365

The NCVS respondents reveal the hate incidents they report to the police are confirmed by police investigation in fewer than __ percent of incidents

10

Official arrest data indicate that involvement in crime peaks at:

18 for violent crimes and 16 for property crimes.

Members of NCVS selected households are contacted either in person or by phone every _____ months for _____ years

6, 3

In 2009 the incarceration rate for African American males in state and federal prisons was _____ times the rate for whites.

6.7

In 2009, the median household income in the United States for African American families was only __ percent of white Americans.

63

The Innocence Project has found that among prisoners exonerated by DNA evidence, __ percent are people of color.

70

Household victimization rates are highest for __________ in urban areas.

African Americans

Historically, many property owners in the North adopted restrictive covenants that prohibited the sale of property to:

African Americans or Jews.

The Color of Justice includes material on the following groups:

All groups

__________ the lowest victimization rates of any racial or ethnic group in the U.S. Between 2002 and 2006, according to the NCVS, their violent crime victimization rate (10.6 per 1000):

Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Americans

More than half of the Hispanic population in the U.S. lives in:

California and Texas.

The basic premise of _________ theory is that the law is used to maintain the power of a society's dominant group and control the individuals who threaten that power.

Conflict

________ theory holds that the administration of criminal justice reflects the unequal distribution of power in society.

Conflict

__________ discrimination occurs only in certain situations.

Contextual

Discrimination is made illegal by the equal protection provision of the:

Fourteenth Amendment.

_____ are the fastest-growing racial or ethnic group in the US.

Hispanic

Enforcement of law in the responsibility of the federal ____________.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement

________ involves acceptance of society's goals but rejection of the accepted means of attaining them.

Innovation

__________ discrimination involves disparities in outcomes that result from established policies.

Institutionalized

In 1968, the __________ Commission warned that "our Nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal."

Kerner

The most systematic source of victimization information is the _____.

NCVS

Household victimization rates are highest for __________ in rural areas.

Native Americans/Alaska Natives

Which of the following is NOT part of a community's social structure?

Patterns of interaction within and between neighborhoods.

The proper labeling of a group is __________ in the sense that it often involves a power struggle between different racial and ethnic groups.

Political

The supply-side economic policies of the 1980s were referred to as:

Reaganomics

________ involves rejection of society's goals and established means of achieving them, as well as an attempt to create a new society based on different values and goals.

Rebellion

________ involves rejection of both the goals and accepted means of achieving them.

Retreatism

The fleeing felon rule was held unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in:

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted by the _____.

U.S Census Bureau

The majority of racial hoaxes are perpetuated by a ____ person charging an African American.

White

Household victimization rates are highest for __________ in suburban areas.

Whites

As far back as 1931 the ________ Commission reported that the "inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements is extensively practiced."

Wickersham

The so-called __________ in Los Angeles in 1943 involved attacks on Hispanic men by police and by white Navy personnel on shore leave.

Zoot Suit Riot

Office of Management and Budget racial and ethnic categories are:

a social political construct

Youth gangs initially appeared in the U.S.:

after the Revolutionary War.

Researchers estimate that females represent ________ of all gang members.

between 10 and 25%

The most disturbing aspect of the poverty data is the number of __________ living below the poverty line.

children

The vast majority of all Americans express __________ the police.

confidence in

Discrimination is a difference based on __________ without reference to an individual's behavior or qualifications.

differential treatment of groups

Employment discrimination law recognizes the phenomenon of institutionalized discrimination with reference to:

disparate impact.

How much a person or family earns in any given period is called:

income

Thomas Shapiro argues that "_______ is a frightful conveyor and transmitter of inequality."

inheritance

Heather MacDonald argues the primary cause of the high rate of incarceration of African Americans is:

involvement in criminal behavior.

Starting in 2003, NCVS respondents were able to self-report:

more than one race.

The official unemployment rate is __________ for teenagers than for adults.

much higher

In a 2010 report on The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008, David Bayley and Christine Nixon list the issues of ¬¬__________ and "Racial discrimination" as among the six challenges facing American policing.

new immigrants, both legal and illegal

When the police decide that a reported crime is "unfounded," the incident is:

not counted as an offense known to the police.

Arrests of Native Americans made by tribal police are:

not recorded in UCR data.

The official unemployment rate does not count:

part-time workers who want, but can't find, full-time jobs.

Historically, __________ has/have been the most explosive issue in police-community relations.

police shootings

Experts regard the concept of race as:

primarily a social construct.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 covers employment discrimination by:

private employers and government agencies.

