A chapter 5 terms

bioethics

_________ is ethics applied to human life or health

attitudes

__________ are mental positions or feelings toward a person, object, or idea; typically an _____________ lasts over time, whereas a belief may last only briefly; ________________ are often judged as bad or good, positive or negative, whereas beliefs are judged as correct or incorrect

nursing ethics

__________ refers to ethical issues that occur in nursing practice

moral rules

___________ are specific rpescriptions for actiosn

principles based theories

___________ involve logical and formal processes and emphasize individual rights, duties, and obligations; the morality of an action is determined not by its consequences but by whether it is done according to an impartial, objective principle

moral development

___________ is the process of learning to tell the difference between right and wrong and of learning what ought and ought not to be done

consequence-based theories

___________ look to the outcomes of an action in judging whether that action is right or wrong

value

____________ are enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea, or action; _________ are important because they influence decisions and actions, including nurses' ethical decision making

active euthanasia

____________ involves actions to bring about the cleint's death directly, with or without client consent

beneficence

____________ means doing good; nurses are obligated to do good, that is, to implement actions that benefit clients and ther support persons; however, doing good can also pose a risk of doing harm

fidelity

____________ means to be faithful to agreements and promises; by virtue of their standing as professional caregivers, nurses have responsibilities to clients, employers, government, and society, as well as to themselves

autonomy

____________ refers to the right to make one's own decisions; nurses who follow this principle recognize that each client is unique, has the right to be who that individual is, and has the right to choose personal goals

utilitarianism

____________, one form of consequentialist theory, view a good act as one that is the most useful--that is, one that brings the most good and the least harm to the greatest number eof people

values clarification

____________- is a process by which people identify, examine, and develop their own individual values; a principle of vales clarification is that no one set of values is right for everyone; when people can identify their values, they can retain or change them and thus act based on freely chosen, rather than unconscious, values

beliefs

_____________ are interpretations or conclusiosn that people accept as true; they are based more on faith than fact

accountability

_____________ means answerable to onself and others for one's own actions

professional values

______________ are acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers, and peers

veracity

______________ refers to telling the truth; although this seems straightforward, in practice, choices are not always clear

morality

______________ usually refers to private, personal standards of what is right and wrong in conduct, character, and attitude; sometimes the first clue to the moral nature of a situation is an active conscience or an awareness of feeligns such as guilt, hope, or shame

nonmaleficence

_______________ is the duty to do no harm; although this would seem to be a simple principle to follow, in reality it is complex; harm can mean intentionally causing harm, placing someone at risk of harm, and unintentionally causing harm; in nursing, intentional harm is never acceptable

responsibility

_______________ refers to the specific accountability or liability associated with performance of duties of a particular role

relationships based theories

_______________ stress courage, generosity, commitment, and the need to nurture and maintain relationships; unlike the ttwo preceding theories reasoning, caring theories judge actions according to a perspective of caring and responsibility

passive euthanasia

_______________, more commonly referred to now as with drawing or withholding life-sustaining therapy, involves moving removing a ventilator or withholding special attempts to revive a client and allowing the client to die of the underlying medical condition

justice

________________ is frequently referred to as fairness; nurses often face decisions in which a sense of _____ should prevail; for example, a nurse making home visits finds one client tearful and depressed, and knows she could help by staying fro 30 more minutes to talk

code of ethics

a ____________ is formal statement of a group's ideals and values; it is a set of ethical principles that is shared by members of the group, reflects their moral judgements over time, and serves a standard for their professional actions; ______________ usually have higher requirements than legal standards, and they are never lower than the legal standards of the profession

assisted suicide

a variation of active euthanasia is ___________, or giving clients the means to kill themselves if they request it; some countries or states have laws permitting ______________ for clients who are severly ill, who are near death, and who wish to commit suicide

personal values

although people dercive values from society and their individual subgroups, they internalize some or all of these values as ______________; people need societal values to feel accepted, and they need __________________ to have a sense of individuality

advocate

an ____________ is one who expresses and defends the cause of another; the health care system is complex, and many clients are too ill to deal with it; if they are to keep from falling through the cracks, clients need an advocate to cut through the layers of bureaucracy and help them get what they require

value system

people organize their values internally along a continuum from most important to least important, forming a __________; ___________ are basic to a way of life, give direction to life, and form the basis of behavior--especialyl behavior that is based on decisions or choices

utility

the principle that is based on bringing the most good and the least harm to the greatest number of people

ethics

the term _____________ has several meanings in common use; it refers to a method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behavior, the practices or beliefs of a certain group, and the expected standards of moral behavior of a particular group as described in the group's formal code of professional ethics

moral distress

what is in the client's best interest may be contrary to the nurse's personal beleif system; this conflict is referred to as ______________ and is considered a serious issue in the workplace; four steps to come above it: ask, affirm, asses, act