9.2 Mrs. Bello

NADH Production

During glycolysis, the electron carrier NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and becomes NADH. NADH carries the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they can be used to produce more ATP. 2 NADH molecules are produced for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis.

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

The Krebs Cycle

During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions.

ATP Production (Krebs Cycle)

H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP.

Energy Totals

In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat.

Electron Transport

NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space.

Energy Extraction

Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. Two molecules of CO2 are released. The 4-carbon compound can then start the cycle again by combining with acetyl-CoA. Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. For each turn of the cycle, one ADP molecule is converted into ATP. ATP can directly power the cell's activities. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD each accept pairs of high-energy electrons to form NADH and FADH2.

What happens during the process of glycolysis?

During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of the 3-carbon molecule pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is a reactant in the Krebs cycle. ATP and NADH are produced as part of the process.

What are the advantages of glycolysis?

Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable.

Energy Extraction (Continued)

NADH and FADH2 are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP. Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced.

Citric Acid Production

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion. Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. One molecule of CO2 is also produced. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid.

ATP Production (Glycolysis)

The cell "deposits" 2 ATP molecules into its "account" to get glycolysis going. Glycolysis then produces 4 ATP molecules, giving the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis.

Energy Totals (Continued)

The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places.

How does the electron transport chain use high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

How much energy does cellular respiration generate?

Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain release about 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.