9 Maslow
14. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs concept, A. lower level needs have prepotency over higher level needs. B. higher level needs have prepotency over lower level needs. C. esteem needs must be satisfied before love and belongingness needs become motivators. D. aesthetic needs must be satisfied before cognitive needs become motivators.
A
17. According to Maslow, a woman whose physiological needs are inadequately satisfied will be motivated to A. satisfy physiological needs. B. satisfy safety needs. C. find companionship. D. satisfy esteem needs. E. become self-actualizing.
A
29. According to Abraham H. Maslow, which of the following is a characteristic of self-actualizing people? A. They prevent their basic human needs from being suppressed by culture. B. They are dependent on the satisfaction of either love or esteem needs. C. They are unable to maintain their feelings of self-esteem when scorned or rejected by other people. D. They depend on the lower level needs that gave them birth.
A
35. Maslow hypothesized that A. the order of needs may be reversed in certain cases. B. love and belongingness needs must be satisfied more fully than physiological needs. C. the satisfaction of neurotic needs leads to psychological health. D. people must satisfy one need completely before any other need can become a motivator. E. cognitive needs must be satisfied before conative needs become motivators.
A
36. Maslow believed that all behaviors A. have a cause. B. are aimed at satisfying self-actualization needs. C. are consciously motivated. D. All of the answers are correct.
A
39. According to Maslow, _____ behavior is usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within a person rather than by the environment. A. expressive B. neurotic C. coping D. actualizing E. Taoistic
A
54. Which of the following statements is true of metamotivation? A. It is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior. B. It is the motivation that leads to basic anxiety when thwarted. C. It differentiates higher level needs from lower level needs. D. It differentiates instinctoid needs from noninstinctoid needs.
A
60. According to Maslow, self-actualizing people are A. relatively well satisfied with regard to their basic needs. B. more likely to be men than women. C. more likely to be young than old. D. motivated by deficiency needs.
A
66. In the context of the characteristics of self-actualizers, which of the following statements is true of them in comparison with non-self-actualizers with regard to their acceptance of self? A. They lack defensiveness, phoniness, and self-defeating guilt. B. They have low appetites for food, sleep, and sex. C. They expect perfection in themselves and others. D. They are overly critical of their own shortcomings.
A
7. As a college student, Maslow experienced which fortuitous event that changed his life? A. He kissed his first cousin Bertha Goodman. B. He came close to death after being stoned by an anti-Semitic gang of men. C. He met Karen Horney at an APA convention. D. He converted to Catholicism.
A
70. Maslow held that a self-actualizing person is likely to A. feel comfortable when alone. B. demand complexity and variety in life. C. depend on others for the satisfaction of esteem needs. D. value means rather than ends.
A
76. In the context of the characteristics of self-actualizing people, which of the following statements is true of them with regard to interpersonal relations? A. They have limited and intense close friendships. B. They are never misunderstood or despised by others. C. They form intimate interpersonal relationships with infantile people. D. They refrain from forming deep and intense relationships.
A
79. According to Maslow, the humor of self-actualizers is A. intrinsic to the situation. B. well planned. C. hostile. D. All of the answers are correct. E. intrinsic to the situation and hostile.
A
8. As a child, Maslow A. felt shy, inferior, and depressed. B. felt closer to his mother than to his father. C. was deeply religious and aspired to become a rabbi. D. was both athletic and popular.
A
80. Maslow claimed that self-actualizers' abilities to detach from their surroundings and to transcend any particular society are characteristic of their A. resistance to enculturation. B. metapathology. C. peak experiences. D. philosophical sense of humor.
A
86. Maslow's Jonah complex is characterized by A. the fear of being one's best. B. self-love and narcissism. C. many peak experiences. D. an exaggerated striving for superiority. E. an insatiable desire for seafood.
A
9. Maslow's feelings toward his mother were marked by A. hatred and animosity. B. affection and respect. C. a clinging dependence. D. indifference. E. B-love.
A
92. The term _____ refers to a new field of psychology that combines an emphasis on hope, optimism, and well-being with scientific research and assessment. A. positive psychology B. holism C. self-actualization D. intrinsic psychology
A
93. In general, studies using the POI and the Short Index of the POI have found that self-actualizing people usually A. resist or reject socially desirable cultural standards. B. are low on creativity. C. lack close interpersonal relationships. D. All of the answers are correct.
A
64. According to Maslow, self-actualizing people are characterized by A. a strong desire to achieve self-actualization. B. spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness. C. a self-centered approach to life's problems. D. an intolerance of ambiguity. E. defensiveness, seriousness, and extraversion.
B
65. In Maslow's theory, which of the following is not a characteristic of self-actualizing people? A. self-acceptance B. being people-centered rather than problem-centered C. autonomy D. philosophical sense of humor E. resistance to enculturation
B
67. Which of the following is a characteristic of self-actualizing people? A. They are self-centered and tend to see all the world's problems in relation to themselves. B. They are concerned with eternal problems and adopt a solid philosophical basis for handling these problems. C. They are unable to maintain their feelings of self-esteem when scorned or rejected by other people. D. They consider their occupations as merely a means to earning a living.
B
73. According to Abraham H. Maslow, which of the following statements is true of peak experiences? A. During such experiences, people experience fear, anxiety, and conflict. B. People having a peak experience see the whole universe as unified or all in one piece. C. Peak experiences are unnatural and separated from normal human makeup. D. Peak experiences are motivating, striving, and wishing.
B
77. Maslow believed that people often experience a disorientation in time and space, a loss of self- consciousness, an unselfish attitude and an ability to transcend everyday polarities during A. self-actualization. B. peak experiences. C. metapathology. D. desacralization.
B
81. For Maslow, B-love is A. a result of peak experiences. B. unmotivated, expressive behavior. C. motivated by the desire to possess another. D. a source of anxiety.
B
84. Which of these items on the Personal Orientation Inventory is most likely to be endorsed by a self-actualizing person? A. "I feel uncomfortable with anything less than a perfect performance." B. "My moral values are self-determined." C. "Two people will get along best if each concentrates on pleasing the other." D. "I believe the federal government is conspiring against me."
B
89. According to Maslow, most people who seek therapy probably have the most trouble satisfying their _____ needs. A. safety B. love and belongingness C. esteem D. self-actualization E. aesthetic
B
94. Maslow's methods of investigation and approach to studying self-actualizing people A. are seen as ideal models of scientific psychology. B. are subject to severe criticism. C. replicate his original studies very easy. D. are seen as ideal models of scientific psychology and replicate his original studies very easy. E. None of the answers is correct.
B
95. In his concept of humanity, Maslow insisted that people A. are inherently evil but can overcome their basic nature through productive interpersonal relationships. B. have the basic potential for improvement and growth. C. can be placed on a hierarchy, with some individuals being innately superior to others. D. have the same needs as all other animals.
B
10. As a student at Wisconsin, Maslow worked closely with A. Carl Rogers. B. Raymond Cattell. C. Harry Harlow. D. Julian Rotter. E. Gordon Allport.
C
13. Which of the following is not an assumption underlying Maslow's theory of motivation? A. People are continually motivated by one need or another. B. Unconscious forces lie behind much of surface motivation. C. People in different cultures have different basic needs. D. Human needs can be arranged on a hierarchy. E. The whole person is motivated as a unit.
C
15. In Maslow's hierarchy theory, the most basic needs of any person are A. self-actualization needs. B. cognitive needs. C. physiological needs. D. love and belongingness needs.
C
21. Maslow claimed that safety needs differ from physiological needs in that they A. are the most prepotent set of needs. B. represent B-values. C. cannot be overly satiated. D. are metamotivated. E. represent B-values and are metamotivated.
C
26. Maslow included the needs for self-respect, confidence, competence, and the respect of others under A. safety needs. B. love and belongingness needs. C. esteem needs. D. neurotic needs.
C
31. Maslow said that when cognitive needs are not satisfied, a person becomes A. motivated by conative needs. B. motivated by love and belongingness needs. C. pathological. D. self-actualizing. E. a college professor.
C
32. In Maslow's theory of needs, people become neurotic A. when they satisfy their neurotic needs. B. when they do not satisfy their neurotic needs. C. regardless of whether they satisfy their neurotic needs. D. after they have reached self-actualization.
C
34. Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs and heroes who risk their lives to save others illustrate Maslow's notion of A. B-values. B. metamotivation. C. reversed order of needs. D. self-actualization. E. neurotic needs.
C
40. According to Abraham H. Maslow, which of the following statements is true of expressive behavior? A. It fails to continue in the absence of reinforcement or reward. B. It is always motivated by some deficit need. C. It is determined by forces within a person rather than by the environment. D. It is ordinarily conscious and requires learning and effort.
C
43. Maslow believed that metapathology results from A. modifications of expressive behavior. B. satiation of self-actualization needs. C. deprivation of self-actualization needs. D. adopting a Taoistic attitude. E. transcending peak experiences.
C
45. If deprivation of a need leads to pathology, then Maslow would say that this need is A. learned. B. physiological. C. instinctoid. D. neurotic. E. unrealistic.
C
50. According to Abraham H. Maslow, which of the following was a quality possessed by self-actualizing people? A. They avoided living above the subsistence level of existence. B. They refrained from embracing B-values. C. They had no obligation to love everyone. D. They were prone to psychopathology.
C
52. Metamotivation, according to Maslow, A. is characterized by coping behavior rather than expressive behavior. B. is associated with deficiency needs. C. differentiates self-actualizers from non-self-actualizers. D. All of the answers are correct.
C
59. Maslow listed four criteria for reaching self-actualization, including A. having complete freedom from any type of psychopathology. B. achieving total satisfaction of all lower needs. C. being motivated by the B-values. D. having solved all interpersonal problems.
C
63. Maslow believed that self-actualizers A. are frequently self-critical. B. hold extremely high standards of personal conduct for themselves and others. C. are not burdened by undue anxiety or shame. D. have a need to instruct, inform, and convert others.
C
68. In the context of the characteristics of self-actualizers, which of the following statements is true of their need for privacy in comparison with non-self-actualizers? A. They lack the quality of detachment that leads them to be always surrounded by people. B. They become involved in minute problems of others because of their need for belongingness. C. They are self-movers, resisting society's attempts to make them adhere to convention. D. They gain love and acceptance by trying their best to impress others.
C
71. During Abraham H. Maslow's study of self-actualizers, he made the unexpected discovery that many of his people had had _____ that were mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence. A. psychosocial experiences B. recurring dreams C. peak experiences D. astral projections
C
72. For Maslow, a peak experience A. is achievable by all self-actualizers. B. can be attained by an act of will. C. may occur at unexpected, ordinary moments. D. is achievable by all self-actualizers and can be attained by an act of will. E. can be attained by an act of will and may occur at unexpected, ordinary moments.
C
74. Maslow found that self-actualizing people A. have a wider circle of friends than other people. B. do not enjoy food or sex as much as other people. C. are more likely than other people to have peak experiences. D. tend to be quite similar to each other.
C
75. Self-actualizers' identification with humanity and genuine interest in helping others reflect their A. basic anxiety. B. needs for love and belongingness. C. social interest. D. Taoistic attitude. E. peak experiences.
C
87. According to Abraham H. Maslow, the Jonah complex is characterized by A. a fear of failure. B. feelings of insecurity in the presence of perfection. C. attempts to run away from one's destiny. D. a block at the level of love and belongingness needs.
C
9. Maslow would say that the autonomy of self-actualizers is seen in their A. strong desire to lead others. B. inability to get along with others. C. indifference to criticism or flattery. D. lack of close friends.
