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"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to...WE DEMAND THE BALLOT; WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS" -The People's Petition of 1838 Which group of people in England was responsible for the issuance of The People's Petition?

The Chartists

<image of women working in a factory> Which group of women typically composed the work force depicted in the image above?

young, single women and widows

"Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy..." -General Guiseppe Garibaldi, 1860 What government developed in Italy once Garibaldi's uprising was complete?

A monarchy led by the Piedmont king Victor Emmanuel.

<When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... - Andrew Ure, The philosophy of Manufacturers, 1835> Which of the following contributed to the rise of the new labor system in England that Andrew Ure referenced?

Available supply of natural materials like coal and iron ore.

<image of women working in a factory> How did skill requirements for women in this image differ from those in earlier home production?

Fewer skills were necessary for these jobs than were required for earlier jobs.

<When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... - Andrew Ure, The philosophy of Manufacturers, 1835> Which 19th century writer disagreed with Andrew Ure's description of labor?

Friedrich Engles

"Although we are ready to submit wholly to popular will..." -Revolutionary Manifesto of The People's Will, Russia What did Alexander III do in response to the actions of The People's Will?

He adopted a policy of autocratic repression that overturned most of his father's reforms.

"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated into the hands of a vast association of the whole nation..." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 What did Marx and Engels view as the fundamental cause of the conflict discussed in this selection?

Historical tension concerning the control of the means of production.

<Suez Canal png> What specific benefit did the Europeans receive from the construction of the project shown in the painting above?

It opened a passage for European ships to travel directly between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean.

"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to...WE DEMAND THE BALLOT; WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS" -The People's Petition of 1838 What is the significance in English political history of The People's Petition?

It reflected the ideas of the first large-scale working class political movement in Europe.

<Photo of Crystal Palace during the International Exhibition, 1851> Where did this international Exhibition take place in 1851?

London

"Any agricultural economy that depends on a single product is in a precarious position..." -R.N. Salama, The History of Social Influence of the Potato and Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 Which of the following is a specific result of the crisis identified by Salama and Woodham-Smith?

Many of the Irish poor emigrated to Britain and the United States.

"I had called upon women to join me in the striking at the Government through the on only thing...> -Emmeline Pankurst, My Own Story 1914 What British writer advocated for women's rights at the end of the 18th century and laid the groundwork for early 20th century feminists like Emmeline Pankhurst?

Mary Wallstonecraft

"I had called upon women to join me in the striking at the Government through the on only thing...> -Emmeline Pankurst, My Own Story 1914 How were the tactics of Millicent Fawcett and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies different than those of Emmeline Pankhurst as shown in the document above?

Millicent Fawcett believed the goals of the movement would only be accomplished if the protesters acted respectable and responsibly.

<Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy... -General Guiseppe Garibaldi, 1860> What two ideologies motivated Garibaldi?

Nationalism and republicanism

"The Italy of Mazzini's youth very much fit Austrian chief minister Klemens von Mettenich's dismissive description of that country as a mere "geographic expression..." -Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies Why did Mazzini believe that the steps to unification had failed to reveal the "soul of Italy"?

Romantic republican nationalism did not become the guiding force for unification.

"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated into the hands of a vast association of the whole nation..." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 Marx and Engels' assertion that "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all" is an extension of what other intellectual idea?

Socialism

"Any agricultural economy that depends on a single product is in a precarious position..." -R.N. Salama, The History of Social Influence of the Potato and Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 What earlier historical process created the conditions for the mid-19th century crisis discussed in this document?

The Columbian Exchange

"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to...WE DEMAND THE BALLOT; WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS" -The People's Petition of 1838 In addition to the demands mentioned above, The People's Petition also called for

The elimination of property qualifications to vote.

"Although we are ready to submit wholly to popular will..." -Revolutionary Manifesto of The People's Will, Russia What was the goal of the people who issued this revolutionary manifesto?

The introduction of a government based on popular representation.

"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated into the hands of a vast association of the whole nation..." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 What specific economic and social conditions were Marx and Engels referring to in this selection?

The social and economic order that emerged with the industrial revolution.

<Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy... -General Guiseppe Garibaldi, 1860> What was the objective of the "brave and generous companions (who)...will shed their last drop of blood?

The unification of the Italian states into one nation.

<When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford... - Andrew Ure, The philosophy of Manufacturers, 1835> How were artisans negatively affected by the factory system process Ure described?

They lost control of their means of production.

<Photo of Crystal Palace during the International Exhibition, 1851> The Crystal Palace depicted in this painting was built for which of the following purposes?

To celebrate England's advancements in commercial interests and industry.

"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated into the hands of a vast association of the whole nation..." -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 This passage from Marx and Engels demonstrates a significant difference between their ideology and other thinkers because Marx and Engels

demand the complete elimination of private property, whereas other thinkers advocated a significant rearrangement of society while still allowing for private property.

"There is considerable debate among historians as to Bismarck's ultimate motivations in establishing a united German empire..." -Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies... Which two ideologies did Bismarck most embrace during German unification?

nationalism and conservatism

<image of women working in a factory> What type of factory work did the women in the image above do?

textile production

"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to...WE DEMAND THE BALLOT; WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS" -The People's Petition of 1838 The specific disagreement within the movement that limited the effectiveness of The People's Petition was whether

the movement should use violent or non-violent tactics.

"There is considerable debate among historians as to Bismarck's ultimate motivations in establishing a united German empire..." -Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies... Jonathan Perry suggests that Bismarck's political loyalties were most closely associated with the

traditional noble landlords

"Although we are ready to submit wholly to popular will..." -Revolutionary Manifesto of The People's Will, Russia The People's Will took which of the following actions as they sought to accomplish the goals listed above?

The assassinated Tsar Alexander II in the hopes of ending his autocracy.

"There is considerable debate among historians as to Bismarck's ultimate motivations in establishing a united German empire..." -Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies... Why would France be seeking revenge against Bismarck and Germany?

France lost the Franco-Prussian war and had paid a large war indemnity as a result.

"The Italy of Mazzini's youth very much fit Austrian chief minister Klemens von Mettenich's dismissive description of that country as a mere "geographic expression..." -Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies How was unification ultimately achieved in Italy?

Mazzini and Garibaldi's romantic nationalism led to a successful independence movement in 1848.

"The Italy of Mazzini's youth very much fit Austrian chief minister Klemens von Mettenich's dismissive description of that country as a mere "geographic expression..." -Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies What event led to the Vienna settlement referenced by Jonathan Perry?

The defeat of Napoleon and the pursuit of conservatism by those who defeated him.

"I had called upon women to join me in the striking at the Government through the only thing...> -Emmeline Pankurst, My Own Story 1914 What was the goal that Emmeline Pankhurst and her followers hoped to achieve through the tactics outlined in the document above?

The extension of the franchise to the women of Great Britain.

"Any agricultural economy that depends on a single product is in a precarious position..." -R.N. Salama, The History of Social Influence of the Potato and Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849 Which of the following best represents the British government's reaction to the crisis discussed by R.N. Salama and Cecil Woodham-Smith in this document?

The federal government repealed the Corn Laws.