A and P 2 chpt 16 17 20

Humoral stimuli

(<in fluid aka blood lymph, inerstitial fluid ) STIMULI OF ANYTHING IN BLOOD BESIDES CIRCULATING HORMONES. Simplest of hormone controls. Examples of hormones that work this way: parathyroid hormone, insulin, aldosterone. Ex: Decrease in Ca+ ions makes the parathyroid releases PTH (parathyroid hormone) = trigger for increase in Ca+ = decreased need for PTH.

what is leukemia

(It's cancer of your blood cells caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells in your body. They crowd out the red blood cells and platelets your body needs to be healthy. All those extra white blood cells don't work right, and that causes problems.) Blood has three types of cells: white blood cells that fight infection, red blood cells that carry oxygen, and platelets that help blood to clot. Every day, billions of new blood cells are produced in the bone marrow -- most of them red cells. But when you have leukemia, your body makes more white cells than it needs. There are two main types of white blood cells in your body: lymphoid cells and myeloid cells. Leukemia can happen in either type. These leukemia cells can't fight infection the way normal white blood cells do. And because there are so many of them, they start to affect the way your major organs function. Eventually, there aren't enough red blood cells to supply oxygen, enough platelets to clot the blood, or enough normal white blood cells to fight infection. Death is caused by internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections. Treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants.

Water-soluble hormones

(all amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone): act on receptors in the plasma membrane coupled via regulatory molecules called G proteins to one or more intracellular second messengers which mediate the target cell's response. CANNOT PERMEATE THE CELL AND DOCK TO RECEPTORS ON TARGET CELL

amino acid based hormones

(amines and thyroxine) make up most hormones, they vary in size, vary from simple structure to peptides to proteins. All amino acid based hormones are Water-soluble hormones with the exception of thyroid hormone. This means they dock on receptors outside the target cell through g proteins.

Lipid-soluble hormones

(steroid and thyroid hormones): act on intracellular receptors, directly activating genes. CAN GO DIRECTLY THROUGH THE MEMBRANE.

what are one or more of the changes hormone stimulus typically produces (5 of them)

1. Alters membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels. 2. Stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules within cell (AKA enzymes). 3. Activates or deactivates enzymes. 4. Induces secretory activity. 5. Stimulates mitosis.

what is the life span of an erythrocyte? What happens torward the end of the life of a rbc?

100-120 days Dying RBCs are engulfed by macrophages. Heme and globin are separated and the iron is salvaged for reuse. Heme group is degraded into bilirubin (yellow pigment). Picked up by liver cells and secreted in bile.

Adrenal gland? Location? Divisions? Hormones? A) function B) Targets

2 main divisions Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex. Adrenal medulla (part of sympathetic nervous system) secretes epinephrine aka adrenaline and norepinephrine. Fight or flight. adrenal cortex secretes these hormones: Corticosteriods: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): targets kidneys to increase blood levels of Na+ and decrease K+. Since water reabsorption accompanies sodium retention = rise in blood pressure and blood volume. Glucocorticoids: (cortisol)(this is a antianflamitory) targets body cells to produce glucose from other non-carbohydrate sources and promote hyperglycemia, mobilizes fats for energy metabolism, stimulates protein catabolism, assist body to resist stress, depress inflammatory and immune responses. Gonadocorticoids:responsible for female libido, development of pubic and axillary hair in females, source of estrogen after menopause.

how many major lobes are there in the pituitary gland and what are their names

2, posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

what is hemostasis explain the 3 major things that take place? What are the 2 factors that limit the clot growth?

A series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding. During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence. VASCULAR SPASM - immediate vasoconstriction of the blood vessel in response to injury. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION. .With the help of von Willebrand factor (VWF) adhere to collagen.Stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug. Release serotonin and ADP, which attract still more platelets. COAGULATION (blood clotting)-The final three steps of this series of reactions are: Prothrombin activator is formed. Prothrombin is converted into thrombin. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh. Two homeostatic mechanisms prevent clots from becoming large: Swift removal of clotting factors. Inhibition of activated clotting factors.

What is a embolus

A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream pulmonary emboli can impair the bodys ability to obtain oxygen a cerebral emboli can cause a stroke.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal cortex. Promotes release of glucocorticoids (Natural glucocorticoids are steroid hormones with powerful anti-inflammatory effects produced by the human body) and androgens.

what is a agranulocyte? How is it different from a granulocyte?