C
90. Maslow believed that the impulse toward growth and self-actualization A. is characteristic of animals as well as humans. B. is the result of courage and determination. C. is a natural characteristic of humans. D. is usually thwarted by the satisfaction of metaneeds.
C
12. Maslow assumed that A. motivation is usually complex. B. people are continually motivated by one need or another. C. people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs or desires. D. All of the answers are correct.
D
16. Each ascending step in Maslow's hierarchy of needs represents A. a lower need, but one less basic to survival. B. a higher need, but one more basic to survival. C. a lower need, but one more basic to survival. D. a higher need, but one less basic to survival.
D
18. Maslow held that physiological needs differ from other needs in that they A. can be completely satisfied. B. can be overly satisfied. C. have a recurring nature. D. All of the answers are correct.
D
41. Expressive behavior differs from coping behavior in that expressive behavior A. is ordinarily learned and determined by the environment. B. is always motivated by some deficit need. C. involves an individual's attempts to cope with his or her environment. D. has no goals and is merely a person's mode of expression.
D
46. According to Maslow, instinctoid needs A. cannot be modified by learning. B. are learned via secondary reinforcement. C. are usually temporary. D. are often weaker than cultural forces. E. need not be satisfied in order for a person to attain psychological health.
D
47. Instinctoid needs differ from noninstinctoid needs in that instinctoid needs A. do not result in any pathological illness when thwarted. B. are usually temporary and their satisfaction is not a prerequisite for health. C. are not species-specific and animal instincts can be used as a model for studying human motivation. D. are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning.
D
53. According to Maslow, metamotivation is A. a characteristic of psychotic individuals. B. the need for friendship and acceptance by others. C. a drive to do one's best and to achieve fame. D. the motivation of self-actualizing people.
D
55. According to Maslow, the 14 B-values A. distinguish self-actualizing people from those healthy people who do not reach self-actualization. B. are so highly interrelated that they probably represent a single factor. C. will probably become 20 or 25 in number as people become more self-actualizing. D. distinguish self-actualizing people from those whose psychological growth is stunted after they reach esteem needs.
D
57. Maslow suggested that self-actualizers and some neurotic and psychotic individuals may have which of the following characteristics in common? A. a heightened sense of reality B. mystical experiences C. detachment from others D. all of the answers are correct. E. none of the answers is correct.
D
6. Maslow criticized both psychoanalysis and behaviorism for their A. overemphasis on unconscious motivation. B. inability to successfully treat neurosis. C. unscientific viewpoints on personality. D. limited views of humanity.
D
82. In Maslow's terminology, D-love is _____ love. A. defeated B. destructive C. determined D. deficiency E. delightful
D
88. Maslow suggested that people tend to avoid growth and self-fulfillment because of A. physical limitations of the body. B. the necessity for humility. C. the Jonah complex. D. All of the answers are correct.
D
11. Maslow adopted the _____ approach to motivation. A. dualistic B. homeostatic C. philosophical D. deterministic E. holistic
E
24. Maslow contended that people who have never received love A. suffer from basic anxiety. B. revert to satisfying more prepotent needs. C. seek it to the exclusion of all other needs. D. substitute it with aesthetic needs. E. may eventually devalue it.
E
25. According to Maslow, when people's esteem needs are relatively well satisfied, they A. become motivated by physiological needs. B. automatically become motivated by self-actualization needs. C. become motivated by B-love. D. seek a D-love relationship with at least one other person. E. None of the answers is correct.
E
44. According to Maslow, instinctoid needs A. result in pathology when frustrated. B. are common among all mammals. C. can be altered through learning. D. All of the answers are correct. E. result in pathology when frustrated and can be altered through learning.
E
48. Maslow believed that esteem and self-actualization needs A. are instinctoid. B. are biological. C. are later on the evolutionary scale than are physiological needs. D. result in pathology when frustrated. E. All of the answers are correct.
E
61. Maslow believed that self-actualizers A. frequently engage in wishful thinking. B. are relatively indifferent to external reality. C. are poor observers of others. D. have little tolerance for ambiguity. E. None of the answers is correct.
