4.3 Columbian Exchange & 4.4 Maritime Empires Established

Explain how states in Africa such as the Asante and Kingdom of the Kongo grew from trade participation.

In West Africa, European merchants and missionaries reached inland to Kongo and Benin. The Asante Empire and Kingdom of the Kongo participated in slave trade, which increased their wealth and power. The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

Explain how Europeans established trading posts in Africa and Asia.

As Europeans explored and colonized Africa and Asia, they set up trading post cities to establish a base. These cities became centers of imperial administrations later on. Trading posts in Africa and Asia (china and japan) which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade.

Explain how newly developed American colonial economies depended on Chattel slavery.

Chattel slavery is what most people think of when they hear the word slavery. It is the form of labor in which the laborer is most dehumanized as he or she is considered solely as private property of the owner. Chattel slaves can be bought and sold at the owners discretion, are uncompensated, and have little chance of gaining freedom. As mentioned above, Africa provided the chattel slaves to the Americas predominately after sugar plantations, began by the Portuguese, spread across South America and the Caribbean.

Explain how newly developed American colonial economies depended on the Encomienda system.

The Encomienda System was used in the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and early eighteenth centuries. The system is based on the forced labor of the native population. In theory the Spanish colonial rulers were meant to provide for the protection and conversion to Christianity of the native population in exchange for their labor, however in practice the native population suffered immensely at the hands of the Spanish rulers.

Describe how the growth of the plantation economy increased demand for slaves and cause demographic, social and cultural changes.

The Portuguese colony of Brazil was the first to implement the plantation system in the New World. A plantation is a large commercial farm used to grow a single cash crop for export. First tobacco, and then sugar became the most lucrative crops in this system. But indigenous labor did not work well as many native Americans succumbed to diseases carried by the European plantation managers. Europeans looked to Africa. With the growth of the plantation system the demand for African slaves increased. Over 10 million were transported across the Middle Passage of the Atlantic System.

Explain how newly developed American colonial economies depended on Indentures servitude.

The idea of indentured servitude was born of a need for cheap labor. ... With passage to the Colonies expensive for all but the wealthy, the Virginia Company developed the system of indentured servitude to attract workers. Indentured servants became vital to the colonial economy.

Describe the continuity of intra-Asian trade and merchants and in the Indian Ocean trading network despite the disruption caused by the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch merchants. ( Omanis and Javanese)

merchants continued to pay for the right to use certain trading ports.

What were the effects of American crops as they were introduced to various parts of Europe, Asia and Africa?

American foods (potatoes, maize, manioc) became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops (sugar, tobacco) were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals (horses, cattle, pigs) were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves (okra, rice). Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.

Explain how newly developed American colonial economies depended on Incan Mit'a.

As disease rendered the encomienda system unworkable, the Spanish and Portuguese adopted a labor system from the indigenous people themselves. The mita system developed in the Inca Empire as a method of rotating groups of workers in the service of the state. When they were not working on their family farms, men between the age of 15 and 50 would provide their labor to the empire as a form of tax payment, or a corvée system. The Spanish adopted this system of labor and applied it to several contexts, especially their silver mining projects. Villages controlled by Spain had to provide a set number of people to the Spanish for labor in the mines.

Explain how Ming China and Tokugawa Japan used restrictive or isolationist trade policies.

China was primarily an outgoing state that didn't mind visitors. Isolationist trade policies are significant because they helped regulate the amount of cultural flow into China. Tokugawa Japan was slightly isolated by people from being a Maritime Empire, but they had contact with others through the sea. Isolationist trade policies were significant because it helped maintain Japan's unique culture, as well as improve their economy as they aren't in constant warfare with something.

Explain continued slavery traditions in Africa such as the use of household slaves and slave trade in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions.

Despite all the dramatic changes in labor during this period, Africa continued to supply slaves to the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean as it did in previous periods. Records of the slave trade in Africa date back to 2900 B.C.E. when slaves were transported from Sub-Saharan Africa to Nubia. [3] As the slave trade grew tremendously in the Atlantic system to supply plantation labor in the Americas, the movement of African slaves to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions was an important continuity with the past.

Explain the impact on Afro-Eurasian populations because of the adoption of American food crops.

Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. European colonization and introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion.

What changes resulted from the connection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres?

The Columbian Exchange impacted the Eastern and Western Hemispheres by Crops from the Eastern Hemisphere, such as grapes, onions, and wheat, also thriving in the Western Hemisphere. The Columbian Exchange benefited Europe, too. Many American crops became part of the European diet. ... By mixing the products of two hemispheres, the Columbian Exchange brought the world closer together.

Explain the motives that led to the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British to establish new maritime empires ( Political, Economic, religious)

The Spanish and Portuguese divided up the lands of the Americas before they even explored or conquered any of it. In 1494, they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which gave Brazil to the Portuguese and everywhere else to the Spanish. Languages are still divided on these lines. The Spanish conquistadors brought down the thriving Aztec and Inca empires within a few decades. The Aztecs fell first when Hernan Cortes and his troops brought disease to the region. Cortes also combined the forces of Aztec rivals to topple them faster. He then established the Spanish capital of Mexico City. North of the Spanish territory, the French and British were fueling their rivalry as they competed for land and control of resources. The French aligned with the Iroquois for protection and trading rights. The rivalry eventually popped off as the Seven Years' War exploded tensions around the world. The British drove the French out of Canada and India after that.

Describe how African slaves brought okra and rice to the Americas.

These two food crops were brought by African slaves to the Americas and were grown as food crops in the Americas-This was part of the Columbian Exchange-AFRICAN CROPS, brought by slaves, to the AMERICAS

How was the indigenous population impacted by disease?

Unfortunately, native populations did not have this immunity as they were geographically isolated and never faced these diseases. This allowed extraordinarily fatal illnesses to transfer and spread among them. Even after Columbus' initial voyage, he and his crew infected natives in Hispaniola, ultimately killing over 94% of the people who lived there. Diseases that were transferred to the native population include smallpox, measles, bird flu, typhus, and malaria. These diseases had devastating effects on native populations, leading from somewhere between 8-30 million deaths or up to 90% of the entire native population. Not only did this have major demographic effects on natives, but it also gravely weakened them and left them more vulnerable to European attacks.