Agranulocytes, also known as mononuclear leukocytes, are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm, which distinguishes them from granulocytes. ... The 2 types of agranulocytes in the blood circulation are lymphocytes and monocytes.

what are granulocytes? What are the three different forms?

Are all phagocytic cells. Granulocytes are white blood cells that have small granules or particles. These granules contain numerous proteins that are responsible for helping the immune system fight off viruses and bacteria. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are three types of granulocytes.

Prolactin (PRL

Breast secretory tissue. Promotes lactation.

how does t3 and t4 effect carbs,lipids and protein metabolism in your body.

Carbohydrate/lipid/protein metabolism: promotes glucose catabolism; mobilizes fats; essential for protein synthesis, enhances liver's synthesis of cholesterol.

how does t3 and t4 effect the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular System: promotes normal heart function.

what are the main hormones the adrenal medulla has

Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine Sympathetic nervous system target organs: effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation, increase heart rate and metabolic rate, increased blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction. FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE. Hypertension.

what is Cell-Mediated Immunity?

Cell-Mediated or Cellular Immunity: when the lymphocytes themselves defend the body. Has cellular targets: virus-infected or parasite-infected tissue cells, cancer cells and cells of foreign grafts. Act by either directly killing foreign cells or indirectly by releasing chemical mediators that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other lymphocytes/macrophages. T lymphocytes.

what are the erythrocyte functions?

Dedicated to respiratory gas transport. Hemglobin reversibly (can come apart and together and still maintain composition) binds with oxygen and most oxygen in the blood is bound to Hb.

Endocrine vs exocrine whats the difference? name 5 endocrine organs? name some endocrine glands? name some exocrine organs?

ENDOCRINE glands are hormonal glands. DUCTLESS glands, release hormones into surrounding tissue. ENDOCRINE GLANDS-pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal (secretes seratonin and melatonin/sleep hormones) and thymus glands. ENDOCRINE ORGANS: hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries). Exocrine-Non-hormonal glands. Produce sweat and saliva. Have ducts to transport substances to outside the body or onto another surface within the body

Hormonal Stimuli

Endocrine glands release hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs = hormonal stimuli. AKA HORMONES ARE STIMULATING DIFFERENT HORMONES.. Ex: Release of most anterior pituitary hormones regulated by the releasing and inhibiting of hormones produced by hypothalamus. Blood levels of hormones rise (produced by target cells), inhibit anterior pituitary hormones and thus their own release.

which can take longer for a response... Nervous system or endocrine??

Endocrine. (release of hormones can be slower then the nervous which uses electrochemical impulses)

Formed elements What 3 things make up formed elements? how long do most formed elements survive in the bloodstream? Where are most blood cells renewed at?

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements. Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a few days. Most blood cells do not divide but are renewed by cells in bone marrow.

ovaries produce what hormones and what do those hormones do?

Estrogens: responsible for secondary sex characteristics of female puberty. Act w/progesterone to bring about cyclic changes of uterine lining during menstrual cycle. Prepare mammary glands for lactation. Progesterone: acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle. During pregnancy: maintains uterine muscles in quiet state and helps to prepare breast tissue for lactation.

what are the 2 parts that form blood? What are their %? what is the ph of blood? Temp? average amount for man? For a woman?

Formed elements (blood cells,living tissue) 45%.. 45%: erythrocytes transport o2 <1%:leukocytes (wbc)and thrombocytes(platelets) Plasma (fluid matrix, non living tissue) Which is 55% of whole blood contains over 100 solutes Proteins, Organic nutrients, Electrolytes, Respiratory gases The pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. Temperature is 38°C (100.4°F). Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight. Average volume: 5-6 L for males, and 4-5 L for females.

Anterior pituitary

Glandular (aka secretes shit) No direct connection between anterior lobe and hypothalamus, only vascular (blood vessel) connection. Via this system releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the anterior pituitary where they regulate hormone secretion. (amino acid hormones). The major hormones secreted is Growth hormone which encourage cell growth. GH (growth hormone)Anabolic hormone; stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose Liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues TSH Thyroid gland. Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens. Adrenal cortex Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production; in males, stimulates sperm production. Ovaries and testes.

what is hemoatopoiesis? where does it take place? which cell is responsible for this?

