A Final Exam MC

_________________ are the ultimate source of all genetic variation. a. Mutations b. Gene frequencies c. DNA molecules d. Phenotypes

a. Mutations

The major differences between Homo sapiens and Homo erectus appear in the ___________. a. Skull/cranial capacity b. Pelvis c. Feet d. hands

a. Skull/cranial capacity

The principal criticism of nineteenth-century unilineal evolution theorists is that ___________. a. They were ethnocentric, holding that Western society was superior to all others b. They relied too heavily on biblical teachings c. They were based on inadequate knowledge of the fossil record d. They neglected the ancient civilizations of Egypt and China

a. They were ethnocentric, holding that Western society was superior to all others

In the words "healthful" and "unhealthy," "ful" and "un" are both examples of ___________. a. bound morphemes b. free morphemes c. phonemes d. suffixes

a. bound morphemes

In order to understand variation in human populations, anthropologists must consider three primary causes; (1) evolutionary processes, (2) the environment, and (3) ___________ a. culture b. race formation c. genetic induction d. polymorphism

a. culture

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that __________________. a. different species develop one from another b. inheritance plays no role in evolution c. acquired characteristics are predominant in evolution d. evolution is a myth

a. different species develop one from another

Alternate forms of the same gene are known as ____________. a. heterozygotes b. alleles c. genotypes d. phenotypes

b. alleles

Humans have the ability to talk about things, times, and places that are not within their immediate experience. The term for this is _________. a. arbitrariness b. displacement c. grammar d. discrete and recombinable elements

b. displacement

All of the genes possessed by a population are known as its ____________. a. genetic complement b. gene pool c. polymorphic assemblage d. polytypic unit

b. gene pool

Which of the following is sociolinguistics concerned with? a. variations in speech according to status and rank b. the effect of gender on linguistic usage c. taboos and other customs that shape language patterns d. all of these are of interest to sociolinguistics

d. all of these are of interest to sociolinguistics

Bipedalism does have its downside, including: a. it's harder to overcome gravity to supply brain with blood b. the weight on the body above the pelvis and lower limbs causes stress on the hips, lower back, knees, and feet c. females have even more stress in pregnancy d. all of the above

d. all the above

Which types of religious organization involves a formal bureaucracy of religious specialists (priests) that organizes public rituals? a. individualistic b. shamanistic c. communal d. ecclesiastical

d. ecclesiastical

Which of these is an example of a worldview? a. the Hindu taboo on eating pork b. the Muslim taboo on eating pork c. the meanings of nonverbal behavior d. explanations of human existence

d. explanations for human existence

One of the most important Acheulean tool types invented by Homo erectus was the __________. a. hammerstone b. projectile point c. grinding stone d. hand axe

d. hand axe

Features, essentially non-portable artifacts, include such things as ___________ a. hammers, chisels, and arrowheads b. ceramic pots, arrowheads, basketry, and flint tools c. small villages, fossil localities d. hearths, floors, and walls

d. hearths, floors, and walls

The word "lower" contains a. two bound morphemes b. two bound phonemes c. two free morphemes d. one free morpheme and one bound morpheme

d. one free morpheme and one bound morpheme

While visiting the zoo with friends, you are looking at a primate in a cage that is hanging from its prehensile tail. Your friends know that excel in Dr. Stanton's anthropology class and ask you, "what kind of primate is that?" You reply that it is a ____________ a. catarrhine b. chimpanzee c. parapithecid d. platyrrhine

d. platyrrhine

The Potlatch feasts of the Northwest Coast societies are usually interpreted as a form of a. long-distance barter b. resource conservation c. generalized reciprocity d. redistributional exchange

d. redistributional exchange

Domestication is defined as _______________. a. the cultivation and harvesting of agricultural crops and raising of animals for food b. the taming of wild animals for pets or food c. the gradual adoption of a sedentary way of life d. the genetic modification of plant and animal species

d. the genetic modification of plant and animal species

Dendrochronology is a technique that makes use of ______________ a. radioactive decay b. faunal analysis c. the law of superposition d. variation in the growth rings of trees

