8 th grade history STAAR 13-14-15

Which excerpt from the Declaration of Independence best explains why colonists were unhappy about their lack of representation in the British parliament?

"For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent."

In the debate over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, which point would have been made by a Federalist?

"The existing national government lacks the power to perform essential functions."

I am exceedingly well pleased at coming to this land of plenty. . . . I would advise all my friends to quit Ireland—the country most dear to me; as long as they remain in it they will be in bondage and misery. . . . What you labour for is sweetened by contentment and happiness; there is no failure in the potato crop, and you can grow Indian corn, and every crop you wish. . . . I shudder when I think that starvation prevails to such an extent in poor Ireland. —Letter from an Irish immigrant to The Times of London, May 14, 1850 Which quotation from this letter reveals the main reason for the surge in Irish immigration to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century?

"There is no failure in the potato crop. . . ."

United States, 1850s Region Economy Contributing Factor North: Factories Numerous fast- following rivers South Plantations Fertile soil for cash crops West 1) ? 2) ? _______________________________________________ Which economy and contributing factor best complete this table? F 1) Large farms; 2) Slaves used for labor G 1) Cottage industry; 2) Mild weather that attracted immigrants H 1) Mining; 2) Metal ores and minerals J 1) Ranching; 2) Railroads to transport cattle to market

1) Mining; 2) Metal ores and minerals

Which of the following correctly describes the Three-Fifths Compromise?

A portion of the slave population was counted for legislative representation

Which of these describes a result of the Thirteenth Amendment?

African Americans in the South could move elsewhere.

For the well Governeing of this Province and Territories there shall be an Assembly yearly Chosen by the Freemen thereof to Consist of foure persons out of each County. . . .—William Penn, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, 1701

B An elected legislature

The President . . . shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur. —U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2 This excerpt provides one example of which constitutional principle?

Checks and balances

In 1787, Congress awarded John Paul Jones the Congressional Gold Medal in honor of his "valor and brilliant services" during the Revolutionary War. Which accomplishment was Congress recognizing?

Commanding a victory at sea against the British navy

June • The Continental Congress appoints a committee to prepare a document. • The committee selects Thomas Jefferson to compose a draft. • The draft is reviewed and revised by the committee. July • Congress debates and revises the document. • Congress officially approves the document. This sequence of events resulted in the adoption of the —

Declaration of Independence

• How do we finance a war? • Who has the power to negotiate treaties? • What prevents the executive from becoming too powerful? Which group was responsible for answering these questions?

Delegates writing the Articles of Confederation

Missouri Compromise Declared Unconstitutional The Triumph of Slavery _____________________________________________________ These headlines refer to the decision in which Supreme Court case?

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Which precedent was established by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison?

Federal courts determine the constitutionality of a law

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.—Tenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution Which principle of U.S. government is most clearly reflected in the amendment above?

Federalism

Which of the following was a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

Fighting broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in Kansas.

A certain small town has many choices for people who want to attend religious services, including two churches, a synagogue, a cathedral, a mosque, and a temple. These choices are protected by the —

First Amendment

Texas:Texas Revolution, Cotton cultivation,U.S. statehood, 1845 ? California:Bear Flag Revolt,Gold mining,U.S. statehood, 1850 Which of the following best replaces the question mark in the diagram above?

Former Mexican territory

• Limited government interference in business • Prices determined by supply and demand • Private owners receive the profits

Free enterprise

That if any person shall write . . . any false, scandalous and malicious . . . writings against the government of the United States, or . . . stir up sedition within the United States . . . then such person . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years. —An Act of the Fifth Congress of the United States, 1798 Which constitutional guarantee did this act violate?

Freedom of the press

We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute and appoint you to be General and Commander in chief, of the army of the United Colonies, and of all the forces now raised, or to be raised, by them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer their service. . . . The Continental Congress issued this commission to —

George Washington

Building the National Road • Trees, stumps, brush, and rock were removed. • Hills were leveled, and hollows were filled. • Layers of stone were laid in graduated sizes. • Drainage ditches were dug. Which of the following was the most direct result of the environmental modifications listed above?

Improved transportation to western states expanded trade and settlement.

How did Samuel Morse's best-known innovation contribute to U.S. growth and development?