Hematopoiesis - blood cell formation. Hematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow of the: Axial skeleton and girdles. Epiphyses of the humerus and femur. Hemocytoblasts give rise to all formed elements.

what is hemorrhagic anemia? Hemolytic anemia? Aplastic anemia? Iron-deficiency anemia? Pernicious anemia? Thalassemias? Sickle-cell anemia?

Hemorrhagic anemia - result of acute or chronic loss of blood. Hemolytic anemia - prematurely ruptured RBCs. Aplastic anemia - destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow. Iron deficiency anemia-A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia. Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods. Impaired iron absorption. Pernicious anemia results from: Deficiency of vitamin B12. Thalassemias - absent or faulty globin chain in Hb. RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb. Sickle-cell anemia - results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin S (HbS). This defect causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations.

posterior pituitary? what are the 2 hormones it secretes and what are their targets

Hormone storage. Not true endocrine gland. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water.Target organ-kidney oxytocin Uterus: Stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor. Breast: Initiates milk ejection.

What is a hormone? how are they classified?

Hormone: chemical substance secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body. amino acid based, steriods,

What are the 3 major types of stimuli endocrine glands are stimulated by

Humoral ((<-in fluid aka blood lymph, inerstitial fluid still floating around and havnt infected a cell), neural, and hormonal.

what is the humoral (<-in fluid aka blood, lymph, inerstitial fluid still floating around and havnt infected a cell) immunity?

Humoral Immunity or Antibody-Mediated Immunity: provided by antibodies present in body's fluids (blood and lymph). Antibodies produced by lymphocytes and circulate freely in blood and lymph, where bind to bacteria, bacteria toxins, and free viruses, inactivating them temporarily and marking them for destruction by phagocytes. Helps form a memory for future "attacks" by the same bacteria and viruses. Vaccines help with this today. B lymphocytes.

what are complete antigens important functional properties?

Immunogenicity - ability to stimulate proliferation (multiply, more) of specific lymphocytes and antibody production. (ability to stimulate antibody productions) Reactivity - ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them. Complete antigens include foreign protein, nucleic acid, some lipids, and large polysaccharides.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka Vasopressin

Kidneys: Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water.

what is mononucleosis?

Kissing disease, highly contagious. Viral disease: Epstein-Barr virus. Young adults. Excessive agranulocytes: atypical. Affected individual = tired, achy, chronic sore throat, & low grade fever. No cure: rest. Runs course in a few weeks.

what is the process of leukocytes formation called?

Leukopoeisis All leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts in bone marrow. Hemocytoblasts differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts or monoblasts. Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts. Myeloblasts develop into eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils. Monoblasts develop into monocytes. Lymphoblasts develop into lymphocytes.

Growth Hormone (GH)? Where is this secreted from? What are its targets?

Liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues. Anabolic hormone; stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose

Pancreas Hormones? Targets?

Located near stomach in abdomen. Soft, triangular gland/organ. Composed of endocrine and exocrine gland cells. glucagon, insulin Glucagon- extremely potent hyperglycemic (adds glucose to the blood) agent. Its major target is the liver Major actions: breakdown of glycogen to glucose, synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and from non-carbohydrate molecules, release of glucose to blood by liver cells = rise in blood glucose levels. Insulin- Main effect occurs right after you eat: lowers blood glucose levels. Opposite of glucagon. (hypoglycemic) Influences protein and fat metabolism. Circulating insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing movement of glucose into body cells esp muscle and fat cells. Inhibits breakdown of glucose from glycogen.

what % of the wbc population is lymphocytes? what are the 2 types? what are their functions?

Lymphocytes = 25% or more of WBC population. Two types: T lymphocytes or T cells and B lymphocytes or B cells. T cells: function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumors. Cell-mediated immunity. B cells: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies that are released into the blood. Humoral(<-in fluid aka blood, lymph, inerstitial fluid still floating around and havnt infected a cell) immunity.

Neural Stimuli

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release. Ex: Sympathetic nervous system stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress.

how does t3 and t4 effect the nervous system

Nervous System: promotes normal development of nervous system in fetus and infant: promotes normal adult nervous system function.

How many nuclei and organells do red blood cells contain?

None

what are Self-Antigens: MHC Proteins? what are the 2 mhc proteins?

Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self-antigens) that are not antigenic to us but are strongly antigenic to others. (this means that our body wont attack it, its basically flags that say "hey this belongs here leave this alone.) when our cells our infected with a virus when they are cancerous they stop producing mhc.. (When this happens phagocytes will kill it.) The two classes of MHC proteins are: Class I MHC proteins - found on virtually all body cells. Class II MHC proteins - found on certain cells in the immune response.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Ovaries and testes. In females stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production; in males, stimulates sperm production.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Ovaries and testes. In females, triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone; in males, promotes testosterone production.

what are the different types of hemoglobin and their traits

Oxyhemoglobin - Hb bound to oxygen. Oxygen loading takes place in the lungs. Deoxyhemoglobin - Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb). Carbaminohemoglobin - Hb bound to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide loading takes place in the tissues.

what is polycythemia and what are the 3 types?

Polycythemia - excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity. Three main polycythemias are: Polycythemia vera Secondary polycythemia Blood doping

Endocrine System

Progressive response. Influences metabolic activity through hormones (chemical messengers released into the blood to be transported through body). Hormones bind to cellular receptors which trigger responses in seconds to even days.

coagulation phase 2

Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin.

Nervous System

Rapid response. Regulates activity of muscles and glands via electrochemical impulses of neurons.(extremely quick responses of organs/muscle,,milliseconds)

what are some of the functions blood performs (name 3) and give examples?

SUBSTANCE DISTRIBUTION EX Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract. Metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination. Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs. regulation of blood levels of particular substances, and body protection. REGULATION EX body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat. Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems. Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. PROTECTION EX prevents blood loss through clotting, prevents infections with wbc's to defend against foreign invaders.

Blood plasma What are its 2 functions? What % water? how many solutes? name some?

Straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water. Functions: transports solutes around body and distributes heat. Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes, including: Proteins - albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others. Lactic acid, urea, creatinine. Organic nutrients - glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids. Electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate. Respiratory gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide.

what are antigens

Substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response. The ultimate targets of all immune responses are mostly large, complex molecules not normally found in the body (nonself).

testes produce what hormone and what does it do

Testosterone: promotes maturation of reproductive system accessory structures, begins development of secondary sex characteristics, responsible for sex drive in males and females (libido)

Coagulation Phase 3

Thrombin catalyzes the polymerization (making a molecule bigger) of fibrinogen into fibrin. (click like legos) Insoluble fibrin strands form the structural basis of a clot. Fibrin causes plasma to become a gel-like trap. Cross-links fibrin. Strengthens and stabilizes the clot.

what are platelets and what is the stupid medical term? how long do they last if they are not involved in clotting?

Thrombocytes Not cells: cytoplasmic fragments of larger megakaryocytes. ¼ diameter of lymphocyte. Essential for clotting process. Stick to damaged site & form temporary plug. Anucleate (no-nucleus) = age quickly & degenerate in 10 days if not involved in clotting. Circulate freely when not involved in clotting. Kept inactive by molecules secreted by endothelial lining of blood vessle system.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid gland. Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone.

what are some factors that prevent undesirable clotting

Unnecessary clotting is prevented by endothelial lining the blood vessels. Platelet adhesion is prevented by: The smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels. Heparin and PGI2 secreted by endothelial cells. Vitamin E quinone, a potent anticoagulant.

Oxytocin

Uterus: Stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor. Breast: Initiates milk ejection.

what is a thrombus?

a blood clot a clot that develops and persists in a unbroken blood vessel can block circulation and cause death coronary thrombosis is a thrombus in a blood vessel of the heart

what is thrombocytopenia?

a condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient. Caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation). Treated with whole blood transfusions.

what is the infundibulum

a funnel shaped stock that connects the pituitary gland to the rest of the hypothalamus.

Local hormones

act locally on the cells that secrete them (autocrines) or act locally but affect cell types other than those that secrete them (paracrines).

