6.1 and 6.2 classical conditioning
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
neutral stimulus
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
occurs as a result of experience
aquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
conditioned response
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
higher-order conditioning
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behavior?
A reflex is a behavior that humans are born knowing how to do, such as sucking or blushing; these behaviors happen automatically in response to stimuli in the environment. Learned behaviors are things that humans are not born knowing how to do, such as swimming and surfing. Learned behaviors are not automatic; they occur as a result of practice or repeated experience in a situation.
Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?
Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning by association. In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and automatic; however, responses are voluntary and learned in operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the stimulus) comes before the behavior; in operant conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the consequence) comes after the behavior. Also, whereas classical conditioning involves an organism forming an association between an involuntary (reflexive) response and a stimulus, operant conditioning involves an organism forming an association between a voluntary behavior and a consequence.
How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?
This occurs through the process of acquisition. A human or an animal learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During the acquisition phase, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is becoming the conditioned stimulus. At the end of the acquisition phase, learning has occurred and the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself.
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
conditioned responses
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
infant sucking on a nipple
classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
unconditioned response
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
stimulus generalization
neutral stimulus
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus