A & P (2020) - MAP Block 1

The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except

the kidney

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

amino acid derivatives

Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which heart chamber does this blood flow? (Module 18.4B)

coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

exposure to light stimulates production

A hematocrit provides information on

formed elements abundance

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

Which endocrine effect on normal growth is correct?

If thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or the first year of life, the nervous system will not develop normally, and mental retardation will result

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?

K

Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant Rh women? (Module 17.8B)

RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies, which circulate in the mothers' bloodstream to destroy any fetal RBCs there, thereby preventing the mother from making antibodies against the developing fetus's red blood cells.

Define endocrine system (Module 16.3A)

The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines

Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A)

The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum

Describe the locations of the parathyroid glands. (Module 16.9A)

They are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O- blood? (Module 17.7C)

They can receive only O- blood

What effects would increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids have on the pituitary secretion on ACTH? (Module 16.7C)

They would inhibit the release of CRH which would stimulate the secretion of ACTH

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)

To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines

With large numbers of erythrocytes dying and being replaced every day, what happens to the heme released from the erythrocytes?

heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin

The muscle layer of the heart is the

myocardium

Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addison's disease

Describe the areas of heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. (Module 18.5A)

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.

Describe the structural classification of hormones. (Module 16.2A)

The structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as prohormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol).

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus. (Module 16.13B)

The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.

Define regulatory hormone (Module 16.5A)

a regulatory hormone is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus

In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ___ to those of the renin-angiotension system

antagonistic

Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response? (Module 16.14B)

antagonistic

A person with Type A blood has

antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

aorta

The amplification of the signal from a water soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in ____

cAMP in the cytoplasm

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

calmodulin

Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body except

carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues

The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as

cardiac tamponade

The function of red blood cells is to

carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells

Hormones called __ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.

colony-stimulating factor

Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is __ deafness.

conductive

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ___ arteries.

coronary

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

four iron ions

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

Alpha cells are to __ as beta cells are to __

glucagon; insulin

Cushing's disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be __ when released into the bloodstream, but __ when released at synapses.

hormones: neurotransmitters

An increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is termed

hyperchromic

A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except

hypoglycemia

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

hypothalamus

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level? (Module 16.10C)

increased cortisol levels would increase blood glucose levels

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would not lead to which of the following?

increased release of natriuretic peptide

Activation of the renin-angiotension system would result in all of the following except

increased urine production

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

Thyroid hormone contains the element

iodine

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?

left atrium

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),

lipid reserves are mobilized

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

marks the border between the atria and ventricles

The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus is called the

mediastinum

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system stimulates secretion of which adrenal gland hormone?

mineralocorticoid

Which is an effect of parathyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

mobilizes calcium from bone

___ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells

monocytes

Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)

natriuretic peptides

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C)

parathyroid hormone

The cavity that contains only the heart is the

pericardial cavity

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall. (Module 18.3A)

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

Cyclic AMP is degraded by ___.

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

phosphodiesterase

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

phosphorylate proteins

Water soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to ____.

plasma membrane receptors

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin

Cells that are destined to become RBCs in the bone marrow first differentiate into which of the following?

proerythroblasts

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Cells can respond to ___ hormone(s) at a time

several

Which is a characteristic of the exhaustion phase of the stress response?

the adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by

the liver

Jaundice is a symptom where the patient exhibits a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. What causes jaundice?

the liver is unable to process bilirubin, so its level in the blood rises

Because of their short lifespan, a huge number of erythrocytes are recycled by macrophages. Which of the following is not a function of the macrophage?

the macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow

Sensitization during hemolytic disease of newborn refers to

the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs

Which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?

thymus

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

Where are the hair cell receptors for equilibrium located? (Module 15.21A)

vestibule and semicircular ducts

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

vitamin B12 deficiency

The normal pH of blood is

slightly alkaline

cAMP signaling order of events

1. water soluble hormone binds to receptor 2. receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase generates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders. (Module 16.18A)

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except

OXT

Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell?

basophil

Steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

All of the following are result of the thyroid hormones except

decreased heart rare and force of contraction

The ___ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.

differential count

Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound. (Module 18.5D)

elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries

The ___ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium

endocardium

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine