4b. Infancy and Childhood

Authoritative parents 權威父母 >>> confrontive 對抗性的

They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

Negligent parents 疏忽大意父母 >>> uninvolved 不參與其中

They are neither demanding nor responsive. They are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children.

Egocentrism (Piaget) 自我中心主義

They have difficulty perceiving things from another's point of view. e.g. Three-year-old Gray makes himself "invisible" by putting his hands over his eyes, assuming that if he can't see his grandparents, they can't see him.

Authoritarian parents 威權父母 >>> coercive 強制性的

They impose rules and expect obedience: "Don't interrupt." "Keep your room clean." "Don't stay out late or you'll be grounded." "Why? Because I said so."

Permissive parents 寬容父母 >>> unrestraining 無拘無束

They make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment.

Why mice cortices are thinner and lighter than normal?

They were raised in deprived 貧困 environments.

True or False >>> Maturation is one type of development?

True

Formal operational stage 正式運作 (4)

(12 through adulthood) Reasoning abstractly; Hypothetical thinking; Idealistic. ***Key Milestones 關鍵里程碑 -Abstract logic -Potential for mature moral reasoning

concrete operational stage 具體操作 (3)

(7 -11 years) Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations ***Key Milestones 關鍵里程碑 -Conservation -Mathematical transformations

Preoperational stage 術前階段 (2)

(From 2-7 old) Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning; More symbolic thinking; Lack Operational thought; Intuitive not logical. ***Key Milestones 關鍵里程碑 -Pretend play -Egocentrism

______refers to an emotional tie to another.

(Parent-infant) Attachment 親子依戀

After about ___ months, children become mobile and develop stranger anxiety.

8 months

_____ to refer to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

cognitive development 認知發展 (Jean Piaget, 1920).

BEST known for Jean Piaget's influential theory that:

Children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape, is call?

Conservation

_____ period must take place to facilitate proper development?

Critical

_____ lobe development continues into adolescence and beyond. From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid brain growth was in your frontal lobes, which enable rational planning. During those years, your brain required vast amounts of energy.

Frontal 額葉

Object Permanence. (Piaget) 對象永久性

Infants younger than 6個月 seldom understand that things continue to exist when they are out of sight. But for this older infant, out of sight is definitely not out of mind. By 8個月, infants begin exhibiting memory for things no longer seen. If you hide a toy, the infant will momentarily look for it.

_____ is the orderly sequence of biological growth.

Maturation 成熟

______ the orderly sequence of biological growth—decrees many of our commonalities. Babies first stand, then walk.

Maturation 成熟

Secure attachment 安全依戀

Mildly 溫和 protest when mom leave the room, seek interaction, readly confirmed then returns.

Which stage of Cognitive Development do >>> thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

concrete operational

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the _____ lobe.

frontal 額葉

Sensorimotor stage 感覺運動階段 (1)

in Piaget's theory, this stage (Birth-2 years of age) Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping) ***Key Milestones 關鍵里程碑 -Object permanence -Stranger anxiety

Avoidant attachment 迴避依戀

least distressed by departure, ignore mom upon return.

Anxious attachment 焦慮依戀

not exploring, clinging to mother, loudly upset when mom leaves, remaining upset when she return.

The ____________________ concept was first used to describe chimpanzees' seeming ability to read others' intentions. Later, psychologists aimed to identify when humans develop a theory of mind.

theory of mind