8th grade religion exam

Clovis, King of the Franks:

-(466 - 511) -Lived in France; Leader of the Franks; converted to Christianity and laid the foundation for a new Christian empire in France. (This was the beginning of France becoming a Christian nation).

Individual Access to God

Luther believed that each individual has the right to reach God through Scripture with responsibility to God alone. It is not necessary for a priest or anyone else to interpret or to mediate.

Salvation for All

Luther believed that salvation is available to all humans through the redeeming work of Christ.

Scripture

Luther believed the Scriptures contained the one necessary guide to truth. Therefore, if a matter was not in scripture, it was not Truth.

Sacraments

Luther believed the sacraments were valid only as aids to faith (initiating and feeding faith), thus giving grace to those who participate in them. Lutherans only celebrate two sacraments: Baptism and Communion

Salvation by Grace through Faith

Luther maintained that salvation comes by grace through faith alone; not by works and sacraments. Salvation for All - Luther believed that salvation

Martin Luther:

(10 November 1483 - 18 February 1546) was a German Augustinian priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. He protested against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences. He wrote his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 and nailed it on the door to his church in Wittenberg, Germany, "Castle Church". His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor. Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans. His marriage set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry. In his later years, Luther became strongly anti-Semitic, writing that Jewish homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money confiscated and liberty curtailed. These statements have contributed to his controversial status. His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. Although Luther retained that Baptism was necessary for spiritual regeneration how ever, no specific form was stipulated. Today Lutherans practice both infant baptism and baptism of believing adults.

Council at Ephesus one of the first Ecumenical Councils

(city in Turkey) called in 431 by Emperor Theodosius II and Pope Celestine I to deal with Bishop Nestorius' claim that Jesus was really two different persons, one human and one divine, and that Mary gave birth to the human Jesus so she should not be called the Mother of God. Outcome: Nestorius' teachings were condemned

Council at Constantinople one of the first 4 Ecumenical Councils

(modern day Istanbul)- held in 381 by the Emperor Theodosius I. Outcome: Here they repeated the teaching at Nicaea and reiterated the Truth that the Holy Spirit, like Jesus, is Fully Divine and our salvation is the work of one God. The Truth of the Blessed Trinity was established and more words were added to the Nicene Creed.

Council at Nicaea one of the first 4 Ecumenical Councils

(modern day Turkey)- held in 325 AD to settle the dispute, or heresy, of Arius, who preached that Jesus was a little more than human but not fully divine. It was called by Constantine. A deacon named Athanasius explained that Jesus had to be fully human to represent humanity before God, and He had to be fully God to have the power to save us. Outcome: the Arian heresy was condemned. Also, a creed, a statement of Christian belief was written.

Emperor Diocletian:

(ruled 284 - 305)LEADER OF THE WORST PERSECUTION He also insisted to be worshiped as a God; issued orders that led to the "Great Persecution". Thousands of Christians were martyred for their faith, church property was confiscated, and Christian books were burned.

Emperor Decius:

(ruled 284 - 305)LEADER OF THE WORST PERSECUTION He also insisted to be worshipped as a God; issued orders that led to the "Great Persecution". Thousands of Christians were martyred for their faith, church property was confiscated, and Christian books were burned.

Council of Trent

-Began in 1545 and lasted until 1563. -Held in 3 sessions, under the leadership of three consecutive Popes - Paul III, Julius III, and Pius IV. -Focused on the need for reform within the Church and disproving Protestant beliefs. Outcomes: a. In Answer to John Calvin's belief, the Council reaffirmed that although human beings were capable of terrible sin, humanity is not essentially evil. God's grace works through each person, enabling each person to cooperate in the work of salvation. b. The Council reaffirmed that there are seven sacraments. c. It upheld the Truth of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. d. The Council upheld the belief that people need the church to guide them and people must interpret scripture together, in their faith community. e. Tradition, as well as scripture is needed to truly understand, and pass down, in order to live out our faith. f. The Council made clear that we are, indeed, saved by our faith in God and in Jesus Christ BUT that faith must be expressed in good works. The two go together because although we depend entirely on God's grace, that grace gives us the responsibility to follow Jesus. g. The Council upheld the practice of praying to the saints for their intersession and praying for souls in purgatory. This reinforces the belief that the bond of Baptism joins all the members of the Church, both living and dead. h. The Council required all Bishops to work to reform the Church. They must live in their diocese, care for the spiritual welfare and visit those in need in their community, visit every parish in their diocese at least once a year, and set a good example of Christian conduct. i. The Council set up a system for selecting bishops, free from the input of kings, princes, and the wealthy. Seminaries were established for the education of future priests. j. A universal Catechism, a summary of our Catholic faith to guide the whole church, was published.

