520 - midterm
The COS would use systematic home visiting by volunteers to ensure that the moral deficits of poor families would also be administered to called
friendly visitors
What are the federal poverty thresholds used for?
to calculate the official poverty population statistics
developmental model of the welfare state
view social welfare as a way to improve the quality of life for all who made need it at some point in their life. social welfare is not necessarily to solve a problem or to aid those in distress
describe the institutional model of the welfare state
view social welfare as an integral and normal first-line function of industrial society. social welfare is the primary means by which a person can fulfill social and economic needs.
describe the residual model of the welfare state
views social welfare as a supplemental activity only to be provided when family, friends, and charities cannot meet a person's needs. residual, temporary response to need. social welfare is undesirable, expendable, and a "safety net"
Describe social welfare early after the American revolution
Small, returned back to mutual aid because new states were underdeveloped, but eventually needed to grow as sea ports began to prosper
What were the two "lines of defense" the social security act used to alleviate financial dependency
Social Insurance and Public Assistance
What birthed the American welfare state?
Social Security Act 1935
What are examples of social insurance programs?
Social Security, Medicare, Unemployment Insurance, and Workers Compensation
What is public assistance?
A program financed out of GENERAL TAX REVENUES and recipients are REQUIRED to show that they are poor to claim benefits
As of 2021, what is the approximate poverty rate?
All - 11.6% Children - 15.3% Married couple - 4.8% Single female headed - 23.0%
What was the plague? (1348-1349)
Also known as the Black Death, it killed almost a third of England's population. First example of a social problem beyond the scope of the community.
what were the similarities between colonial America and England social welfare concepts?
America used England's concepts including, protestants work ethic, family and community responsibility, and residency requirements.
What was Toynbee Hall (1884)
Located in the slum of London, The house served as a sort of live in laboratory for the study of poverty by university students.
Mr. Marx is always saying we should seize the means of production. Which theory of poverty would he most likely identify with?
Poverty as Explotation
What groups were added to social insurance programs in 1939?
SURVIVORS and DEPENDENTS of insured workers -- made SI a FAMILY program
Who developed social group work, community organization, and social action?
Settlement houses and their Workers.
The War on Poverty's basic policy was
economic opportunity Act
Most social welfare benefits are tied to
employment
Under the social welfare reform of 1996, what is the determining value for constructing social welfare policy criteria and is the most influential value in the history of social welfare policy?
employment
What is a central concern in Social work?
Poverty
What was a requirement to receive outdoor relief?
Residency
What created the Poor Laws?
1. Dissolution of the feudal system: increased urbanization. 2. The alteration of the churches- loss of established faith based services. 3. Emphasis on individual responsibility 4. Growth of market economics: increased industrialization
What Gini Coefficient would Marx find acceptable lmao
0
What was the Gini coefficient of the U.S., in 2021? How it compare to other countries
0.494 Better than some (most Latin American and African countries have Gini's of over .50) But not great (Most European countries have Gini coefficients below 0.35)
Poverty guidelines for 2022
1- $13,590 2- $18,310 3- $23,030 4- $27,750 5- $32, 470
2021 Federal poverty level
1- $13,768 ($14,000) *** 2- $17,529 (1$7,500) 3- $ 21,559 ($21, 500) 4- 27,740 ($28,000) 5- $ 32,865 ($ 33,000)
Describe the Protestant Work Ethic (1500)
1. All vocations are in service to God; 2) Work was a divine vocation and thus a religious activity; 3) Idleness and temptation of the world distract us from the pursuit of righteous existence; 4) Voluntary idleness was regarded as a vice, sin, or crime resulting in severe punishment TLDR: Work good -- Not work bad -- Think of like Puritans
Why is poverty a fundamental social problem?
1. Basic material deprivation is a dehumanizing and degrading condition 2. Poverty causes or aggravates a broad number of social ills, from family and community violence to mental illness and inadequate housing and nutrition.
What were the 6 similarities between Settlement Houses and COS?
1. Believed city life harmed the urban poor 2. Used volunteers from the privileged classes 3. bring rich and poor together to reduce class divisiveness. 4. Religious tones 5. Scientific approach to problems 6. Agenda based on moral modeling
What were the 2 differences between settlement houses and COS?
