9-10

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus? A) rabies B) Lyme disease C) syphilis D) toxic shock syndrome E) tuberculosis

A

Which of the following structures is the location of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood?A) trachea B) bronchioles C) alveoli D) bronchi E) pleura

C

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs A) initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body. B) must be maintained higher than atmospheric pressure. C) must be maintained lower than atmospheric pressure. D) gradually elevates as air enters the lungs. E) rapidly elevates.

A

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks A) its own connective tissue. B) the brain. C) the spleen. D) its own antibodies. E) heart tissue.

A

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgG D) IgM E) IgE

A

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane? A) natural killer cells B) B lymphocytes C) basophils D) T lymphocytes E) macrophages

A

How does external respiration differ from internal respiration? A) External respiration is done only by some amphibians, which can exchange gases through their skin. B) External respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids. C) External respiration involves gills, whereas internal respiration involves lungs. D) Internal respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas external respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids. E) External respiration refers to gas exchange, regardless of its location, whereas internal respiration refers to the cellular process that metabolizes glucose and results in the production of ATP.

B

In which one of the following situations is hemoglobin most likely to bind oxygen? A) in a tissue with a low partial pressure of oxygen B) in a tissue with a neutral pH C) in a tissue with a high temperature D) in a tissue with a low pH E) in a metabolically active tissue (e.g., muscle)

B

Oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart A) by entering the right atrium and continuing through the aortic arch. B) via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circuit. C) on the left side of the heart following returning from the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. D) right to left. E) only through the coronary arteries.

B

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by A) producing alkaline secretions. B) having keratin in the uppermost layer. C) production of antibodies. D) the adhesion junction in the skin preventing bacteria from entering. E) releasing macrophages on the skin surface.

B

When air entering the respiratory tract leaves the pharynx, it next enters the A) bronchioles. B) larynx. C) alveoli. D) bronchi. E) sinuses.

B

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine? A) IgG B) IgE C) IgD D) IgM E) IgA

B

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)? A) natural killer cells B) eosinophils C) neutrophils D) B lymphocytes E) basophils

B

Which one of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive? A) Oxygen is an important source of energy for cells and is used to make glucose. B) Oxygen is essential for the production of most of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions. C) Oxygen must be available to cells in order for them to make the sugars necessary to supply energy for cell functions. D) Oxygen is used to drive the anaerobic breakdown of sugars for the production of ATP. E) Oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide, which is then used to drive the production of ADP.

B

Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response? A) interferon B) cytokines C) antibodies D) complement E) histamine

B

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen? A) It is located in the lower portion of the thoracic cavity. B) Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood. C) White pulp of the spleen contains macrophages that kill microorganisms circulating in the lymph. D) Red pulp of the spleen contains primarily lymphocytes. E) The spleen has the same functions as the tonsils.

B

Which one of the following is a symptom of botulism?A) elevated stroke volume B) paralysis of muscles used for breathing C) cough yielding green phlegm D) immune system attack of connective tissue E) rash

B

Which one type of cells is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies? A) red bone marrow B) B lymphocytes C) T lymphocytes D) macrophages E) natural killer cells

B

Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat? A) thymus B) adenoids C) lymphocytes D) platelets E) red blood cells

C

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system? A) T suppressor cell B) T memory cell C) T helper cell D) cytotoxic T cell E) natural killer cells

C

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice? A) Cranberry juice contains chemicals that kill viruses and bacteria. B) The increased volume of fluid in the bladder causes bacterial cells to burst as they absorb the excess fluid. C) Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce. D) Cranberry juice increases the efficiency of urine production by the kidneys. E) Cranberry juice enhances the action of phagocytic cells.

C

What is TRUE regarding lymph nodes? A) They are located only in the digestive tract and neck. B) They remove microorganisms and abnormal cells from the lymph and return them to blood circulation. C) Macrophages but not lymphocytes can be found within lymph nodes. D) They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells. E) Lymph flows from the lymph vessels to the urinary system.

D

Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated? A) B lymphocyte B) plasma cell C) macrophage D) T lymphocyte E) natural killer cell

D

Which one of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime? A) The immune system has a hard time identifying the viruses that cause the colds. B) The viruses that cause these colds constantly produce new antibodies, which cause the symptoms. C) These individuals do not produce enough white blood cells. D) The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure. E) The B cells of these individuals destroy their T cells.