The three worst persecutions of Christians was under the following Emperors:

-Emperor Decius: (ruled 284 - 305)LEADER OF THE WORST PERSECUTION He also insisted to be worshipped as a God; issued orders that led to the "Great Persecution". Thousands of Christians were martyred for their faith, church property was confiscated, and Christian books were burned. -Emperor Diocletian: (ruled 284 - 305)LEADER OF THE WORST PERSECUTION He also insisted to be worshipped as a God; issued orders that led to the "Great Persecution". Thousands of Christians were martyred for their faith, church property was confiscated, and Christian books were burned. -Nero: Burned Rome and blamed the Christians.

Cathedrals

-First built during the Middle Ages. -A Bishop is pastor of a cathedral -Designed to express the glory and power of God. They were an expression of faith. -Two different types - Romanesque and Gothic (Gothic being grander and more beautiful) -Gothic cathedrals featured architectural innovations, such as tall, thin, extremely high walls with large windows that were held in place by structures called, "flying buttresses". It also had heavy stone and cement roofs. -Cathedrals (especially Gothic) were elaborate in design and larger than other churches of its time. They always contain the Chair of the Bishop because a Bishop is the pastor of a cathedral. -Cruciform is the cross-shaped floor plan found in cathedrals. This emphasized its role as a house of God. -The nave is a long central section where the public gathers in a cathedral. -The transept is the isle that runs across the interior of the cathedral. -The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris is an example of a Gothic Cathedral. -Cathedrals were usually built near waterways to help with transporting the heavy stone and necessary equipment needed to build them. -Rose Window - The round, stained glass window in cathedrals of the Middle Ages which represented the perfection of the Virgin Mary -Cathedra - Throne, or chair, of a Bishop.

Groups whose beliefs were heretical (Against the teachings of the Church)

-Gnostics: Claimed God's real Revelation was available only a secret knowledge to a select few. -Docetists: Claimed that Jesus only pretended to be human and therefore really didn't' suffer on the Cross. -Marcionites: Follows of Marcion who rejected the Old Testament.

Heretic Groups:

-Gnostics: Claimed that God's real revelation was available only as secret knowledge to a select few. -Marcionites: Followers of Marcion, who rejected the Old Testament. -Arians: They claimed that Jesus was less than divine.

Charlemagne:

-Leader of the Franks; crowned Emperor of the Roman Empire by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in the year 800. -He was a reformer. He brought together Church and State (the governing of Rome) so all of Rome would be under his control. -He reorganized the governing system of the Church, the hierarchy and demanded strict observance of all the churches rules and practices. -His most lasting contribution was in education. He had all monasteries open schools to everyone and encouraged the building of libraries.

Vatican ll b.

-One of the most visible changes resulting from Vatican II was the celebration of the Mass in the vernacular (i.e., current language of the country such as English, Spanish, French, etc., depending on the country) instead of Latin. -The Altar and priest would now face the congregation, whereas prior to Vatican II the priest had his back to the congregation as the Altar was turned around, facing the back wall/window. -Another was a new emphasis on the role of the laity (non-ordained persons) in the life of the Church. Laity would now play a major role within each parish and more modern music would be song at some Masses. The music would be at the discretion of the pastor.

Defenders of the Truth:

-Origen: Studied and explained scripture. His father was murdered for his Christian beliefs and Origen wanted to follow in his father's footsteps defending his faith. -Tertullian: Developed a vocabulary of terms to describe our faith -St. Jerome: Translated the Bible into Latin from Hebrew and Greek. -St. Ambrose: Bishop of Milan; defended the Truth of Christ's Divinity against the Arian heresy. He converted and Baptized many, including St. Augustine of Hippo.

Pope Gregory the Great:

-Reached out to pagan tribes; made treaties with pagan leaders and began work to convert them; sent Christian missionaries to their homelands to work with the pagans. -Helped to reform the Church. He contributed to "canon law", a group of laws that would be used to govern the Church. He began to concept of using music in the church. The Gregorian Chant is named in his honor and this is still used today during the liturgy of the hours.

Encyclicals on Social Justice:

-Rerum Novarum (means "Of New Things): written by Pope Leo XIII. This was the first great Catholic encyclical on social justice. -Pacem in Terris (means, "Peace on Earth"): Written by Pope John XXIII. Here the pope spoke of establishing a universal peace in truth, justice, charity, and liberty. -Mater et Magistra (means, "Mother and Teacher): Written by Pope John XXIII - Centesimus Annus (means, "Hundredth Year): written by Pope John Paul II to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Rerum Novarum and to continue to promote social justice.