1. COS interested in morality 2. Settlement houses interested in preparing immigrants for life in America.
What is the 1349 Statue of Laborers?
1. England passed law that all able bodied workers were required to work in their local economics. 2. Idleness became a crime and alms were were not to be given to able-bodied beggars. 3. Leaving for more favorable job was prohibited. 4. Workers compelled to work for whoever wanted them 5. Employers set a maximum wage
What were the 3 categories of public assistance?
1. OLD AGE assistance; 2. Aid to BLIND; 3. Aid to DEPENDENT children There were also provisions for MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, crippled children, and child welfare
What two methods has the Census traditionally used to measure income inequality
1. Shares of aggregate INCOME received by households (i.e., how much income is accounted for x number of people); 2. Gini Indix
What caused the increase of poor in American during the 1700s
1. Widows and orphans from DISEASE; 2. Widows and orphans from WAR; 3. Windows and orphans from ACCIDENTAL DEATHS; 4. Illegitimate children; 5. Overcrowding in the big cities; 6. Economic depressions; 7. SEASONAL employment; 8. Refugees and immigrants
According to Flexner, what did a profession need to be characterized as a profession?
1. activities in the profession are intellectual in character 2. derive knowledge from science and learning 3. knowledge is applied and practical with a definite end 4. they possess an educationally communicable technique 5. lend to self-organization 6. increasingly altruistic in motivation
Programs and Policies that the Economic Opportunity Act created included
1. community mental health centers act 2. food stamp act 3. operation head start 4. medicare 5. medical
What did the Charity organization societies propose to do?
1. coordinate the work of all private charities in a given locality in order to prevent recipients form receiving aid from several sources 2. provide direct service to individuals and families, generally in the form of moral modeling
what are the three pillars or goals of the welfare state
1. economic security for citizens 2. help most disadvantaged get to a level of minimum sufficiency 3. provide a range of services and goods for all citizens
What attempts were made during the Progressive Era to alleviate social crisis brought on by rapid industrialization?
1. mothers' pension laws designed to help children in families where the father was deceased or absent 2. state pension programs to help the poor, aged, blind, and disabled 3. workers' compensation laws
What were the reasons behind Johnson's war on poverty?
1. pressure form civil rights movement for an attack on hinger poverty 2. the growing awareness of the extent of poverty in the US 3. The continued growth of the welfare rolls resulting from modernization and mechanization in the agricultural industry 4. the continued growth if welfare 5. increase in social work advocacy.
What did Mary Richmond promote?
1. promoted scientific charity philosophy (assessment and diagnosis, research, edu, training) 2. called for creation of training schools win charitable work
What were some of the changes evidenced by welfare reform 1996?
1. public assistance is no longer an entitlement 2. poverty is interpreted as a Perosnal or individual responsibility 3. work or suffer 4. changed expectations for women 5. efforts to preserve old family ideals and structure
what are the three models of the welfare state
1. residual model 2. institutional model 3. developmental model
What programs were included in the New Deal under the federal emergency relief act?
1. workers progress administration 2. civilian conservation corps both programs had less hours and wages than private sector, but did provide work to about 1/3rd of the unemployed
The bottom 80 % of the American Population owns how much of America's wealth?
17%
When did public welfare become politically corrupted?
1800s
When was aid to the permanently and totally disabled added to the social security act?
1950
When was Medicaid added to the social security act?
1965
In 2021, the lowest quintile of households received how much of national income?
2.9% :(
In 2021, the highest quintile of households received how much of the income?
52.7%
The top 20% of U.S. society receive how much of the income?
52.7%
from 1960 to 1970, the number of people on the welfare rolls doubled from approximately _______ to __________ million
6;12
Was in social insurance
A system where people are compelled -- THROUGH PAYROLL OR OTHER TAXES -- to insure THEMSELVES against the possibility of their own indigence (e.g., economic vicissitudes from retirement, loss of job, death of family breadwinner, or disability) Beneficiaries are REQUIRED to MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS before claiming benefits and benefits are paid out as legal entitlements REGARDLESS OF THE BENEFICIARIES' PERSONAL WEALTH Eligibility is a function of an individual's relationship to employment Example: Social Security tax on paycheck
What is the single largest predictor of poverty?