D

Which one of the following muscles separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? A) intercostal B) intracostal C) cardiac D) diaphragm E) spleen

D

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from A) macrophages. B) B cells. C) neutrophils. D) phagocytes. E) mast cells.

E

Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by A) bacteria. B) viruses. C) parasitic worms. D) lice and ticks. E) prions.

A

Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include A) bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not. B) bacterial ribosomes are larger than those of humans. C) protein synthesis in bacteria is identical to that in human cells. D) bacterial cells have a cell membrane, human cells do not. E) human and bacterial DNA are enclosed in a nucleus.

A

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an) A) allergen. B) antibody. C) plasma cell. D) allergy. E) perforin.

A

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin? A) IgM B) IgG C) IgA D) IgD E) MHC

B

Ebola virus can be transmitted via A) fruit fallen from a tree. B) direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person. C) agriculture/crops in an epidemic area. D) any contact, like a handshake.

B

All of the following are involved in the process of breathing EXCEPT which one? A) bones B) respiratory system C) circulatory system D) skeletal muscles E) nervous system

C

Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as A) phagocytic. B) antipathogenic responses. C) nonspecific mechanisms. D) lymphomas. E) specific mechanisms.

C

During a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea? A) closure of the soft palate B) cartilage C) smooth muscle D) epiglottis E) skeletal muscle

C

During the ingestion of food or liquid, which one of the following tips to block the opening to the trachea? A) pharynx B) bronchi C) epiglottis D) bronchioles E) larynx

C

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form? A) free carbon dioxide gas B) oxyhemoglobin C) soluble bicarbonate ion D) bound to hemoglobin E) carbon monoxide

C

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially A) assumes the correct folding orientation for the protein. B) stops the cascade of misfolding events associated with adjacent cells. C) becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins. D) differentiates into a nonreplicating virus. E) differentiates into a replicating virus.

C

The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers indicates these steps in the CORRECT order? 1. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. 2. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed. 3. The foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. 4. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. 5. The foreign cell is contained within a vesicle. A) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 B) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 C) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 D) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3 E) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

C

The respiratory control center is located A) in the pulmonary veins. B) in the pulmonary arteries. C) in the medulla oblongata. D) in the right lung. E) throughout the arteries.

C

Ventilation refers to the process by which A) gases are exchanged between the cells and the lungs. B) gases are exchanged between the air and the blood. C) air moves into and out of the lungs. D) gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells. E) ATPs are produced.

C

Which of the following are proteins in the blood that can be activated to lyse bacterial cells, mark other bacterial cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation? A) albumins B) antibodies C) complement D) interferons E) lymphokines

C

Which of the following body fluids does not transmit HIV from human to human? A) blood B) semen C) saliva D) vaginal fluid E) breast milk

C

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to A) promote the exchange of nutrients with both lungs. B) allow gas exchange between the lungs and the blood stream. C) allow white blood cells and macrophages access to foreign antigens entering the body through air. D) function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation. E) serve as a shock absorber for the lungs during body movement.

D

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as A) expiratory reserve volume. B) tidal volume. C) inspiratory reserve volume. D) dead space volume. E) vital capacity.

D

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they A) warm air to body temperature. B) contain only smooth muscle. C) filter and humidify air. D) can have alveoli attached to them. E) are lined by a ciliated epithelium.

D

The bubonic plague epidemic that swept through Europe between 1348 and 1350 A.D. was induced by a(n) A) virus. B) prion. C) protozoan. D) bacterium. E) unidentified eukaryotic organism.

D

Which one of the following would result in passive immunity? A) vaccination B) past occurrence of an infection or disease C) production of memory cells D) movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child E) stimulation of T cells and B cells by an antigen

D

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one? A) tears B) resident bacteria C) skin surface D) earwax E) antibodies

E

Arrange the following entries in the order in which air contacts them as air is drawn into the body. a. trachea b. bronchiole c. pharynx d. alveoli e. larynx A) e, c, b, a, d B) c, a, e, d, b C) b, d, a, c, e D) c, a, e, b, d E) c, e, a, b, d

E

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell? A) It is released into the lymph system for removal from the body. B) It is released into the digestive tract for removal from the body. C) The macrophage is attacked by antibodies, killing the cell and bacterium. D) Antibodies penetrate the macrophage to lyse the bacterial cell. E) The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

E