Constantine

-Roman Emperor who made practice of Christianity legal -Issued the "Edict of Milan" in 313 granting religious tolerance throughout the Roman Empire. -Built a great basilica over the tomb of St. Peter -Gave government buildings to Christians to use as places of worship. -Declared Sunday a government holiday and made official holidays of both Easter and Christmas. -Called for the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea.

Men who were named, "Father's of the Church":

-St. Jerome: translated bible from Hebrew & Greek into Latin -Tertullian: Developed a vocabulary of terms to describe the faith -Origen: Studied and explained scripture -St. John Chrystostom: "Golden-Mouthed" was a great preacher of the faith

council of Jerusalem

-The First Great Council of the Catholic Church -Took place in 49 AD to determine whether Gentiles first needed to become Jews, before becoming Christians, and if they were mandated to follow all Jewish laws and practices. -Outcome: Gentiles did not have to become Jewish, as Christ's message of salvation is for everyone and not just Jews. Gentile Christians had to follow some laws, such as following the 10 Commandments and certain marriage laws, but not all laws such as males being circumcised.

St. Augustine of Hippo

-born in 354 -A great teacher and writer of the early church. -His writings express a deep faith and love of Jesus combined with a talent for logical thinking. He said "God is a Mystery and if we understood God than He would not be a Mystery". -We honor him as one of our "Church Fathers" -Lived in the 4th Century. -Bishop of Hippo, a city in North Africa

Changes from the Vatican II

1. The high altar is to be placed in such a way that Mass may be offered by the priest facing the people. 2. Mass will be said in the people's native language instead of Latin. 3. The celebrant does not say privately those parts of the Proper of the Mass which are now sung by the choir, recited by the people, or proclaimed by the deacon, sub-deacon or lector. The celebrant may, however, join with the people in singing or reciting parts of the Ordinary of the Mass --as, for example, the Gloria and the Credo. 4. The words spoken by the priest when giving Holy Communion have been shortened to "Corpus Christ" -- "The Body of Christ;" the person communicating says "Amen" before receiving Holy Communion; and the priest no longer makes the sign of the Cross with the host. 5. Nuns were given permission to wear layman's (regular) clothes and leave their "habits" behind if they chose to. 6. Changes in some of the ways sacraments are performed: a. Baptism: The words to baptize an infant are now directed towards the parents and godparents in terms of guiding this new member of the Church in their faith. Prior to Vatican II, the words to baptize an infant were a shortened version of the words used in Baptizing an adult. b. In the sacrament of Marriage, the bride and groom now face each other and the congregation. Prior to Vatican II, they faced the altar with their backs to the congregation. c. The sacrament for the sick is now referred to as "Anointing of the Sick". Prior to Vatican II it was called, "Extreme Unction". d. The sacrament for forgiveness of sins is now called "Reconciliation". It is celebrated with the community and face to face, one on one, with a priest. Prior to Vatican II it was called, "Confession" or "Penance". It was celebrated sitting in a dark confessional room with a screen dividing them from the priest. 7. Music changed in the church to more modern songs and the community was encouraged to join in.

St. Augustine developed the "Just War Theory", meaning the following: (you just need to know the six titles):

1.Just cause — The war must confront an unquestioned danger. 2. Proper authority — The legitimate authority must declare the war and must be acting on behalf of the people. 3. Right Intention — The reasons for declaring the war must actually be the objectives, not a masking of ulterior motives. 4. Last resort — All reasonable peaceful alternatives must have been exhausted or have been deemed impractical or ineffective. 5. Proportionality —The good that is achieved by waging war must not be outweighed by the harm. What good is it to wage war if it leaves the country in total devastation with no one really being the winner? 6. Probability of success

John Calvin:

A reformer from France. He set up a strict city-state that was run according to a strict moral code. Calvin, too, rejected the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He also believed in predestination, which states that God, regardless of the life people live here on Earth, chooses some people for Heaven and some for Hell. This is decided before anyone is born.

Worship

As to the manner of worship, Luther chose to retain altars and vestments and prepare an order of liturgical service, but with the understanding that no church was bound to follow any set order. As a result, there is no uniform liturgy, and no universal tradition belonging to all branches of the Lutheran body. Each church and congregation handles services their own way.

Nero:

Burned Rome and blamed the Christians.

