4.1-4.3 APWH

explain why indigenous lacked immunities the europeans have

they werent exposed to the diseases yet

significance of: maize potatoes tomatoes beans peppers cocoa

tremendous population growth

how did Portuguese try to control their trade networks?

w permits on indian ocean built forts for control spice trade

What was the transatlantic slave trade?

The TransAtlantic Slave Trade was a Route from Africa, where slaves were traded for guns, rum, and other finished products.

describe the issues that made portugal vulnerable

-corruption w gov officials, selling permits -small nation: not enough people and ships to enforce permits -dutch & english entered and took over trade areas

Caravel

Lateen sails made for long voyages at great speed used by Portugal and spain

Cartography

Also known for mapmaking helped sailors navigate

How does extensive trade impact spain Portugal great britain france holland

Became maritime empires

Religion

Led europeans to seek out ppl in other lands and convert them

What cash crop did Brazil focus on growing----where did it need to grow?

Brazil, the center of Portuguese-American empire, with its tropical climate and vast tracts of land, was very ideal for sugarcane cultivation.

Rivalries

Led to european states expanding to claim territory before others

Africa

Enslaved ppl

Significance of vasco de garma

Expanded portugal

Discuss the long term results of these techniques on exploration gunpowder islam and africa

Exploration- global trade Gunpowder helped territories expand Islam spread in n africa Interacted among various cultures

Significance of prince henry the navigator

Imported enslaved africans bysen

Astrolabe

Improved by muslim navigators in 12th century let sailors find out their position n/s the equator

Newtons discovery of gravitation

Increased knowledge of tides Predict when depth of water exposes dangerous rocks

What else began to settle in the Americas along with colonists?

Insects, rats, and disease- carrying animals This brought diseases like malaria, measles, and influenza which killed a lot of the indigenous.

For the longest time, ____________ had a monopoly on European trade with Asia.

Italian cities

Who led the way in European exploration at first?

Kingdoms of castile and aragon To africa and india New water ways discovered

The Spanish annexed the Philippines in 1521 and returned to conquer the Filipinos in 1565. How did this impact Manila and the Filipinos specifically?

M- spanish commerical practice, attracted chinese merchants F- many converted to christianity bc of portuguese and spanish occupations

How did states measure wealth? Describe the system or theory this entails; what is a gov rule

Mercantilism- increase wealth by large amnts of gold

Bc of primogeniture laws

Not all sons of wealthy could own land, estates went to eldest son

Bc population grew

Not all workers could find food

compass

Originally created in china for fortune telling helped steer ship in the right direction

Explain why Portugal had a labor shortage for its cash crops? solution?

Portugal had a labor shortage because disease killed a lot of the indigenous population Their solution was to import enslaved people from Africa, especially from Kongo Kingdom and cities on the Swahili coast.

Astronomical charts

Relied on maps to guide ships direction and skies determination location

Significance if bartholomew diaz

Sailed around cape of good hope

What was the significance of afonso de Albuquerque

Set up factory in malacca

Lanteen Sail

Ship sail in shape of a triangle used by arab sailors in indian ocean first could catch wind on either side of this ship

Asia

Silk spices rhubarb

Fluyt

Square sails, used for trade, used by the Dutch

How were the following impactful in creation of practices and trade routes: prince henry the navigatior

Strongly supported navigation financed expeditions on african atlantic coast bc if him Portugal explored

significance of:horses

The Great Plains Indians used horses to farm, hunt and move easily around the plains.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, millions of africans were kidnapped by slave traders yet pop grew why?

The population grew because nutritious food, like yams and manioc, were introduced.

why was one of the greatest population disasters in human history

The population of indigenous people fell by more than 50% and some Americans lands lost up to 90% of their original population.

How did rivalries develop as more Europeans joined the Indian Ocean trade network? How was the Omani-European Rivalry an example of this?

They faced competition from Middle east traders in oman

New wealth

Through taxes new trading opportunities sliver

Americas

Tobacco, maize, sugar rum

Explain how western european countries developed naval technology as a combination of old and new practices

Used greek sailing traditions (stars to navigate) combined this knowledge w ideas from islamic and asian sailors and scholars

explain how captives in americas were able to keep part of cultures

West Africans managed to combine European colonizers' languages with parts of their West African languages and grammatical patterns to create a new language called creole.The syncopated rhythm and percussion influence later styles of music. Africans used the music as a means of survival, singing tunes from home to help them endure long workdays as well as to communicate with other slaves when planning to escape.European Christian Music+African religious songs=Negro spirituals.invented banjoGumbo has roots in African cooking

How were the following impactful in creation of practices and trade routes: al andalus

Where islamic ideas diffused into europe

Caravel

a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships

explain significance of spanish ships

circumnavigate globe ferdiand and magellin

explain how various states utilized silver

exchange for luxury goods china source of currency

read 4.3 #12

read 4..3 #12

Religious Minorities

searched for a place to settle where they would be treated w/tolerance

What rekindled European interest in the Americas? What did the Europeans realize?

spanish in contact w aztecs and incans slaves = wealthy, sugar, crops

Carrack

square and lateen sails/masts, made for trade and used by Portugal

significance of: pigs cows wheat

staples in diet

How had China's role changed after Zheng He? How did the presence of Portugal impact China?

stopped spreading ideas and culture explorers and missionaries came to china to convert

study #13/14 4.2

study #13/14 4.2!!