8th Grade- Earth Science- Final Exam Study Guide- Chapter 13, 17, 18, 19, 6

Data from how many seismograms is needed in order to determine an epicenter?

Data from three seismograms is needed in order to determine an epicenter.

What type of volcanism is characterized by nonexplosive effusions of large amounts of lava?

Divergent volcanism is characterized by nonexplosive effusions of large amounts of lava.

Are eroded materials carried uphill or downhill?

Eroded materials are carried downhill.

What are fractures in rock along which movement occurs called?

Fractures in rock along which movement occurs are called faults.

What type of bedding has the heaviest and coarsest material on the bottom?

Graded bedding has the heaviest and coarsest material on the bottom.

What is shear?

Shear is the stress that causes a material to twist.

The porosity of sandstone allows it to hold _________________, _________________________, and _____________________.

oil, natural gas, water

The characteristic textures and features of _________________ rocks provide a geologic "snapshot" of surface conditions in the past.

sedimentary

What is a storm surge?

A storm surge is a rising of sea water due to atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm.

What type of tephra contains the smallest fragments with diameters less than 2mm?

Ash contains the smallest fragments with diameters less than 2mm.

What type of ripple marks will be produced by one-way wave action of wind or water?

Asymmetrical ripple marks will be produced by one way wave action of wind or water.

What type of volcanism is characterized by explosive eruptions?

Convergent volcanism is characterized by explosive eruptions.

What kind of viscosity is cooler magma going to have?

Cooler magma is going to have a higher viscosity.

What type of sediment particles are similar in size?

Sand, silt, and clay are the type of sediment particles that are similar in size.

What type of rock forms from rock and mineral fragments?

Sedimentary rock forms from rock and mineral fragments.

What type of volcanoes have broad, gently sloping sides and a nearly circular base and is typically the largest?

Shield volcanoes have broad, gently sloping sides and a nearly circular base and are typically the largest.

What kind of lightning can crawl across the sky for up to 150 km?

Spider lightning can crawl across the sky for up to 150 kilometers.

What is a funnel cloud?

A funnel cloud is a tornado that has not yet touched down.

Would a high-energy flow or low- energy flow be necessary to move sediments with large masses?

A high energy flow, like fast-moving water, would be necessary to move sediments with large masses.

What is a wind-chill factor?

A wind-chill factor is the increased cooling caused by the wind.

What type of sedimentary rock is coarse-grained with angular fragments?

Carbonate Sand is coarse-grained with angular fragments.

What causes structures to sink into the ground?

Liquefaction causes structures to sink into the ground.

What is the continuous changing and reforming of rocks known as?

Metamorphism is the continuous changing and reforming of rocks.

Where do most volcanoes form?

Most volcanoes form along a belt called the Pacific Ring of Fire.

What are p-waves and S-waves also known as?

P-waves and S-waves are also known as primary and secondary waves.

Physical weathering vs. chemical weathering

Physical weathering is the process when rock fragments break off of the solid rock along grain boundaries but remain chemically unchanged. Chemical weathering is the process when minerals in a rock are dissolved or chemically changed.

What type of material would be best to use for the construction in an are prone to earthquakes because it will absorb some of the wave?

Reinforced steel would be the best material to use for construction in an area prone to earthquakes because it will absorb some of the waves.

What type of magma is the most explosive form of magma?

Rhyolitic Magma is the most explosive form of magma.

What type of ripple marks will be produced by back-and -forth wave action?

Symmetrical ripple marks will be produced by back and forth wave action.

List the stages of full tropical cyclone development from beginning to end.

The stages of full tropical cyclone development from beginning to end are the formative, mature, and dissipation stages.

Where are the strongest winds and the densest clouds located in a hurricane?

The strongest winds and the densest clouds are located at the eye of a hurricane.

What is the study of Earth's magnetic record?

The study of Earth's magnetic record is called paleomagnetism.

What type of plutons cut across preexisting rocks?

The type of pluton that cuts across preexisting rocks is called a sill.

What is a seismic gap?

A seismic gap is a place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time.

