502 Ch. 4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

development of hearing

4‒7 months Sense of musical phrasing 6‒7 months Distinguishes musical tunes based on variations in rhythmic patterns 6‒8 months "Screens out" sounds not used in native languages 6‒12 months Detects sound regularities in human speech 7‒9 months Begins to divide speech stream into wordlike units

recovery

:a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level

True: proximodistal trend

T/F: growth proceeds from center of body outward

False: grows cephalocaudal

T/F: lower body develops more rapidly than head

amodal sensory properties

information that overlaps multiple sensory systems - Example: the sight and sound of a bouncing ball

3 months, 3 weeks

the motor skill of grasping a cube usually occurs at what age

programmed cell death

Neurons die to make space for new connective structures (more synapses)

yes - 90%

Is parent-infant cosleeping normal for most of the world?

perceptual narrowing effect

Perceptual sensitivity becomes attuned with age to information most often encountered - Example: discriminating human and monkey faces at 6 months, but only human faces at 9 months

myelin

____ is an insulating, fatty sheath that coats neural fibers and improves efficiency of message transfer

stimulation

____ is vital for survival of neurons and formation of new synapses, especially during times when the formation of synapses is at its peak. This counteracts negative effects of depleted environment.

glial cells

_____ cells are responsible for myelination and account for half of the brain's volume. They multiply rapidly in the first two years and then again during adolescence

cortical

______ regions develop as capacities emerge

3 months

as early as __ months, an infant prefers and more easily discriminates female faces than male (unless caregiver is male)

2-3 months

at what age are infants sensitive to binocular depth? (binocular = brain blends both views from eyes)

5-7 months

at what age are infants sensitive to pictorial depth (shadows, overlapping depth)

operant conditioning

infant acts on the environment; influenced through reinforcers and punishments

9 months, 3 weeks

playing pat a cake occurs at what age on average

lateralization

process of hemispheres gradually specializing

7 months

sitting up alone and crawling usually occurs at what age

ulnar grasp (fingers close against palm)

what is the grasping milestone at 3-4 months?

transferring object from hand to hand

what is the grasping milestone at 4-5 months?

pincer grasp

what is the grasping milestone at 9 months?

focus

what visual milestone should a 2 month old achieve?

color vision

what visual milestone should a 4 month old achieve?

acuity, scanning, and tracking

what visual milestone should a 6 month old achieve?

depth perception

what visual milestone should a 6-7 month old achieve?

spurts

Body growth of infants occurs in ____

intermodal perception

Capacity to perceive streams of simultaneous, multisensory input as integrated whole

motor development

During ____ _____, new achievements build on previous ones

permanent brain damage and loss of functions

Early, extreme sensory deprivation results in

differentiation theory

Infants actively seek features that remain stable amid an ever-changing environment - Example: analyzing speech stream for regularities - Over time, detect finer and finer invariant features

- Perceptual understanding of physical world - Social and language processing

Rapid development during first six months supports

prefrontal cortex

Responsible for complex thought - Functions more effectively from age 2 months on

synaptic pruning

Returns seldom-stimulated neurons to an uncommitted state to support future development somewhere else

3-4 weeks

What age does sensitivity to motion occur (blinks when objects come close)

crowding effect and complex mental abilities suffer

What are negative consequences of healthy regions of the brain assuming functions of damaged regions?

there is a high capacity for learning, many areas are not committed to specific functions, so other areas can take over if something is damage. Early experiences also influence its organization

What are the benefits of the cerebral cortex being highly plastic within the first few years?

• Breastfeed exclusively for the first six months • Avoid giving foods rich in sugar, salt, and saturated fats • Provide opportunities for energetic play; limit TV viewing

What are ways to prevent children becoming overweight?

auditory and visual; body movement areas

What capacities develop in the first year?