E
78. Maslow believed that self-actualizers are relatively unaware of superficial differences among people of different ages, genders, or social classes. This lack of awareness reflects their A. efficient perception of reality. B. conative needs. C. discrimination between means and ends. D. peak experiences. E. democratic character structure.
E
51. For Maslow, B-values A. are indicators of psychological health. B. motivate people who have conquered A-values. C. motivate children more frequently than adults. D. are indicators of psychopathology.
A
56. According to Maslow, people who do not embrace the B-values suffer from A. metapathology. B. individuation. C. basic anxiety. D. lack of self-esteem.
A
62. According to Abraham H. Maslow, which of the following statements is true of self-actualizers in comparison with non-self-actualizers in the context of their perception of reality? A. They perceive ultimate values more clearly. B. They find it difficult to detect phoniness in others. C. They have a lower tolerance for ambiguity. D. They are more likely to see the world as they wish it to be.
A
27. Maslow found that self-actualization needs become potent when A. love and belongingness needs have been met. B. B-values are embraced. C. neurotic needs are satisfied. D. All of the answers are correct.
B
85. Several studies have found that when people were instructed to "fake good" or "make a favorable impression" when filling out the Personal Orientation Inventory, they scored A. in the high range of self-actualization. B. in the direction away from self-actualization. C. in the neurotic and psychotic range. D. within the normal range; the instructions had no effects on their responses.
B
91. Maslow contended that scientists should _____ science. A. desacralize B. resacralize C. ignore D. venerate
B
49. According to Abraham H. Maslow, higher level needs differ from lower level needs in that higher level needs A. are earlier on the evolutionary scale. B. appear earlier during the course of individual development. C. produce more happiness when satisfied. D. produce less peak experiences.
C
83. According to Abraham H. Maslow, the concept of _____ refers to the type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonder, awe, and rapture. A. metapathology B. enculturation C. desacralization D. intentionality
C
42. According to Maslow, coping behavior is usually A. learned. B. conscious. C. effortful. D. All of the answers are correct.
D
58. Which of the following was not used by Maslow as a criterion for self-actualization? A. absence of psychopathology B. freedom from personal problems C. gratification of lower level needs D. acceptance of the B-values
B
19. Maslow claimed that safety needs are most likely to be strong motivators for A. hungry people. B. children. C. self-actualizing people. D. people who are having trouble making friends. E. coal miners.
B
20. Maslow classified the needs for law, order, and structure as A. physiological needs. B. safety needs. C. neurotic needs. D. metaneeds. E. transcendent needs.
B
22. According to Maslow, an individual's inability to satisfy safety needs results in A. metamotivation. B. basic anxiety. C. peak experiences. D. autonomy. E. expressive behavior.
B
23. Maslow claimed that love and belongingness needs are strongest in people who have A. never experienced love and belongingness. B. received love and belongingness only in small doses. C. their love and belongingness needs satisfied. D. their self-actualization needs satisfied.
B
28. The needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are _____ needs. A. cognitive B. conative C. neurotic D. aesthetic
B
30. According to Maslow, a person surrounded by beauty and order would ordinarily satisfy A. cognitive needs. B. aesthetic needs. C. conative needs. D. esteem needs. E. physiological needs.
B
33. According to Maslow, neurotic needs A. decrease as they are satisfied. B. cannot be fully satiated. C. can be self-actualizing. D. foster health when satisfied. E. decrease as they are satisfied and foster health when satisfied.
B
37. Maslow classified behavior that is always motivated and that serves the purpose of satisfying a need as _____ behavior. A. expressive B. coping C. neurotic D. actualizing E. Taoistic
B
38. Maslow believed that all behavior A. is motivated. B. has a cause. C. is motivated and has a cause. D. is neither motivated nor has a cause.
B
4. Maslow was one of the first theorists to emphasize A. early childhood development. B. self-actualization. C. the influence of defense mechanisms on personality development. D. psychological health. E. self-actualization and psychological health.
B