What is a seismic wave called that causes the ground to move in two directions?

A seismic wave that causes the ground to move in two directions is called a surface wave.

Describe each type of pluton.

- Batholith- largest pluton - Stocks- irregularly shaped pluton - Laccoliths- relatively small pluton - Sills- range from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters in thickness - Dike- cuts across preexisting rock layers

What can form when hot spots occur beneath continental crust?

A chain of volcanoes can form when hot spots occur beneath continental crust.

What is a drought?

A drought is when an area does not receive a sufficient amount of rain for a long period of time.

What kind of thunderstorm is usually produced by an advancing cold front resulting in a line of thunderstorms hundreds of kilometers long?

A frontal thunderstorm is usually produced by an advancing cold front resulting in a line of thunderstorms hundreds of kilometers long.

What kind of thunderstorm occurs when an air mass rises by orographic lifting?

A mountain thunderstorm occurs when an air mass rises by orographic lifting.

What kind of fault occurs at a divergent boundary and results in mostly vertical movement that lengthens the crust involved?

A normal fault occurs at a divergent boundary and results in mostly vertical movement that lengthens the crust involved.

What kind of thunderstorm occurs because land and water store and release thermal energy differently?

A sea-breeze thunderstorm occurs because land and water store and release thermal energy differently.

In what stage of a thunderstorm would an equal amount of updrafts and downdrafts exist.

An equal amount of updrafts and downdrafts would exist in the mature stage of a thunderstorm.

What is an isochron?

An isochron is a line on a map connecting points of equal age.

What type of tephra contains the largest fragments that can be the size of a car?

Bombs contain the largest fragments that can be the size of a car.

What type of rock forms from sedimentary rock?

Clastic, biochemical, and chemical rocks form from sedimentary rock.

What type of volcanoes are formed by layers of ash and hardened chunks of lava from violent eruptions alternating with layers of lava that oozes downslope before solidifying?

Composite volcanoes are formed by layers of ash and hardened chunks of lava from violent eruptions alternating with layers of lava that oozes downslope before solidifying.

What is compression?

Compression is the stress that decreases the volume of a material.

What happens when the concentration of mineral dissolved in water reaches saturation?

Crystals precipitate out of the solution and settle to the bottom when the concentration of mineral dissolved in water reaches saturation.

What are the signs you may notice that will warn you that a tornado is approaching?

Darkening skies and a loud roaring sound will warn you that a tornado is approaching.

What forms when friction between updrafts and downdrafts within a cumulonimbus created regions of air with opposite charges?

Heat is formed when friction between updrafts and downdrafts within a cumulonimbus created regions of air with opposite charges.

How old are rocks close to mid-ocean ridges? How old are rocks that are far from mid-ocean ridges?

Rocks close to mid-ocean ridges are younger than rocks that are far from mid-ocean ridges.

What affects the formation of magma?

Temperature, pressure, and composition affects the formation of magma.

What is tension?

Tension is the stress that pulls a material apart.

What is the circum-pacific belt known as?

The circum-pacific belt is also known as the pacific ring of fire.

What are the forces per unit area acting on a material called?

The forces per unit area acting on a material is called stress.

What are the largest plutons called?

The largest plutons are called batholiths.

What is the measure of the energy released by an earthquake called?

The measure of the energy released by an earthquake is called magnitude.

Describe the modified mercalli scale.

The modified mercalli scale measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII. The higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused.

Describe the moment magnitude scale.

The moment magnitude scale is a scale used to measure earthquake magnitude by taking into account the size of the fault rupture, the rocks' stiffness, and amount of movement along the fault using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves.

What causes the seafloor to spread?

The movement of tectonic plates causes the seafloor to spread.

What is the name of Alfred Wegener´s hypothesis about moving landmasses?

The name of Alfred Wegener´s hypothesis about moving landmasses is continental drift.

What is the name of the facility located in Florida that issues a hurricane warning at least 36 hours before a hurricane is predicted to strike?

The name of the facility located in Florida that issues a hurricane warning at least 36 hours before a hurricane is predicted to strike is the National Hurricane Center.