- Age at time of injury - Site and severity of damage, skill area affected - Environmental supports for recovery

What does plasticity depend on?

prereaching - swiping

What is the newborn's milestone as far as reaching and grasping?

mirror neurons

What may provide the biological basis for imitation?

skeletal age

With many gender and cultural differences in height and weight, what is the best estimate of physical maturity?

depth perception

ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and ourselves

Electroenchephalogram (EEG)

allows researchers to examine brain wave patterns for stability and organization - signs of mature functioning of the cortex

ensures nutritional completeness provides correct fat-protein balance ensures healthy physical growth protects against disease ensures digestibility smooth transition to solid foods

benefits of breastfeeding

6-12months

between ___ - ____ months, infants are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions (speech, faces, music)

statistical learning capacity

biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions (speech, faces, music)

language & especially prefrontal cortex

brain fibers myelinate over a longer period in what areas?

neurotransmitters

chemicals released by neurons that send messages across the synapse

The left hemisphere sequentially analyzes, processes verbal communication and positive emotion. Right side regulates negative emotion, spatial information, and holistic, integrative processing

compare the left and right hemisphere

imitation

copying the behaviors of another person; powerful means of learning and exploring the social world

gross motor development

crawling, standing, walking are examples of

interdependence vs. independence

cultural values of ____ vs _____- influence sleeping arrangements

punishment

decreases occurrence of response • Presenting unpleasant stimulus • Removing desirable stimulus

habituation

gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

infant perception and cognition

habituation and recovery are used to study what?

British and Romanian test score example

if there is no stimulation before 6 months, it will cause a loss in functions later in life

reinforcer

increases occurrence of response • Presenting desirable stimulus • Removing unpleasant stimulus

language

is it easier to recover from an injury in language skills or spatial?

prefrontal cortex

is one of the last areas to attain adult levels of synapatic connections in mid to late adolescence

23 months, 2 weeks

jumping in place usually occurs at what age

language = 9 months prefrontal cortex = 1-2 years auditory/visual = 4-5 months

language areas of the cerebral cortex peak in growth around ____ months, prefrontal cortex peaks in growth around ____ years, and the auditory and visual areas of the cerebral cortex peak around ____ months

cerebral cortex

largest brain structure, surrounds rest of brain

-Newborn Prefers simplified drawings of faces with naturally arranged features, with eyes open and a directgaze -2 months Prefers complex facial patterns to other complex stimulus arrangements, and mother's detailed facial features to another woman's -3 months Makes fine distinctions among the features of different, moderately similar faces -5 months Perceives emotional expressions as meaningful wholes -7 months Discriminates among a wider range of facial expressions (e.g., happiness, surprise, anger)

milestones in face perception

Newborn Perceives amodal sensory properties 3-5 months Matches faces with voices on basis of lip‒voice synchrony, emotional expression, and speaker's age and gender 6 months Perceives and remembers unique face‒voice pairings of unfamiliar adults

milestones in intermodal perception

2 months Detection of detail: sensitive to contrast in complex patterns; prefers patterns with more contrast 2‒3 months Improved scanning ability: explores pattern features, pausing briefly to look at each part 4 months Detects pattern organization: perceives subjective boundaries that are not really present 12 months Detects familiar objects represented by incomplete drawings

milestones in pattern perception

dynamic

motor skills are seen as ____ systems: crawling, to standing, to stepping all unite to walking

neurons

nerve cells that store and transmit information

experience-dependent brain growth

occurs throughout our lives and consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures

reaching

of all motor skills, ____ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.

8 months

pulls to stand occurs at what age

fine motor development

reaching and grasping are examples of

experience-expectant brain growth

refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization which depends on ordinary experiences - opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people, hear language and other sounds

catch up growth

return to genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions corrected

14 months

scribbling vigorously usually occurs at what age

Kwashiorkor

this dietary disease occurs after weaning, due to low-protein diet

Marasmus

this dietary disease occurs during first year, due to inadequate feeding

synapses

tiny gaps between neurons where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch

event-related potentials (ERPs)

using the EEG, the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in responses to particular stimuli (such as picture, music, or speech) enables identification of general regions of stimulus-induced activity

11 months, 3 weeks

walking alone usually occurs at what age

- Promotes three-dimensional understanding - Helps infants remember object locations and find hidden objects

what are benefits of independent movement?

brain development parents' schedule increased melatonin secretion cultural beliefs and practices

what are some causes of a change in sleep wake patterns to night-day patterns?

language areas

what areas develop during infancy through preschool?

- Intermodal perception - Pattern perception - Depth perception

what does the differentiation theory apply to?

heredity

• Large influence on rate of physical growth when diet and health are adequate • Also affects height and weight

classical conditioning

• Pairs neutral stimulus with one that prompts reflexive response • Helps infants recognize which events usually occur together • Environment becomes more orderly and predictable