6) Reproduction, Genetics, and Heredity

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pedigree

a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

binary fission

a form of asexual reproduction, most common in prokaryotes; one cell divides giving rise to a second exact copy

gametes

a reproductive sex cell that has the haploid number of chromosomes; commonly called egg and sperm

Punnett Square

a tool used to predict the probable outcomes of genetic crosses

allele

different forms of a gene (dominant & recessive)

heredity

pass of traits from parent to offspring

mitosis

process of cell division that forms 2 new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

meiosis

produces sex cells containing half the genetic material of the parent cells

asexual reproduction

the transfer of genes from one individual to the next generation resulting in an offspring with identical genetic material

chromosomes

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells; made from DNA

codominance

two alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals

haploid

when a cell has half the number of usual chromosomes

Law of Independent Assortment

when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assorted independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.

mutation

A permanent, heritable change in the sequence in a gene or genes on a chromosome

genotype

allele combination for a trait (ex. RR, Rr, rr)

trait

any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring

diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

natural selection

driving force for evolution; individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals

Law of Segregation

during the production of gametes, the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

homozygous genotype

gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (ex. RR or rr); also called purebred

heterozygous genotype

gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele (ex. Rr); also called hybrid

recessive allele

gene that show up less often in a cross; represented by a lowercase letter (r)

Law of Dominance

in a cross of parents with pure, contrasting traits, all offspring will be heterozygous and express only the dominant trait

adaptation

inherited characteristics that increase an organism's chance for survival

dominant allele

stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a capital letter (R)

genetics

study of heredity

gene

the basic physical unit of heredity

zygote

the cell produced by the union of two gametes

sexual reproduction

the combining of sex cells, which results in an organism with genetic material from the parent(s)

fertilization

the fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote

probability

the likelihood that a particular event will occur

phenotype

the physical feature resulting from a genotype (ex. red, white)

evolution

the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms over time


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