Absence from the labor force
What was added to the social security act in 1950
Aid to permanently disabled and totally disabled (APTD)?
How was poverty defined?
As a condition where income was insufficient to meet a minimum living standard
Bernie loves using European countries as comparisons for income distributions. If Mr. Sanders wants to set Europe's Gini as a target for the U.S., what Gini would he want?
Below 0.35
What resulted in too many independent and self serving institutions duplicating services and wasting resources
Board of Charities and Corrections
What solution did Bush propose to reduce poverty and federal spending by caking on churches and voluntary sectors to care for the poor?
Charitable choice initiatives
Initiated the process of referring individuals to other agencies doe more intensive services when needed and became the central agency in the structure of social service programs in many communitiesW
Charity organization societies
What are the differences between the Charity workers and the settlement house workers?
Charity workers: focused on dependency Settlement workers: focused on Poverty
The first poverty line (1963-1964)
Created by SSA statistician Mollie Orshansky Based on the theory that the average family spent 1/3 of its income on food.
The Fox News reporter who famously claimed Kendrick Lamar has done more harm to Black people through rap music than racism likely believes in which theory of poverty?
Culture of Poverty Theory
What was the Settlement House Movement? (1880's)
Emphasized social reform rather than personal problems as the proper focus of charity. Settlement workers called themselves Social Reformers.
What is "passing on"?
Escorting transients back to their home community
True/False: Social Security and Medicare are examples of public assistance programs?
False -- these are social insurance programs
T/F: The Social Security Act applied to all in need
False: It established a CATEGORICAL approach
What were the Poor laws of 1601? (Elizabethan Poor Laws)
First application of public resources to individual need. They were enacted as a result of centries of periodic social unrest.
Funding for public assistance comes from where?
General tax revenue
Under the COS what was the preferred type of aid to deserving families?
Loans and assisting finding jobs
Chrissy is poor because he has no skills or education. He simply cannot produce enough to stop being poor. What theory of poverty does this capture
Human Capital Theory
Where is Social casework start?
In charity organization societies
How do public assistance programs differ from social insurance?
In social insurance, you contribute via payroll taxes or similar means. Then, you are entitled to your benefits after contributing regardless of your wealth For public assistance, the funding comes from general tax revenue and you have to prove need
What is a reverse auction as it pertains to indoor relief
In the 17th century, community members would be paid to care for the sick. They would submit bids anonymously and the lowest bid (i.e.., lowest cost to support person) would take care of the person in their home
What is human capital theory?
Income varies based on economic productivity. Thus, poor people are poor because their economic poverty is low -- hence need for education and job training (i.e., increase economic productivity)
Describe Cultural Deprivation Theory
Individuals from poor communities do not have the opportunities necessary to elevate themselves out of poverty and thus remain static
Evidence of poverty and Inequality in America?
Inequality in America continues to grow and the gap is growing. Growing inequality of wealth (cars, homes, wall street)
What were the main contributors to poverty?
Involuntary Unemployment Industrial accidents low wages (NOT intemperance and improvidence)
What is the Gini Coefficient
Is a measure of the dispersion of income across the entire income distribution It ranges from 0 (perfect equality -- i.e., everyone received equal share) to 1 (perfect inequality -- i.e., all income received by only one recipient or group of recipients)
How did the Social Security Act of 1935 shift thinking on social welfare?
It recognize that the NATIONAL (i.e., not state or local) government had a significant responsibility for as siting SOME victims of economic adversity
When Old Age Insurance was first established in 1935, who was it for?
It was a retirement program for employees in PRIVATE industry
Why was the 1834 Royal Poor Law Commission significant?
It was the FIRST CODIFICATION of LESS relief, taxation as the ideal, and poverty as an INDIVIDUAL matter It also introduced the idea of "less eligibility"
what countries have a welfare state?
Japan, Australia, New Zealand, countries of Western and Northern Europe, Canada, U.S.