What is the name of the flood basalt located in India that contains about 512,000㎦ of basalt?

The name of the flood basalt located in India that contains about 512,000 cubic kilometers of basalt is Deccan Traps.

What is the name of the flood basal located in northwest United States that contains 170,000 ㎦ of basalt?

The name of the flood basalt located in northwest United States that contains 170,000 cubic kilometers of basalt is Columbia River Flood basalts.

What is the process called when one plate is forced beneath another at a convergent plate boundary?

The process when one plate is forced beneath another at a convergent plate boundary is called subduction.

What is the range of regional metamorphism?

The range of regional metamorphism is large and occurs within continental crust, which is 5-10 km thick.

What is the region called that extends from northern Texas through Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri that experiences many tornadoes?

The region that extends from northern Texas through Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri that experiences many tornadoes is called Tornado Alley.

Make sure you know what erosion looks like.

The removal and transport of sediments is called erosion. The four agents of erosion are wind, moving water, gravity, and glaciers.

Describe the richter scale.

The richter scale is a numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake.

What results when rocks come in contact with molten rocks such as those in an igneous intrusion?

The rocks are subjected to extreme heat when they come in contact with molten rocks.

Which part of the seismometer does not shake during an earthquake?

The rotating drum of the seismometer does not shake during an earthquake.

Where are the sediments the thickest and where are they the thinnest?

The sediments are thickest near continents and are the thinnest near spreading centers.

What is the slushy mixture of molten rock, mineral crystals, and gases called?

The slushy mixture of molten rock, mineral crystals, and gases is called magma.

What is the smaller belt called that includes Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius?

The smaller belt that includes Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius is called the Mediterranean Belt.

What is the sound called that is produced as the superheated air rapidly expands and contracts?

The sound that is produced as the superheated air rapidly expands and contracts is called thunder.

What is the supercontinent from Wegener´s theory of continental drift called?

The supercontinent from Wegener´s theory of continental drift is called Pangaea.

What does the theory of plate tectonics state?

The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's outer shell is split up into several plates that slide over the mantle.

What is the theory that explains how ocean crust is formed and destroyed?

The theory that explains how ocean crust is formed and destroyed is called seafloor spreading.

What two topographic features of the ocean floor were discovered only with the use of sonar?

The two topographic features of the ocean floor that were discovered only with the use of sonar are mid-ocean ridges and deep sea trenches.

What type of thunderstorm forms because of unequal heating of Earth´s surface within one air mass?

The type of thunderstorm that forms because of unequal heating of Earth´s surface within one air mass is an air mass thunderstorm.

During sedimentary rock formation, which comes first cementation or weathering?

Weathering comes first during sedimentary rock formation.

Make sure you understand the steps in the formation of sedimentary rock.

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Lithification, Compaction, and Cementation are the steps in the formation of sedimentary rock.

What evidence did Wegener use to suggest that Antarctica had once been closer to the equator?

Wegener used climatic evidence to suggest that Antarctica had once been closer to the equator.

What evidence did Wegener use to estimate the time of Pangaea´s break up?

Wegener used fossil evidence to estimate the time of Pangaea´s break up.

Why was Wegener´s hypothesis of continental drift rejected?

Wegener´s hypothesis of continental drift was rejected because Wegener could not explain why or how the continents moved.

What forms when limestone undergoes metamorphism?

When limestone undergoes metamorphism, it becomes marble.

Very severe thunderstorms can form when a _______________ front has a large continuous supply of warm air to lift and condense.

cold

New crust is formed at _______________________ boundaries.

convergent

Crust is destroyed at ____________________________ boundaries.

divergent

The locations of seismic belts are determined by plotting ____________________________.

epicenters

Movement occurs along fractures in rocks when stress ________________________________ the strength of the rocks involved.

exceeds

Dikes and sills with a ____________________________________ texture suggest that they formed closer to the surface where many crystals began growing at the same time.

fine-grained

A __________________________ fault forms as a result of mostly horizontal compression at a convergent boundary.

reverse

The San Andreas Fault is an example of a ____________________ fault.

strike-slip