7.1- Theories of Motivation

set-point theories of hunger and eating

- 1940s and 1950s -hunger is the result of an energy deficit -eating is a means by which energy resources are returned to their optimal level.

primary drives

- are innate drives (e.g. thirst, hunger, and sex).

Drive theory (1)

- defines psychological drives (ex. thirst, hunger)

Intrinsic motivation

- driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself - exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward.

Drive Reduction Theory (1)

- drives vs. needs. - Need is lack or deprivation that will energize the drive, or aroused state. That drive is what will reduce the need. Maintains homeostasis. Ex. need for water, driven by thirst, doing pushups is means to fulfill drive for water. Or sleeping.

positive-incentive perspective of hunger

- humans and other animals are not normally motivated to eat by energy deficits, but are instead motivated to eat by the ANTICIPATED PLEASURE of eating

secondary drives

- learned by conditioning (e.g. money)

Extrinsic motivation

- performance of an activity in order to attain a desired outcome. -opposite of intrinsic motivation. -comes from influences outside of the individual.

Bounded rationality

- when individuals make decisions, their rationality is limited by : -the information they have - the cognitive limitations of their minds - the time available to make the decision.

Motivation

-explains the psychological drives that prompt a person to act in a certain way. - is the answer to the question of why we do what we do

resolution phase (of the human sexual response)

-is the final stage -body returns to normal. -Heart rate and breathing slow, -muscles relax.

Incentive theories

-motivation as the association of a positive goal with a behavior or action.

Expectancy-value theory

-motivation is a function of the expectancies one has and the value of the goal. -When more than one behavior is possible, the behavior chosen will be the one with the largest combination of expected success and value.

Approach-avoidance conflicts

-occur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously.

Drive reduction theory

-popular in the mid-twentieth century -certain primary drives like hunger, thirst and sexuality motivate us to act in ways that MINIMIZE AVERSIVE states

Yerkes-Dodson law

-relationship btw. arousal and performance -performance increases with physiological or mental arousal. - too high arousal level= performance decreases.

orgasm phase (of the human sexual response)

-release of sexual tension and involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions in the genitals of both men and women.

Self-determination theory

-to which degree an individual's behavior is self-motivated and self-determined. -three innate needs that, if satisfied, allow optimal function and growth: Autonomy Competence Relatedness

who is founder of drive reduction Theory of motivation?

Clark Hull

excitement phase (of the human sexual response)

involves: - the physical reaction to sexual desire - the experience of sexual pleasure.

desire phase (of the human sexual response)

involves: - sexual interest - a longing for physical intimacy.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

is a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization: Physiological Safety Love/belonging Esteem Self-actualization

Drive theory (wiki)

is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied.

Homeostasis

is the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that: - internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant

Incentive theories example

ppl will quit smoking sooner if they are motivated by cultural values