Leader in the charity organization society, also known as the first social worker
Josephine Shaw Lowell
Director of Baltimore COS; the face of Charity Organizations
Mary Richmond
the first state to coordinate and centralize its state welfare
Massachusetts
How did Flexner describe social workers?
Mediators between clients and other professionals
What was added to the social security act in 1965?
Medicaid (health insurance for poor)
In 1965, health insurance for aged was added. What program is this?
Medicare
Indoor relief in the form of housing needy individuals in private houses was replaced with what?
More institutional care such as poorhouses, almhouses, and hospitals
What was the first American settlement house?
Neighborhood Guild, 1886, New York, still in operation.
If there was a before and after for thinking of social welfare with the social security act, how would you describe the difference
New alignment field of public welfare -- marked beginning of a POLICY OF FEDERAL AID to states upon a PERMANENT basis for REGULAR, RECURRENT social work Closed the door on three centuries of POOR LAW and PRINCIPLE OF LOCAL RESPONSIBILITY First time in American that funds to finance all or part of needs for selected groups in population became MAJOR PERMANENT ITEM IN ANNUAL FEDERAL BUDGET Introduced the idea of entitlement into national policy and federal government assumed the responsibility for most, if not all, citizens TLDR -- American welfare state was born
Why did social welfare revert back to mutual aid after the American Revolution
New state colonies were underdeveloped, so helping the needy went back to friends, family, and community
Unemployment is the largest single predictor for what?
Poverty
What programs were combined in the social security act in 1972?
OAA (old age assistance), AB (aid to blind), APTD (aid to permanently and totally disabled) were combined into SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI)
What programs were combined into SSI? When?
Old age assistance (OAA), aid to blind (AB), aid to permanently and totally disabled (APTD) 1972
What is the difference between outdoor and indoor relief?
Outdoor relief is direct aid in form of cash or food and indoor relief is custodial care
policy that represented a historic change to welfare policy
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity reconciliation act ( Welfare reform)
What was the most common 17th century form of relief?
Placing poor person in private homes at public expense (i.e., private home is where person stays and public funds used to pay person/family that takes care of them)
What labor laws were created after the plague?
Policies designed to control the movements of laborers and economic liabilities. Mandates that all able bodied people had to work.
The fact that, with our current society, older people experience much lower poverty than children is an example of which theory?
Poverty as a Structure Kids are poor as result of public policy (i.e,. assistance not keeping up with need or inflation), partly as a result of labor market changes (i.e., increased need for skilled labor, movement of jobs to suburbs), and partially a result of increasing number of vulnerable families headed by one parent TLDR; we have structures and policies like SSI, Medicare, and others that help lift old folks out of poverty but our other programs are less generous and we have you know... systemic racism, patriarchy, and all that other stuff too
Describe Poverty as Structure Theory
Poverty can be considered by studying the INSTITUTIONAL and STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY that fosters its continuation INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION - practices that are deeply embedded in schools, criminal legal system, and others organization
Describe the Culture of Poverty Theory
Poverty is a WAY OF LIFE passed on from generation to generation in self-perpetuating cycle Culture of poverty involves not just low income BUT ALSO ATTITUDES OF INDIFFERENCE, ALIENATION, AND APATHY along with lack of incentives and of self-respect The attitudes and beliefs are transmitted from one generation to the other because they are necessary to function within a poverty situation The culture of poverty consists of a set of values, behaviors patterns, and beliefs among the poor that are different from those of larger society
Describe the Poverty as Exploitation theory
Poverty is maintained by the RULING CLASS to perpetuate stuatus quo and privilege Without an underclass, the current quality of life could not be maintained
How did The Enlightenment shift the perspective on poverty?
Prior to The Enlightenment, poverty was seen as a divine outcome (i.e., God's will), but with The Enlightenment, poverty was seen as a condition that could be STUDIED, ALTERED, and possibly ELIMINATED Poverty was seen as NATURAL EFFECT OF CAPITALISM and to force wealthy to compensate for poor went against nature Worth noting that divine outcome thinking is why there wasn't as much stigma towards needy prior to this though (i.e., how you gonna judge someone for being poor if it's God's will)
What kind of program requires you to prove need?