It enabled instantaneous long-distance transmission of information.

Which statement best explains the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

It established a form of self-government based on a social contract.

How did the plantation system influence the economic development of the United States? F It prevented the development of industry in the Northeast. G It turned the South into a major producer of the cotton used in northern mills. H It restricted agricultural expansion in the western territories. J It increased federal dependency on tariffs for revenue.

It turned the South into a major producer of the cotton used in northern mills.

Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Designated all people born in the United States (except American Indians) as citizens • Granted all citizens certain rights under the law

It was the first time Congress passed a law that protected racial minorities.

Rapid population growth>>> Economic depressions>>>> The prospect of inexpensive land Foreign trade opportunities _________________________ During the 1840s the factors in this diagram contributed to widespread support for which of the following?

Manifest Destiny

What was one long-term consequence of the sharecropping system?

Many former slaves became trapped in a cycle of debt.

Characteristics of American Colonies Colonies Resource Climate Product Northern Deep harbors Cold 1 Middle Rich farmland 2 Livestock Southern 3 Warm 4 A 1: Indigo B 2: Moderate C 3: Rocky soil D 4: Ships

Moderate

How did geography influence the early economic development of New York, Boston, and Charleston?

Natural harbors provided access to markets.

Factors That Contributed to Early Industrialization in the United States: - The availability of capital - The abundance of labors _ ? Which factor best completes this diagram?

New transportation systems

After the end of the Revolutionary War, states were eager to expand into newly available territory. The states of New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia argued over competing claims to land west of the Appalachian Mountains. This conflict was addressed by the —

Northwest Ordinance

Speaker 1: A state has the right to overrule an act passed by Congress. After all, the national government is supposed to share power with the states. Speaker 2: I believe that you are wrong. The states do share power with the national government, but the Constitution says the national government has supremacy. These speakers are debating an issue that eventually became known as the —

Nullification Crisis

Parliament passes the tea act of 1773>> Colonists throw tea into Boston Harbor>> ??????????? Which of these completes this graphic organizer?

Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts.

What was one major effect of the Second Great Awakening?

People were inspired to join reform movements to address social problems.

Which statement accurately describes the reasons for establishing Plymouth and Jamestown?

Plymouth was founded as a refuge from religious persecution, while Jamestown was founded for commercial profit.

Due Process of Law: Speedy Trial, Freedom from Search and Siezure, ? Which right best completes the diagram

Protection from cruel and unusual punishment

Which group was among the first to call for an end to slavery?

Quakers, because slavery contradicted their religious beliefs

Here in the autumn of 1777, American forces met, defeated and forced a major British army to surrender. This crucial American victory in the Battle of ? renewed patriots' hopes for independence, secured essential foreign recognition and support, and forever changed the face of the world. —"A Crucial American Victory," U.S. National Park Service, www.nps.gov (accessed May 17, 2012) Which of the following best completes this excerpt?

Saratoga

When citizens report for jury duty, they are helping uphold a constitutional right guaranteed by the —

Sixth Amendment

Enslaved Populations of Selected States State 1830 1840 1850 Delaware 3,292 2,605 2,290 Maryland 102,994 89,737 90,368 Virginia 469,757 449,087 472,528 Tennessee 141,603 183,059 239,459 Alabama 117,549 253,532 342,844 Mississippi 65,659 195,211 309,878 Which statement best explains the changes shown in this table?

Slaves from the Upper South were moved to the Lower South to work on cotton plantations.

Uncle Tom's Cabin: What was one major impact of this novel?

Support grew for the abolitionist movement.

U.S. annexation of ? --- Border disputes between the United States and Mexico ---U.S.-Mexican War Which of these best completes the diagram?

Texas

Be it enacted by the General Assembly, That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall . . . otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion. . . . —The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Which document was most influenced by this statute

The Bill of Rights

Which of these prompted Congress to propose the Fourteenth Amendment?

The Black Codes enacted by southern states after the Civil War

Gold was discovered on Cherokee land.Georgia annexed Cherokee land and abolished the Cherokee government and its laws.The Cherokees refused to move from their land. One attempt to resolve this issue without violence involved which action?

The Cherokee Nation challenged Georgia's anti-Cherokee laws before the U.S. Supreme Court.

