8 TB

Evidence that sleep has an inherited component is that

MZ twins share more sleep characteristics than DZ twins

Which of the following behavioral disorders has the highest rate of prevalence in the U.S. population?

Major depression disorder

Sarah and two of her brothers have autism. Their parents do not have autism. Scientists perform exome sequencing of the parents and the children to identify mutant genes in the children. Which approach to identifying genes involved in autism is described here?

Recessive analysis

Intellectual disability can result if a baby does not receive enough oxygen during labor or birth. Which cause of intellectual disability best describes this situation?

Noninherited birth defects

A synapse is

a close association between neurons

Genes can affect behavior by encoding proteins that

function as neurotransmitter transporters, neurotransmitter receptors, and enzymes that control the synthesis of neurotransmitters and myelin

A standardized test that takes into account the fact that some students have access to coaching and others do not assesses

global intelligence ability

Viruses that may cause or contribute to development of schizophrenia include

herpes virus

The biological basis of autism may be

interference with the ability to form synapses during childhood that are a response to experience, impairing learning and memory

Schizophrenia differs from dementia in that it

is episodic rather than degenerative

SSRIs such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are widely prescribed to treat

major depressive disorder

Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active component of

marijuana

Which normal developmental process, when overactive, is thought to play a role in the development of schizophrenia?

synaptic pruning

The average score on an IQ test, such as the Stanford-Binet, is

100

Jeremy leads an active lifestyle. He spends at least two hours in the gym every day. He follows a high protein diet and consumes caffeine in moderate quantities. Despite this, Jeremy falls asleep at his desk four to five times a day. Once he wakes up, he finds it difficult to move around for a few minutes. He likely has

narcolepsy

Two proteins that control synapse formation in response to environmental stimuli in early childhood and that when abnormal might lie behind autism are

neurexin and neuroligin

The biological basis for nicotine receptors bind

nicotine molecules and the neurotransmitter acetycholine. Binding releases dopamine, which causes pleasurable feelings

Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer because

nicotinic receptors in the lungs bind carcinogens in cigarette smoke

Some drugs are plant products that can bind neural receptors in a human body because the body makes a similar chemical. Endorphins are the human equivalent of

opiates

Schizophrenia affects about ___ percent of the population

1.0

The heritability of autism is ________ percent

90

The first narcolepsy gene was discovered in

dogs

Bipolar disorder affects about ________ percent of the U.S. population

2.6

Natasha has schizophrenia. The probability that her young brother Boris develops schizophrenia too is about ________ times the general worldwide population risk

9

Which choice accurately conveys the complexity of neural connections in the human brain?

About 100 billion neurons each contact 1,000 to 10,000 other neurons

Harold is so sad that for months he can barely get out of bed. If he does, he just sits at the kitchen table with his head on his hands. Yet for a few weeks, about once every four or five months, he reverses mood. He becomes chatty and animated, uncharacteristically spending lavishly. Harold most likely has

bipolar depressive disorder

A person who has narcolepsy may experience

cataplexy, in which he or she suddenly collapses

Dr. Gregory House, a character on a television program, experiences severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking hydrocodone, a drug that he originally took to alleviate leg pain, but has not been able to give up. He is exhibiting

dependence

Age of onset for schizophrenia is

early adulthood

In the 1980's, when researchers began seeking gene variants that caused or contributed to bipolar disorder, it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations. These findings, looking back, most likely mean that

many gene variant combinations cause or contribute to bipolar disorder, but only a few such variants are seen in any one family.

Environmental factors that might cause or contribute to schizophrenia include

maternal malnutrition

Schizophrenia means "split ____"

mind

Anandamide (and THC) differ from neurotransmitters in that they bind to

presynaptic receptors

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) treat depression by

preventing presynaptic neurons from taking up serotonin from the synapse

A likely biological basis of major depressive disorder is

reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane that are overactive, depleting serotonin in the synapse

The first intelligence tests, developed in the late 19th century, tested a person's

sensory perception and reaction time

andidate genes for the inherited components of mood disorders affect

signal transduction and neurotransmission

The best description of the probable role that genes play in behavioral disorders is that

single genes with major influences as well as small inputs from common gene variants contribute to susceptibility to behavioral disorders, perhaps involving environmental triggers

The part of the human brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle is called the

suprachiasmatic nuclei

A gene variant that, when homozygous, may be common to people with addictions to different substances is

the A1 allele of the dopamine D(2) receptor

The existence of MZ twin pairs in which only one has autism suggests that

the environment contributes to autism

The parts of the brain where addiction arises are

the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, and the prefrontal cortex.

The molecular explanation for narcolepsy is that

the orexin/hypocretin receptor does not reach the cell surfaces of certain brain cells

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect

thinking

Erica needs to increasingly consume more cocaine to get the same effect. She is exhibiting

tolerance

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are

tolerance and dependence

LSD binds receptors that normally bind

trace amines