4143 exam 1
Which of the following skills was most important to the emergence of leadership among the survivors of the 1972 plane crash in the Andes.
Persuasiveness in decision making.
Management is often associated with which of the following terms?
Planning
Which type of follower is likely to be a mediocre performer who is rarely committed to the group's work goals?
Pragmatist
__________ is most likely to be associated with the role friendships play in making things happen.
Referent power
Simone, a senior sales manager at ReadMe Inc., cares about developing the skills of her teammates and works beside them as a role model. In the context of the five fundamental archetypes of leadership, she most likely belongs to the
Teacher-Mentor archetype.
Which of the following statements is true of women in leadership positions?
Women had significantly lower well-being scores than men.
The tendency to make external attributions for one's own failures and internal attributions for one's successes is known as
a self-serving bias.
People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance
accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and that needs no further justification.
Leadership development is enhanced when an experience involves three processes, which are
action, observation, and reflection.
In the context of perception, which of the following terms is best described as the explanations people develop for the characteristics, behaviors, or actions to which they attend?
attribution
Followers are highly likely to use __________ power to change their leader's behavior if they have a relatively high amount of referent power with their fellow coworkers.
coercive
A police officer giving a speeding ticket to a driver is most likely using his or her
coercive power.
The ability to control others through the fear of punishment or the loss of valued outcomes is known as
coercive power.
All of the following terms are often associated with leadership except
control
Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?
personal growth
Which of the following is a phenomenon that refers to situations in which people feel themselves at risk of being judged by others holding negative images about them?
the stereotype threat
Task forces that are formed to work on key change initiatives should be staffed by stars because
this will improve the odds of good recommendations being made.
What is Hollander's approach to leadership called?
transactional approach
True or false: It is essential to consider both context and followers when determining leadership effectiveness.
true
A key reason behind using the phrase "desirable opportunities" in a definition of leadership was precisely to distinguish between leadership and
tyranny.
Unlike the role approach, the constructionist approach
views leadership as combined acts of leading and following by different individuals.
Leadership is most associated with words like
vision.
In survey research by Judith Rosener that identified several differences in how men and women described their leadership experiences, it was found that
women helped subordinates develop commitment to broader goals than their own self-interest.
Which of the following were the findings of a classic study of sex roles by Schein? (Check all that apply.)
1) There is a high correlation between the ways both male and female respondents perceived "males" and "managers." 2) There is no correlation between the ways the respondents perceived "females" and "managers."
A review of the 2019 S&P 500 list by the nonprofit organization Catalyst has reported that only ____ percent of CEOs in the United States were women.
6
Which type of leader is most likely to get complete and timely information from subordinates?
A leader with a calm disposition who doesn't attack others for bringing bad news.
Laura is jokingly referred to as a Debbie Downer. She is always quick to point out the negative aspects of the organization. What type of follower is Laura?
Alienated
Which of the following does not describe a simple situation?
Ambiguity
Which type of worker is not likely to be more willing to work extra hours on a time-critical project?
An individual who's motivation is solely monetary.
__________ describe leadership situations and are used as vehicles for leadership discussions.
Case studies
__________ occurs when agents ask targets to participate in planning an activity.
Consultation
Which of the following is a myth?
Effective leadership is all common sense.
The definition of leadership that highlights the directing and controlling aspects of leadership may deemphasize the _____ aspects of leadership.
Emotional
__________ power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses relative to the rest of the members of a group.
Expert
True or false: Being an expert on leadership research is both necessary and sufficient to being a good leader.
False
True or false: Most researchers in the field of leadership are in agreement on the basic definition of leadership.
False
The first researcher to formally recognize the importance of the leader, follower, and situation in the leadership process was
Fred Fiedler
The success of Microsoft's founder can be attributed to his intelligence, his vision, and _____ among other things.
Gates' opportunity to practice computer programming while still in high school
Which of the following does not help explain the shift towards more women leaders?
Geography has changed.
Which of the following was not a factor in the success of Microsoft's founder Bill Gates?
His competition with Apple
Which was not a basic issue that emerged among the survivors of the 1972 plane crash in the Andes mountains?
Identifying a worthy leader.
Which of the following best describes a leader?
Inspirational
Which of the following statements is true of coercive power?
It has the possibility to be used by followers to influence their leader's behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of legitimate power?
It means that a leader has authority because she or he has been assigned a particular role in an organization.
Identify a true statement about socialized power.
It often involves an empowering, rather than an autocratic, style of management and leadership.
Which of the following is true of the decision-making process in complex situations?
It should change to probe, sense, and respond.
Which of the following statements is true of informal coaching?
It takes place whenever a leader helps followers to change their behaviors.
Identify a true statement about the rational and emotional aspects of leadership.
Leadership involves both the rational and emotional sides of human experience.
Which of the following is a conventional distinction between managers and leaders?
Managers administer, while leaders innovate.
__________ means the status differential between members of a group.
Pecking order
Which of the following fundamental archetypes of leadership is most likely to take risks and action in a crisis?
The Warrior-Knight archetype
Which definition of leadership appears to exclude informal leadership?
The process by which an agent induces a subordinate to behave in a desired manner.
__________ occurs when people's expectations or predictions play a causal role in bringing about the events they predict.
The self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is true of college professors who are considered leaders?
They are both born and made.
According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, which of the following statements is true about pragmatist followers?
They are mediocre performers.
Identify a true statement about passive followers in the context of Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership.