Zero-tolerance policing is also called ________ policing:

quality of life

The term "driving while black" was coined to describe the police practice of:

racial profiling.

Most gangs are:

racially and ethnically homogeneous.

The practice by banks and savings and loan companies of refusing to offer mortgages in poor and minority neighborhoods was known as:

redlining

American metropolitan communities are characterized by strong patterns of:

residential segregation.

The public opinion data __________ the popular image of total hostility between the police and minorities.

seem to support

Highly publicized controversial incidents have a __________ effect on public attitudes.

short-term

The crimes that receive the most attention from the media, from politicians, and from criminal justice policymakers, are:

street crimes such as murder, robbery, and rape.

__________ discrimination occurs at all stages of the criminal justice system, in all places, and at all times.

systemic

The African American population is largely concentrated in:

the Southeast United States.

Sociologists and psychologists generally agree that __________ is the primary unit for transmitting values to children.

the family

The NCVS survey sample is chosen on the basis of __________.

the most recent census data

The race and ethnicity of the household is recorded as:

the race and ethnicity of the adult completing the household questionnaire.

It is difficult to make useful comparisons of the criminal justice experiences of different racial and ethnic groups because:

there has been little comparative research.

The COPS report identified several promising practices designed to improve relations between the police and new immigrant communities. One is _________.

to create a specialized unit for immigrant communities.

Respondents who report personal victimization are asked to describe the nature and response to the crime as well as:

to describe the offender and their relationship, if any.

The African American unemployment rate has been consistently about ___ the white rate.

twice

Arab Americans comprise about _____ percent of the U.S. population.

two

The labels applied to groups are:

usually applied by the politically and culturally dominant group.

Jacobs argued that a hate crime statute creates a law that is unlikely to deter and that its implementation:

will widen social division

African Americans consistently report believing that police treat African Americans:

unfairly

The growth of political and civil rights did not necessarily address _________ inequality.

educational

Generally, hate crime legislation is:

enacted in the form of penalty enhancements for existing common law offenses.

The FBI does not report arrest data on:

ethnicity.

Hoax perpetrators have been charged with _______, but this occurs in less than half of the documented cases.

filing false police reports

For many white Americans, the crime issue is:

an expression of racial fears.

Analysis of all data sources reveals that crime is predominantly:

an intraracial event.

One important trend in American economic inequality is the growth of the very poor —a group some analysts call ______ ______ in the past 30 years

an under class

The development of theoretical studies of race, ethnicity, and crime:

has been discouraged by the extreme sensitivity of the subject.

People of color are victimized by violent and property crimes at a ______ rate than white Americans.

higher

The changing demographic face of the United States because of __________ presents a special challenge for the police.

immigration

Early self-report surveys conducted before 1980 found:

little difference in delinquency rates between African Americans and whites.

Population concentration translates into:

political power and the ability to control agencies.

The information on offenders gleaned from the UCR is incomplete and __________ because it includes only offenders whose crimes result in arrest.

potentially misleading

Which of the following does NOT determine a Native American tribal police agency's jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction in a specific case?

tribal affiliation of the victim

The Uniform Crime Reports data are __________ with respect to many important issues related to race, ethnicity, and crime.

useless

NCVS victimization information is collected from persons age _____ and older who are members of the household selected in the sample.

12

The peak years of criminal activity are for people between the ages of _____ and _____.

14, 24

The federal government first developed an official definition of poverty in _____.

1964

The term "Rodney King" became shorthand for all police abuse after the LAPD savagely beat an African American man in _____:

1991

There are approximately _____ separate Native American law enforcement agencies in the U.S.

200

There have been ___ major eras of riots related to police abuse.

3

In 2007, the top 1 percent owned 34.6 percent of the wealth, the next 19 percent owned ___ percent and the "bottom" 80 percent (that is, most Americans) owned only __ percent

50.5, 15

There are more than _____ federally recognized Native American tribes in the U.S

500

Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as a factor that helps explain the patterns of interactions between Hispanics and the police?

Hispanics' unwillingness to oppose criminal elements within their communities who do not want a police presence in the neighborhoods.

The term secondary labor market refers to:

available low-paying jobs with limited fringe benefits and uncertain prospects for the future.

Many local police officials argue that enforcing immigration laws will interfere with their______.

basic responsibilities

In the 1970s, in response to protests from civil rights groups, police departments began to replace the fleeing felon rule in favor of the __________ rule.

defense of life