And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects; And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted . . . —English Bill of Rights, 1689 Which U.S. document guarantees protection against these injustices?

The Constitution

Encouraged African Americans to fight for the Union >>> Strengthened the Union militarily and politically>>> Shifted the focus of the war to freedom for all>> ?????????? _________________________________ Which of the following completes this diagram?

The Emancipation Proclamation

BERWYN, Pennsylvania: A new mosque recently opened in this . . . suburb of Philadelphia. . . . [The] leaders . . . did not seek publicity for the happy occasion, only continued peace with their neighbors: a Jewish synagogue next door and Baptist church across the street.— This event best demonstrates which feature of the American way of life?

The First Amendment guarantees personal freedoms.

A biography on the military career of General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson would include his involvement in which Civil War events?

The First Battle of Bull Run and the Confederate victory at Fredericksburg

Which of the following reversed the Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford?

The Fourteenth Amendment

Virginia Plan ? New Jersey Plan Which of the following should replace the question mark in this diagram?

The Great Compromise

The Puritans established communities in colonial New England.>>>> The Puritans held town meetings to deal with community issues. >>> ?????? Which sentence best completes this diagram?

The Puritans developed a form of representative self-government.

We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. Which idea does President Lincoln express in this excerpt?

The Union matters more than current disagreements between states

Which problem did George Washington encounter when he became president?

The United States had large debts from the American Revolution

What was one major effect of the opening of the Erie Canal?

The cost of shipping goods from the Midwest decreased.

The States have their status in the Union, and they have no other legal status. . . . The Union, and not themselves separately, procured their independence and their liberty. —President Abraham Lincoln, message to Congress, July 4, 1861 Which constitutional issue was President Lincoln addressing in this excerpt?

The legal ability of states to secede

Your President may easily become king. Your Senate is so imperfectly constructed that your dearest rights may be sacrificed by what may be a small minority. . . . Your strongholds will be in the hands of your enemies. . . . —Patrick Henry, speech at the Virginia Ratifying Convention, 1788 Patrick Henry was criticizing which aspect of the Constitution in this excerpt?

The power granted to the central government

Colonial Transatlantic Trade: European countries >> West African coast>> Colonies in America>> ___________________________________________ Which factor most encouraged the growth of this trade?

The profitability of cash-crop agriculture

The War of 1812 begins ? U.S. manufacturing expands. ________________________ Which sentence best completes the diagram?

The supply of British goods decreases.

Which of the following was a defining characteristic of the Era of Good Feelings?

There was a renewed sense of nationalism.

The abolitionist movement achieved its goal with the passage of which amendment?

Thirteenth Amendment

The first political parties in the United States were established in the 1790s largely because of political differences between —

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton

Relocation of American Indians in the 1830s. What was a major reason for the federal government's involvement in the relocations?

To acquire valuable agricultural land and natural resources

Reasons for Passage of the Pacific Railway Act • To aid in the construction of a telegraph line • To provide transport for military purposes • To connect California to the rest of the Union What was another reason Congress passed this act in 1862?

To promote settlement in the West

Ralph Waldo Emerson • Popular essayist and lecturer • Promoted individualism and self-reliance • Works included "Nature" and "The American Scholar" Which movement did Emerson lead?

Transcendentalism

The Constitution describes two ways to propose an amendment. Which of the following gives an example of one way?

Two-thirds of both congressional houses vote in favor of proposing the amendment

The Presidential Election of 1824: Andrew Jackson won the most votes in the Electoral College, but he did not have a majority. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the decision was turned over to the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams. Jackson's supporters called Adams's election the result of a "corrupt bargain." ____________________________________________________ What was one effect of these events on the 1828 presidential election?

Voter participation increased.

Ulysses S. Grant: -Graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point -Served in the army during the U.S.- Mexican War - ? -Served as the eighteenth president of the United States ______________________________________ Which accomplishment could be added to this diagram?

Was appointed general in chief of the Union army during the Civil War

Which of these was an effect of the Industrial Revolution on U.S. women in the early nineteenth century?

Women seeking work migrated from rural communities to cities.

How did the development of the factory system encourage urbanization?

Workers moved closer to manufacturing centers.

