are organized into four lines: two quatrains (quatrains) and two triplets (stanzas of three verses). Although the distribution of the content of the sonnet is not strict, we can say that the first quartet presents the theme of the sonnet, and the second amplifies or develops. The first trio reflects on the central idea, or express some feeling linked to the issue of the quartets. The end, the most emotional, terceto topped with a serious reflection or a deep feeling, in both cases, triggered by the previous verses. Thus, the classical sonnet presents an introduction, development and conclusion in the last trio, which somehow makes sense to the rest of the poem.

Gonzalo de Berceo

Castillian poet/deacon/priest; famous for poems on religous subjects written in the style of "mester de cleresía"; considered 1st castillian poet known by name; wrote Milagros de Nuestra Senora; thought to have written his poems in support of the monastery

*Don Quixote

Cervantes major work; 2 volumes; now published as 1; cover the adventures of Don Quixote, also known as the knight or man of La Mancha, a hero who carries his enthusiasm and self-deception to unintentional and comic ends. On one level, Don Quixote works as a satire of the romances of chivalry, which, though still popular in Cervantes' time, had become an object of ridicule among more demanding critics.; Don Quixote is noble-minded, an enthusiastic admirer of everything good and great, yet having all these fine qualities accidentally blended with a relative kind of madness. He is paired with a character of opposite qualities, Sancho Panza, a man of low self-esteem, who is a compound of grossness and simplicity.; Don Quixote is cited as the first classic model of the modern romance or novel, and it has served as the prototype of the comic novel. The humorous situations are mostly burlesque, and it includes satire. The story follows the adventures of an hidalgo named Mr. Alonso Quixano who reads so many chivalric romances that he loses his sanity and decides to set out to revive chivalry, undo wrongs, and bring justice to the world, under the name Don Quixote de la Mancha. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who often employs a unique, earthy wit in dealing with Don Quixote's rhetorical orations on antiquated knighthood. Don Quixote, in the first part of the book, does not see the world for what it is and prefers to imagine that he is living out a knightly story.

*Pablo Neruda

Chilean poet-diplomat and politician; won nobel prize for lit in 1971; became poet at age 10; He wrote in a variety of styles, including surrealist poems, historical epics, overtly political manifestos, a prose autobiography, and passionate love poems such as the ones in his collection Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair ; wrote in green ink which was his personal symbol for desire and hope.; Neruda occupied many diplomatic positions and served a term as a Senator for the Chilean Communist Party. When President González Videla outlawed communism in Chile in 1948, a warrant was issued for Neruda's arrest. Friends hid him for months in the basement of a house until he escaped into argentina; was in hospital for cancer but he thought a dr was injecting him trying to kill him at order of Pinochet;

El Conde Lucanor

Don Juan Manuel; first printed in seville in 1575; reveals don juan as master of prose; In the first parts a young nobleman, Lucanor, proposes an abstract problem to Patronio; later, he gives an apologue which extracts the solution from Patronio's tale, applying it to himself. Juan Manuel concludes the story with a short verse, condensing the moral of the story into short, concrete statements

Los Jesuitas

La Compañía de Jesús; a religious order of the Catholic Church founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola,; was approved by Pope Paul III

Los romances

Romance is a characteristic type of poem composed Spanish literary tradition, Iberian and Latin American using homonymous metric combination. Not to be confused with the narrative subgenre of the same name. The romance is a poem characteristic of the oral tradition, and became popular in the fifteenth century, as collected first written collections called ballads. The romances are generally narrative poems of a great thematic variety, according to the popular taste of the moment and each place. They are interpreted declaiming, singing or singing and recitation interspersed.

el romanticismo

Romanticism is a cultural movement originated in Germany and the United Kingdom in the late 18th century as a revolutionary reaction against rational and critical spirit of the rationalism of the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, giving priority to those feelings. Its key feature is the break with classical tradition based on a stereotypical set of rules. Authentic freedom is their constant search, why its revolutionary feature is unquestionable. Because Romanticism is a way of feeling and conceiving nature, life and man himself is presented differently and particularly in each country where it takes place, even within the same country, great appreciation of the personal, absolute individualism and subjectivism;

Teresa de Jesús

Saint Teresa of Ávila; prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, author during the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. She was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be a founder of the Discalced Carmelites; El Camino de Perfección",; "Meditations on Song of Songs",; "El Castillo Interior"

Don Juan Manuel

Span. medeval writer; nephew of Alfonso X; crit for choosing to write which was considered "below" royalty; compiled all his works in one volume which was destroyed; of all his works only 8 remain; wrote in Castillian which was odd for the time bc it was secular lang and not latin; writings were directed at literate class w assumption that they will be read aloud; he is concious of how his works sound bc of his status and the thought that his works might be read to women/children; works center on practical & spiritual life; works are aimed at lower classes bc works speak of duties of lords and vassals; El Conde Lucanor;

*Ramón María del Valle-Inclán

Spanish dramatist, novelist and member of the Spanish Generation of 98, is considered perhaps the most noteworthy and certainly the most radical dramatist working to subvert the traditionalism of the Spanish theatrical establishment in the early part of the 20th century. ; His early writings were in line with French symbolism and modernism; however, his later evolution took his works to more radical formal experiments. He despised literary realism; During a row with a fellow writer his wrist was wounded and became infected, and he lost his arm.; Valle-Inclán's work (for example, Divine Words (Divinas palabras) and Bohemian Lights (Luces de Bohemia) attacks what he saw as the hypocrisy, moralising and sentimentality of the bourgeois playwrights; his works are regarded as closet dramas because of there quick drastic scene changes and supernatural effects; Plays: Divine Words Bohemian Lights Savage Acts. Four Plays Silver Face and wrote prose