Public assistance
Poverty rapidly increased under which administration
Regan
What is outdoor relief
Relief in the form of cash or cash equivalents, such as food or fuel
What is indoor relief?
Relief in the form of custodial care
When working with individuals, what did the settlment house workers focus on?
Strengths of the client
Why was the statue of laborers significant to social welfare policy?
Successive reforms of the statue lead to the passage of true social security legislation in England. The act was the beginning of linking labor problems to problems in the public welfare system.
What are examples of PUBLIC ASSISTANCE programs?
TANF, Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, and General Assistance
Main points for Europe and the late Middle Ages (1200s-1500s)
The Christian ethic predominated. Providing care for the poor was seen as a religious obligation. Rich were obligated to share their wealth. In a small society mutual aid was sufficient.
A wide scale event in American History that required a social response beyond the capacity of local or community governments was
The Civil War
If community member took in person in need for indoor relief and wasn't paid, how else would they be compensated?
The abatement of taxes/dues or provision of free medical care
Beginning in 1701, who reimbursed local communities for the relief of unsettled persons
The colonial treasury
In 1889 what did Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr do?
The founded Hull house, in a poor immigrant neighborhood in Chicago.
What is LESS ELIGIBILITY?
The idea that no person on relief should be paid as much as the lowest wage earner There needs to be an incentive to work, and if a person can get as much by NOT working, why would they work TLDR; Work always going to be >>>> relief -- less eligibility is very capitalist
The minimum standard of living became known as what?
The poverty line or the Poverty threshold
In early post-revolution America, social welfare was practice in an environment of localism and stability. What caused the shift to more formal social welfare?
The prospering and growing of seaports
What did the 1834 Royal Poor Law Commission Report state?
The relief of the poor should be CENTRALIZED and that all public assistance for ABLE-BODIED persons, except in institutions, should be stopped
The chief provisions of the 1601 Poor Laws
The responsibility for poor relief was shifted from voluntary charities sponsored by the church, monasteries, foundations, guilds, and private citizens to local governments.
What was the settlement house movement focused on?
The social and environmental aspects of human problems as well as social justice.
What do the basic tenets and programs of any social welfare system reflect?
The values of the society
What happened in the United States during the 1800s with state and local governments?
They both provided most social welfare conjunction with mutual aid societies and private philanthropic organizations.
What do poverty lines vary by?
They vary by size of household and are adjusted yearly to reflect the consumer price index.
Through the lens of LESS ELIGIBILITY, how were the English Poor Laws seen?
They were seen as DESTROYING INCENTIVE TO WORK and PROMOTING
What were the roles of the settlement house workers?
They worked for group rather than individual improvement. They concentrated on the problems of an entire area or neighborhood.
What was the goal of the settlement house workers?
To bridge the gap between the classes and races, to eliminate the sources of distress, and to improve urban living and working conditions
Who was added to disability insurance in 1956
Totally and permanently disabled workers
Outdoor relief was considered a local responsibility (i.e., people didn't look down on public assistance yet): True of False?
True
After the American Revolution, there was formal separation of church and state. What were the consequences of this on social welfare?
U.S. did not a single state-identified religion and many different faiths operated/competed in social system, which led to many faith-based groups. So, philanthropic and charitable groups were ETHNICALLY or RELIGIOUSLY specific (i.e., fragmented systems of aid)
For outdoor relief, was caused the first change in the practice of local responsibility?
Unsettled poor
What made colonial America realize social welfare problems were beyond the capacity of local authorities?
Unsettled poor -- too many and too transient
What is "warning out" ?
Urging of transients to move on (i.e., telling people to not stay in your community in like a "you don't gotta go home but you can't stay here" kind of way)
When is mutual aid sufficient for helping the needy?
When society is SMALL (i.e., not enough people need help to force scaling)
In the original Social Security Act what groups qualified for assistance?
Widows and children (ADC); The blind (AB) -- note that this is NOT disability as a whole; The elderly (OAA & OAI); Displace workers (UI)
What was the FIRST social insurance programs?
Worker's compensation program
What is the "Social Diagnosis"?
a book written by Mary Richmond that organized a theory and methodology for social work. this work expounded an orderly professional process consisting of study, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.