In the 1840s, thousands of Irish immigrants came to the United States seeking to escape —

a famine caused by the failure of a staple food crop

The United States acquired the Oregon Territory when —

a treaty divided U.S. and British claims to the land

• Sugar Act • Quartering Act • Stamp Act These acts contributed to the start of the Revolutionary War by —

angering colonists who believed that their civil liberties had been violated

During the early 1800s many young women in New England were employed outside their homes as —

cloth weavers in textile mills

The primary goal of the American Temperance Society was to —

decrease the consumption of alcohol

George Mason refused to sign the Constitution and opposed its ratification because he believed that it —

did not give the executive branch enough power to oversee the military

• The Whiskey Rebellion • The Bank of the United States • The Alien and Sedition Acts • Marbury v. Madison This list provides examples of —

domestic issues faced by the leaders of the new republic

Catholics immigrated to the Maryland colony in the seventeenth century primarily to —

escape persecution

The decision in Marbury v. Madison was significant in U.S. history because it —

established the practice of judicial review by the Supreme Court

• Distance from Great Britain • Mayflower Compact • Town hall meetings The factors listed above contributed most to the —

growth of representative government in the British colonies

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights. . . . This excerpt refers to rights that people —

have as a result of being human

After General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, the main priority of the United States was to —

implement a plan to bring Confederate states back into the Union

• Job opportunities in cities increased. • Agriculture became more mechanized. • Prices of consumer goods decreased. These developments occurred as a result of increased —

industrialization

Black Codes was a name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson. These laws imposed severe restrictions on freedmen, such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, and limiting their right to testify against white men. They were also forbidden from carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations. Southern states passed the codes described in this excerpt in order to —

limit the effects of the Reconstruction Amendments

Resolved, That our title to the whole of the Territory of Oregon is clear and unquestionable; that no portion of the same ought to be ceded to England or any other power, and that the re-occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas at the earliest practicable period are great American measures, which this Convention recommends to the cordial support of the Democracy of the Union. This excerpt provides evidence that in 1844 Democrats supported —

making Manifest Destiny an official federal policy

The growth of railroads during the nineteenth century affected U.S. businesses by —

opening new markets for goods

Boston and New Orleans were both founded as —

port cities

Monroe Doctrine: Europe: You're not the only rooster in South America! Uncle Sam: I was aware of that when I cooped you up!

prevent further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere

After the War of 1812, thousands of settlers and immigrants moved to the western frontiers of the United States in search of farming and business opportunities. In response, the government began building roads. This transportation network was intended to —

promote the free-enterprise system

The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in order to —

protect the voting rights of African American men

The Bessemer steel process affected westward expansion in the United States by enabling —

railroads to be built in order to carry people and goods to the West

British colonists objected to the Proclamation of 1763 because they —

resented the limits it imposed on westward expansion

In 1787 the United States was at a crossroads. Farmers in western Massachusetts had rebelled the year before over property taxes. The state struggled to end the rebellion. Events such as this one contributed to the decision to —

restructure the federal government

A tourist would most likely go to Seneca Falls to visit —

the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House in Women's Rights National Historical Park

• Intolerable Acts imposed, First Continental Congress convened, Thomas Paine's Common Sense published All the events listed above occurred during —

the Revolutionary era

Leading Members of President ---------------------------------- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Disagreements between these two cabinet members led to —

the establishment of the first U.S. political parties

The Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony to escape persecution. Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and formed a new colony that did not have a state church. Anne Hutchinson was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for dissenting against church doctrine. This diagram describes events in colonial America that are related to —

the establishment of the principle of religious freedom

Patrick Henry opposed ratifying the U.S. Constitution because he believed that under it —

the states would surrender too much power to the federal government

The introduction of interchangeable parts led directly to the —

use of mass-production techniques

Which box lists some results of improved steamboat technology in the United States as of the mid-1830s? ------------------------------------------------ • The price of fares decreased. • The tourist industry developed. • The cost to transport goods decreased. ------------------------------------------------ • The price of coal increased. • Roads were built to connect rivers. • The need for Conestoga wagons was eliminated. ----------------------------------------------- • New states were added to the Union. • The population of major cities decreased. • Support for Manifest Destiny grew stronger.

• The price of fares decreased. • The tourist industry developed. • The cost to transport goods decreased.