Council of Chalcedon one of the first four ecumenical councils

Considered the greatest of the first 4 Ecumenical Councils. Called in 451 by the Emperor Marcion. Here the Bishops affirmed the teaching of Pope Leo the Great that Jesus was one person with two natures - Divine and Human - and these two natures did not interfere with or compromise each other.

John Carroll

First American Archbishop

Tertullian

Developed a vocabulary of terms to describe our faith

Pope Francis:

Given name Jorge Mario Bergoglio. He was from Buenos Aires, Argentina

(Blessed Saint) Pope John Paul II:

Given name was Karol Wojtyla. He was from Krakow, Poland.

Blessed Saint Pope John Paul II

His central theme throughout his 26 year reign as pope was social justice. 1. He placed a new emphasis on human rights and religious freedom. 2. He helped to bring an end to communist Russia and much of Eastern Europe. 3. He called for solidarity among all peoples and reached out to members of the Jewish faith, visiting the Holy Land, the Western Wall, Damascus, Jordan, and the West Bank. 4. He also attempted to initiate dialogue with Muslims. 5. He took many historic trips, offering fellowship to people around the world. 6. Everywhere he went, Pope John Paul II proclaimed the mission of reconciliation. 7. He reached out to the youth of the world, talking to them on matters of faith and morality. 8. He wrote "Theology of the Body", his integrated vision of the human person in terms of human sexuality, marriage, and family life. His encyclicals, "Fides et Ratio" (Faith and Reason), discussing the relationship between the two, and "Evangelium Vitae", (Gospel of Life), discussing the sacredness of human life from conception to natural death, and "Veritatis Splendor", (The Splendor of Truth), discussing humanity's dependence on God and the Divine Law, and real freedom depends on Truth. 9. One of his greatest accomplishments was The Catechism of the Catholic Church, a clear understanding of the Truths of our faith. Published in 1992.

The Crusades:

Holy wars fought to take the Holy Land back from the Muslims. There were four major Crusades between 1097 and 1204. The first one was the most successful with the Christian armies taking control of Jerusalem and the surrounding lands.

Pope Pius X

Instituted the practice of children receiving the Eucharist as soon as they were old enough to understand that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist. Prior to this change, children did not receive the Eucharist at all, only adults did. Pope Pius sowed the seeds for change that would soon take root in the Church. In 1954 he was named a saint, the first canonized saint in over two centuries - since 1712 when Saint Pius V was named a saint.

Pope Pius XII:

Led the church through the horrors of WWII and even appointed an archbishop to work with the military. He was highly criticized for not speaking out against Hitler sooner however, Pope Pius XII did speak out against communism in the postwar years through the radio.

The Lord's Supper

Luther also retained the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, but the doctrine of transubstantiation was rejected.

Charles Carroll

Only Catholic to sign the Declaration of Independence

1978 - "The Year of Three popes.

Pope Paul VI died in 1978. Pope John Paul I was then elected pope, but sadly he died just 33 days later (one of the shortest reigns in Church history). Pope John Paul II was elected as the third pope for that year.

Lateran Treaty of 1929:

Pope Pius XI negotiated treaties with the Italian president, Benito Mussolini and with Adolf Hitler, leader of communist Germany. Here the Italian government recognized Vatican City as an independent, sovereign state for the first time in over 50 years.

Vatican II - An Ecumenical Council for Renewal. a.

The Second Vatican Council (commonly called Vatican II) was the 21st Ecumenical Council. It called for a modernization of some church practices as a means of opening a dialogue with the world and better spreading the good news of the Gospel. Contrary to some belief, Vatican II changed no doctrines of the Church, since doctrine can never change.

Vatican ll c.

The Second Vatican Council opened on October 11th, 1962. More than two thousand five hundred Fathers were present at the opening Mass -- the greatest gathering at any Council in the history of the Church. The task of the Council must be to find ways by which the Church can present itself to the modern world of today and can reach into the minds and hearts of men. The Council must not become a school where theologians can perfect their formulation of Catholic Truth. Thus the Second Vatican Council was called by Pope John XXIII in 1962, and continued under Pope Paul VI until 1965 when it issued "The Documents of Vatican II," each on different aspects of church teaching and doctrine. The spirit and attitude of these documents were remarkably different from any the Roman Church had ever produced. They were full of scriptural references, and did not include any blatant "curses" on those who did not agree (as previous councils had done).

Ecumenical Councils:

There have been 21 Ecumenical Councils held in the history of the church. They call together the pope and bishops of the whole world. At each council, they live out their role as teachers, guiding the faithful of the Church and helping to clarify the Church's doctrines throughout the ages.