What is the absolute definition of poverty?
a relatively fixed level of income below which a person cannot function in a productive and efficient manner in a given society
what is "material sufficiency" (three pillars of the welfare state) & examples
aka minimum standard of living aka "social safety net" this included (1) basic income and (2) social services designed for skill building (but a person has to qualify for benefits) this is achieved through policies and programs to alleviate poverty examples in the US - section 8, public housing TANF, food stamps, Medicaid, SSI
"the welfare state"?
all countries have social polices but the welfare state is an unaffordable luxury in less developed countries cause you need money and resources to promote things like education, healthcare, and economic security
Who was Abraham Flexner?
an educator known for evaluating professional standards. He said the social work was not a profession.
what effect did the great depression have on social welfare?
changed american thought on social welfare policy. americans realized local and community social services would not be enough to address national problems. also changed the focus of social work profession back to the issues of society at large instead of a case by case basis.
The largest and most important anti poverty organizations
charity organization societies
what are "essential goods and services" (three pillars of the welfare state)
fundamental public services for everyone (no eligibility requirement) example in the US - public education most other welfare states (not the US) provide nutrition, day care, housing programs, and universal health care
what was the civilian conservation corps?
helped young men get off the streets by putting them to work on reforestation and flood and fire control
Noblesse Oblige
honorable behavior considered to be the responsibility of persons of high birth or rank
In what way was Germany the first federal welfare state?
in the 1880s miners and factory workers received sickness and accident insurance. first workers compensation laws. first corporate welfare.
Poverty as defined by deprivation
insufficiency in food, housing, clothing, medical care, and other items required to maintain a decent standard of living.
What were the structural issues in the 19th century during the civil war?
loss of the family breadwinner, disability, orphans and widows, disease, medical care, assistance with resettlement, housing, and education
What did the Economic opportunity Act's provision demand from the poor in terms of participation in community programs?
maximum feasible participation
Orshansky developed the fist poverty line based on what index?
on the lowest "economy budget." The economy food plan or "thrifty," plan was designed for temporary emergency use. It relies on heavy purchases of beans, potatoes, grains, and 1/4 pound of meat per day. (not intended to represent an adequate diet)
what is "economic security" (three pillars of the welfare state)
protecting people from hazards of life (unemployment, sickness, retirement, death) that create economic vulnerability that make it harder for people to support themselves. economic security is often achieved by helping people offset income loss
what was the workers progress administation?
provided employment to help stimulate depressed industries (especially construction)
what other areas of study affected the development of social work as a profession?
psychology and psychoanalysis
what impact did the new deal have on social welfare?
pushed congress to create a comprehensive social security program (the social security act of 1935)
what is the relative definition of poverty?
see poverty as subjective. matter of opinion from both the poor and non-poor on what constitutes poverty. Poverty is viewed relative to the income of the rest of society
who is Mary Richmond?
she wrote the first major social welfare text, "Social Diagnosis" in 1917. she formulated a common body of knowledge for casework based on collecting information and understanding the meaning of the information.
what was the first preferred method of social work? (after "Social Diagnosis" was written)
social casework casework is individual-based and personality-focused
what provided increase social serviced, including increased numbers of social workers, to public assistance recipients with the expectation that providing individual services would lift individuals out of poverty?
social service amendments
what effect did WWI have on the social work profession?
social work was now seen as an individual- psychological based profession (no longer socio-economic based). Overall, helped solidify social work as a profession.
describe "cause vs. function" in social work and the divide it had on the profession
social workers became divided on research/theory vs. method/treatment. social work went from reform and advocacy (cause) to individual casework (function)
how did social workers assist the war effort in WWI?
social workers were invited to help soldiers suffering from mental health issues since they were considered experts in "social adjustment"
According to Flexner, what was missing from social work profession?
systematic techniques and specialized education based on scientific knowledge
What was the contribution of COS to social work during the time that "Social Diagnosis" was written?
the basic principle that each person is unique and has to be understood in individual terms.
Trickle down effect
the rich will use their extra money to expand businesses, which will hire more people and the benefits will trickle down to the poor