How are hormones classified

amino acid based, steriods, and eicosanoids

What is the only fluid connective tissue in the body

blood

what is anemia and what are the signs?

blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a symptom rather than a disease itself. Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism. Signs/symptoms include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

what are the 3 things blood regulates

body temp (by absorbing and distributing heat) normal ph adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

thyroid gland where is it? What are t3 and t4 responsible for? what else does it secrete (3 total including t3 and t4)

butterfly shaped gland largest pure endocrine gland body's major metabolic hormone. Actually two iodine-containing amine hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3). T3 and t4 are responsible for body temp regulation by calorigenesis which is The production of heat via the digestion of food, or action of certain hormones.. Promotes normal oxygen use and basal metabolic rate(the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm.) enhances the effects of sympathetic nervous system. secretes calcitonin. (lowers calcuim levels) vs parathyroid which secretes a hormone that raises calcium level

What is platelets composed of

cell fragments

Hormone

chemical substance secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body.

what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland

cortex (outside) medulla (inside)

Red blood cells What is the stupid medical term? what do they look like and what is the reason for this shape? what protein in rbc helps in gas transport? what do rbc mainly consist of? how is atp generated and why?

erythrocyte They look like cherios with filled in middles (bioconcave) and this shape has a huge surface area Hemoglobin 97% hemoglobin Atp is generated anaerobically which means its created without oxygen. If it was created aerobically then then this would mean it would use all the oxygen it was carrying

erythropoiesis

erythropoiesis

what thing in blood makes it clot

fibrin

what is leukopoeisis?

formation of leukocytes.. Originate from hemocytoblasts (as does ALL FORMED ELEMENTS IN BLOOD) in bone marrow.

Difference Between Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis?

hematopoiesis is the overall process of the production of blood cells while erythropoiesis is a part of hematopoiesis which synthesizes red blood cells or erythrocytes

what are hemophilias?

hereditary bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints. Treatment is with blood transfusions and the injection of missing factors.

parathyroid gland what is it and what does is secrete?

is tiny and yellow brown located on posterior aspect of thyroid gland Typically we have 4 of these glands but it varies from person to person upwards of 8 PTH-protein hormone. Single most important hormone in controlling the calcium balance of blood. Stimulates osteoclasts which break down bone and RAISE CALCIUM LEVELS in the blood (the opposite would be calcitonin which lowers C+ levels)

what is the only blood component that is a complete cell?

leukocytes (white blood cells)

what volume does leukocytes make up? what do they respond to? what is another name for leukocytes?

make up 1% of the total blood volume. they respond to bacterial or viral invasions. white blood cells

What type of system regulates MOST hormone creation (synthesis) and release?? what is a negative feedback system?

negative feedback system (When hormone levels rise = target organ effects and inhibit further hormone release)

coagulation phase 1

once you damage a vessel pro time activator is activated

this gland is the size and shape of a pea

pituitary gland

which glad secretes at least nine hormones

pituitary gland

where is the pituitary gland located?

pituitary gland sella turcica of sphenoid bone

how does t3 and t4 effect the gastrointestinal system

promotes normal GI motility and tone; increases secretion of digestive juices.

how does t3 and t4 effect the integumentary system

promotes normal female reproductive ability and lactation.

how does t3 and t4 effect the reproductive system

promotes normal female reproductive ability and lactation.

how does t3 and t4 effect the skeletal system

promotes normal growth and maturation of the skeleton.

how does t3 and t4 effect the muscular system

promotes normal muscular development and function.

corticosteriods where are theyy synthesized?

rough 2 dozen steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol by adrenal cortex.

steroids hormones?

synthesized from cholesterol. gonadal and adrenocortical hormones. These hormones are lipid soluble which means they pass directly through the membrane into the cell to directly activate the hormones target objective.

what are thrombocytes? what are Erythrocyte? what are Leukocyte? what are granulocytes? -Name the 3 different types? what are agranulocytes? -name the 2 diff types?

thrombocytes- platelets erythrocytes- rbc leukocytes- wbc Granulocytes- Are a category of white blood cells (Leukocytes) characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. Neutrophil, eosiniphil, basophil. Neutrophil- kill bacteria (our bodies bacteria slayers) eosinophil-kill parasitic worms basophil- release histamine and other creators of inflammation. Agranulocytes- are a category of white blood cells without visible granules. they have 2 categories.. LYMPHOCYTES, AND MONOCYTES. Lymphocytes- account for 25% or more of WBC's.. There are 2 types T CELLS and B CELLS. T cells- immune responce B cells-give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies Monocytes- phagocytosis develop into macrophages in the tissues.

Circulating hormones

travel long distances through blood or lymph throughout the body to reach target tissue (organ, muscle, gland) to carry out effect.

what are the factors that limit clot growth or formation

two homeostatic mechanisms prevent clots from becoming large: Swift removal of clotting factors. Inhibition of activated clotting factors.