Anabaptists: "Rebaptizers":

They were more radical than Zwingli. They rejected the validity of infant baptism so they baptized adults again. They rejected both the authority of the church and the civil government. They wanted to live their lives in their own isolated communities. The Amish and the Mennonites are examples of Anabaptists.

St. Ignatius of Antioch:

Third Bishop of Antioch (Ancient Greece) after Peter and Evodius. A student of John the Apostle, Ignatius wrote letters on Christian theology. He envisioned the church as "universal/world-wide and was the first to call the Church "Catholic". Jesus held Ignatius in his arms, when Ignatius was just a child, and blessed him. Ignatius is an Apostolic Father of the Church.

Pope Clement V

a French Bishop from Avignon, France moved the papacy to France when he was elected Pope in 1305. He appointed mostly French cardinals who, in turn, continued to elect French popes. The papacy remained in France until Pope Gregory XI finally moved it back to Rome in 1377. (He died that same year and this was the beginning of the "antipope" years).

The Vatican Radio

began in 1931 under Pope Pius XI. He wanted a way to evangelize the Good News of Jesus Christ to all nations. It became, the voice of the Vatican, providing a central source from which to broadcast daily news and events of the Vatican. The Mass is broadcast every morning in Latin, the official language of the Church.

St. Benedict

founded Monasticism in the western countries and developed Rules for the monks to live by every day. His sister was St. Scholastica who began a community of women who lived in a separate monastery and followed the same Rules to live by. Monasteries were centers of learning, prayer, and work. The monks would also teach the sons of kings and copy bible manuscripts. Some were known to make their own wine. A women's monastery during the Dark Ages was called an Abbey. The head of the Abbey was an "Abbess".

Blessed Saint Pope John XXIII:

he convened the 21 Ecumenical Council (Vatican II) in 1962, the first since Vatican 1 in 1870. He wanted to bring the Church up to date in the modern world and for the council to study the unchanging Truths of the Christian faith - scripture and the teachings of our early Fathers of the Church - and communicate these Truths in ways understandable to people in the modern world. This was the largest gathering of any council in the history of the Church and the first "world-wide "council. Pope John XXIII wrote a number of encyclicals: Mater et Magistra (Mother and teacher) and Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth), both discussing social justice, calling everyone to universal peace in truth, justice, charity, and liberty.

Vatican City

in Rome, Italy, is the city in which the Pope resides and governs the Catholic Church.

indulgences

initially came about because Pope Leo needed money to build St. Peter's Basilica. This money helped to finance the cost of this great cathedral.

"rack"

is an instrument of torture by which a person's joints were pulled apart until they confessed their sin of heresy. This was used by the Investiture Court of the Church, known as The Inquistion.

Pentecost

is the birthday of the church. It is also the feast day commemorating the decent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles.

Mecca,

located in Saudi Arabia, is the Islamic religion's holiest city.

St. Thomas Aquinas: One of the greatest theologians of our faith

nicknamed the "Dumb Ox" when he was younger because he was large for his age and quiet. He was a Dominican friar, a scholar, and a professor in Paris. St. Thomas was the first theologian to study other beliefs and philosophers, such as Aristotle and other pagan authors. Learning their arguments, along with his own powerful gift of reason, he was able to defend the Christian faith and help people gain a better understanding of it. He wrote "Suma Theologica", the most important points of theology.

Ulrich Zwingli:

reformer from Switzerland. He rejected the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He replaced the Mass with a memorial service commemorating the Last Super. He also declared that the bible was the ONLY source of faith and encouraged everyone to interpret the book for themselves. Luther thought Zwingli was too radical.

Muhammad:

the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān. Our present Pope is from Argentina; his given name was Jorge Mario Bergoglio, and his chosen name as Pope is Francis.

The secret symbol

used to find other Christians in the early Christian era, when it was illegal to practice Christianity, was a fish drawn in the dirt by both parties: one drawing the top of the fish with an arc; the other drawing the bottom of the fish with an arc.

John F. Kennedy

was elected the first Catholic president of the United States in November, 1960.

King Henry VIII

was the king of England who began the Anglican Church, the Church of England, after the Pope refused to grant him an annulment from his wife because she could not produce a son, an heir to his throne. He was a great "Defender of our faith" (given this title by the pope) and even spoke out against Martin Luther until he wanted to be granted this annulment.

Gutenberg

was the name of the first bible written on the printing press.

Baltimore Catechism

was the system of learning the faith for Catholics from 1885 until the late 1960's. It was a straight forward, question and answer textbook.

Barbarians

were groups of uncivilized people who attacked and conquered the Roman Empire, destroying all that was in their path.