7a psych

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of a. automatic processing. b. the serial position effect. c. the spacing effect. d. relearning. e. priming.

a

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. flashbulb d. implicit e. state-dependent

a

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of a. retrieval cues. b. sensory memories. c. state-dependent memories. d. serial position effects. e. iconic memories.

a

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of a. absent-mindedness. b. transience. c. blocking. d. repression. e. chunking.

a

Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of a. semantic encoding. b. retroactive interference. c. misinformation effect. d. iconic memory. e. mood-congruent memory.

a

Short-term memory is slightly better a. for auditory information than for visual information. b. for random letters than for random digits. c. in children than in adults. d. in females than in males. e. for sensory information than for semantic information.

a

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories a. was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. b. was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes. c. was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes. d. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex. e. was not restricted to the association areas.

d

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates a. iconic memory. b. the spacing effect. c. implicit memory. d. a recency effect. e. automatic processing

d

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of a. implicit memory. b. iconic memory. c. proactive interference. d. working memory. e. semantic encoding.

d

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to a. the self-reference effect. b. retroactive interference. c. repression. d. source amnesia. e. mood-congruent memory.

e

he disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called a. state-dependent memory. b. retroactive interference. c. the serial position effect. d. the spacing effect. e. proactive interferenc

e

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on a. how long ago we learned that information. b. the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval. c. whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory. d. whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded. e. whether proactive interference occurred.

a

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of a. rehearsal. b. chunking. c. visual imagery. d. automatic processing. e. flashbulb memory.

a

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. hippocampus. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. motor cortex. e. corpus callosum.

a

Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia? a. The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature. b. The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding. c. The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events. d. Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants. e. Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding.

a

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called a. retrieval cues. b. déjà vu. c. iconic traces. d. context effects. e. schemas.

a

One effect of long-term potentiation is that a. the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters. b. more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity. c. a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase. d. the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain. e. more neurons are added into a neural chain of memory.

c

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as a. mnemonics. b. connectionism. c. the peg-word system. d. automatic processing. e. mood-congruent memory.

b

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on recall. a. the serial position effect b. retrieval cues c. state-dependent memory d. the spacing effect e. parallel processing

b

As a participant in a memory experiment, Chandler was given a recall test after listening to the series "2, 5, 7, 9, 3, 6, 4, 1," and "V, F, D, B, P, Z, G, T." Based on previous research, which series will Chandler remember better? a. His recall should be the same because both series are within short-term memory capacity of 7 +/- 2 bits of information. b. He should remember the numbers better because the letters have similar sounds that may interfere with recall. c. Because of the spacing effect he will remember the first number or letter, and the last number or letter, in each series. d. He will remember the letters better because they are more likely to be semantically encoded. e. Chandler will struggle to recall either series because he has not had adequate time to rehearse the lists.

b

In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of ________. a. retroactive interference; proactive interference b. distortion; forgetting c. proactive interference; retroactive interference d. intrusion; distortion e. priming; repression

b

Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced memories following enhanced production of the protein a.e LTP. b. CREB. c. GABa. d. THC. e. ACh.

b

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the a. adrenal glands. b. hippocampus. c. pituitary gland. d. sensory cortex. e. frontal lobe.

b

Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored? a. Verbal information is stored in the right hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the left hippocampus. b. Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus. c. Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right cerebellum. d. Verbal information is stored in the right cerebellum and visual designs are stored in the left cerebellum. e. Verbal information is stored in the left cerebellum and visual designs are stored in the right cerebellum.

b

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? a. recognition b. recall c. relearning d. rehearsal e. imagery

b

A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for a. implicit memory. b. explicit memory. c. abstract thinking. d. visual imagery. e. echoic memory.

c

Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to a. persist over time. b. have emotional overtones. c. contain detailed information. d. be reported with confidence. e. feel vivid and compelling.

c

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to a. absent-mindedness. b. repression. c. transience. d. implicit memory. e. source amnesia.

c

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory. a. implicit b. mood-congruent c. short-term d. flashbulb e. iconic

c

Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the a. priming effect. b. self-reference effect. c. serial position effect. d. spacing effect. e. mnemonic effect.

c

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that a. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds. b. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood sexual abuse. c. we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive events. d. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. e. professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories.

c

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to a. chunking. b. relearning. c. priming. d. repression. e. the spacing effect.

c

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants a. recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them. b. recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations. c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters. d. formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter. e. recognized some of the letters but could not recall any of the

c

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. reconstruction e. repression

c

Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression? a. Repressed memories protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety. b. Only implicit memories are repressed into unconsciousness. c. Repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material. d. Repressed memories, once out of consciousness, are not harmful. e. The activity of the hippocampus leads to repression.

c

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as a. automatic processing. b. repression. c. chunking. d. relearning. e. priming.

e

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from a. long-term potentiation. b. repression. c. mood-congruent memory. d. amnesia. e. implicit memory.

d

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if a. they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions. b. after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. c. they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched. d. involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview. e. they express strong feelings about the memories and seem convinced that the memories are accurate.

d

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate a. implicit memory. b. the recency effect. c. iconic memory. d. a primacy effect. e. the relearning effect.

d

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining a. the serial position effect. b. the spacing effect. c. repression. d. state-dependent memory. e. infantile amnesia.

e

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e. " This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as a. chunking. b. retroactive interference. c. proactive interference. d. repression. e. priming.

e

Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates a. repression. b. retroactive interference. c. the misinformation effect. d. proactive interference. e. mood-congruent memory.

e