They require constant direction because they lack initiative and a sense of responsibility.
In the context of the new leader onboarding road map, which of the following statements is true of new leaders in the first two weeks?
They should schedule one-on-one meetings with all their peers in peers' offices.
True or false: Research on how men and women describe their leadership experiences shows than men use transactional terms while women choose transformational terms.
True
According to the fundamental archetypes of leadership, a __________ works on developing something that will benefit all the members in an organization.
Visionary-Alchemist
According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, _____ are the "yes people" of organizations and are very active at doing their organization's work.
conformist followers
In the context of the interactional framework, ideal followers are most likely to be described as
cooperative.
Influence is best described as the
degree of actual change in a target person's values.
In a classic study of sex roles, Schein
demonstrated how bias in sex-role stereotypes created problems for women moving up through managerial roles.
True or false: The more a person looks like, acts like, dresses like, and talks like other leaders in an organization, the narrower the band of acceptable behavior.
false
The interactional framework for analyzing leadership includes
followers, leaders, and situations.
Legitimizing tactics most likely occur when agents
make requests based on their position or authority.
Which of the following involves a willingness to confront your own views and an invitation to others to do so, too?
double-loop learning
Which of the following words is most often associated with the word "management"?
efficiency
According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, who among the following presents a consistent picture to both leaders and coworkers of being independent, innovative, and willing to stand up to superiors?
exemplary followers
They are both born and made.
false
A leader's job in a complex situation is to
generate new ideas and ways of thinking among everyone.
The ______ theory represented the dominant way of conceptualizing leadership for a long time, but has now been largely discredited.
heroic
The theory of leadership that argued that leadership is a general personality trait expressed independently of the situation is known as
heroic theory
Which of the following involves participants being given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, phone messages, and letters from a fictitious manager's in-basket?
in-basket exercises
Craig, a high school student, wakes up early on a Sunday morning and makes his mother's favorite chocolate cake and butterscotch cookies. He wants to seek permission for a week-long trekking trip and is sure that the cake and cookies will get his mother in a good mood. This scenario most likely exemplifies
ingratiation.
A leadership approach often used by women that emphasizes enhancing others' self-worth, and believing that the best performance occurs when people are excited about their work and feel good about themselves is called ______ leadership.
interactive
According to leadership researchers, leadership
is an interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to.
The cable made by a deputy in the San Francisco army to request tents, rations, and medicine following the earthquake and the response by William Howard Taft to dispatch the longest hospital train is an example of
leadership initiative
Sean, a market manager at Pebble Deco Inc., asks his subordinate, Natalie, to work on a high-priority marketing campaign for the next quarter. She is hesitant to take up the assignment but is unable to refuse because of Sean's position and authority. In this scenario, Sean is most likely using
legitimizing tactics.
A personal relationship in which a more experienced mentor (usually someone two to four levels higher in an organization) acts as a guide, role model, and sponsor of a less experienced protégé is known as
mentoring
The less one looks like, acts like, dresses like, and talks like other leaders in the organization, the _____.
narrower the band of acceptable behavior
Unlike traditional training programs, action learning
often is conducted in teams of work colleagues who are addressing real company challenges.
People tend to use rational tactics when
parties are relatively equal in power.
Susie lacks enthusiasm, requires constant direction, and relies on her leader to do all the thinking. Susie can be described as a(n) ______ follower.
passive
Craig, a marketing manager at HeliZone Inc., rarely takes initiative or suggests new ideas during project meetings. He does his work half-heartedly and needs to be guided by his manager on a regular basis. According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, Craig most likely is a(n)
passive follower.
People do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do they hear everything; instead they are selective in what they attend to and what they, in turn, understand. A phenomenon that demonstrates this selectivity is called
perceptual set.
A leader who has developed close interpersonal relationships with followers generally uses his or her __________ power to influence them.
referent
When students respond positively to requests from teachers who are well-liked and respected, it most likely illustrates that the teachers have
referent power.
Jonathan, a front desk executive at Read Books Inc., handled 40 customer calls per day. He was then sent to a training program last month to improve his communication skills, which cost the organization $500. This month, Read Books observes that his growth is positive and substantial and that he is able to handle 60 customer calls per day. His productivity has increased by $700. This scenario most likely exemplifies
return on investment.
Unlike consultation, coalition tactics are most likely used when agents
seek the aid or support of others to influence their targets.
Which of the following terms describes a kind of learning between an individual and the environment in which learners seek relatively little feedback that may significantly confront their fundamental ideas or actions?
single-loop learning
Observing "with binoculars" involves
stepping back from a situation.
Fred Fiedler's contingency model of the leadership process included all of the following except
strategy
People who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental attribution error. This is called
the actor/observer difference.
The tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail is called
the fundamental attribution error.
Most early research on leadership was based on the assumption that leadership is a general personal trait expressed independently of the situation in which the leadership is manifested. This view is commonly known as
the heroic theory.
All of the following are areas of study by leadership researchers except _____.
the personality of followers
Which of the following definitions of leadership is fairly comprehensive and helpful?
the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals
Kyra, a 16-year-old high school girl, is skeptical about her first day at a new school. She believes that nobody will talk to her and that her new teachers will be rude to her. She enters the class in a negative mood and speaks rudely to everyone. Eventually, she sees that her beliefs about the new school and teachers come true. Which of the following is most likely exemplified in this scenario?
the self-fulfilling prophecy