d. variation in the growth rings of trees

Unilineal descent is when a person is affiliated with a group of kin through links within one sex only, thus a. A unilineal descent is either patrilineal or matrilineal b. A person can be confused about who they trace their descent from c. A person traces their descent from both parents d. None of the above

a. A unilineal descent is either patrilineal or matrilineal

During the Neolithic period, there was a gradual increase in the frequency of __________. a. Facilities for storing grain b. Processing meat obtained from the hunting of wild species c. Hieroglyphic texts on clay tablet or papyrus d. Human representations in cave paintings

a. Facilities for storing grain

Southwest Asia is the center of domestication _____________. a. Horses, goats, and wheat b. Pigs, geese, rice c. Coffee, cotton, and okra d. Llamas, alpacas, and pumpkins

a. Horses, goats, and wheat

The context of an artifact is important for archaeological research because __________. a. It can reveal valuable information about the artifact's use and relationships to other artifacts and features b. It is the only evidence that speaks to nonmaterial aspects of culture c. Artifacts are too large to be removed d. none of the above

a. It can reveal valuable information about the artifact's use and relationships to other artifacts and features

Which of the following correctly characterizes the Elima ritual among the Mbuti? a. It is a time of rejoicing as young women enter puberty and become ready for marriage and motherhood b. Young men experience mixed emotions as they become adults and warriors c. Elders instill fear of the supernatural among boys and girls through sacred rituals. d. Men and women experience through song, dance, and feasting as a new child is born into the community

a. It is a time of rejoicing as young women enter puberty and become ready for marriage and motherhood

One of the principal assertions of the hydraulic hypothesis is that _______________. a. irrigation projects can almost always be organized without government administration b. population centers can be circumscribed by factors other than geography c. emphasizes revolts against monopoly control d. irrigation created problems and disputes among landowners that need to be resolved by centralized authority

a. irrigation projects can almost always be organized without government administration

In ancient states, the importance of a centralized religion is most clearly represented by the presence of ______________. a. monumental architecture b. long distance trade c. a standing military organization d. royal palaces

a. monumental architecture

The unequal ranking of towns, villages, and homesteads in terms of size and importance can be referred to as _______________. a. settlement hierarchy b. central placing c. administrative bureaucracy d. efficient economics

a. settlement hierarchy

Grooming in primates is an important ________________ activity. a. social b. defensive c. aggressive d. grieving

a. social

A society with an institutionalized government run by full-time bureaucracy would meet the criteria of being a(n) ___________. a. state b. chiefdom c. oligarchy d. band

a. state

The law of superposition means that a. when one layer overlies another, the one on top is usually more recent b. layers below are less likely to yield reliable dates c. when one layer overlies another, the one on the bottom is more recent d. layers on top are unlikely to have reliable, datable artifacts

a. when one layer overlies another, the one on top is usually more recent

Lamarck proposed the idea that activities of organisms can induce biological change during their lifetime and pass those changes on to their offspring; a process known as ____________. a. Scientific creationism b. Acquired characteristics c. Catastrophism d. Spontaneous generation

b. Acquired characteristics

One which of the following would you expect to see a sagittal crest? a. Australopithecus africanus b. Australopithecus robustus c. Homo habilis d. Homo erectus

b. Australopithecus robustus

In a patrilocal residence, who leaves the household so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents? a. Son b. Daughter c. Sister d. Father

b. Daughter

In order to understand population change and distribution, demographic anthropologists usually focus on which variables in a population? a. Resources, capital, and technology b. Fertility, mortality, and migration c. Language, race, and culture d. Social organization, technology, and ideology

b. Fertility, mortality, and migration

According to Bronislaw Malinowski, magic _________. a. Has a basis in the existence of supernatural powers in all cultures b. Functions to relieve the anxieties of individuals c. Only works when it has the full participation of a given society d. Has no useful purpose to rationally thinking people

b. Functions to relieve the anxieties of individuals

The main proponent of the theory of Catastrophism was a. Charles Darwin b. Georges Cuvier c. Charles Lyell d. Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck

b. Georges Cuvier

Which of the following did Darwin propose as a mechanism behind evolution? a. Mutation b. Natural selection c. Use/disuse d. Adaptation

b. Natural selection

Species that are made up of populations that can be distinguished regionally on the basis of discrete physical traits are called __________. a. Racial clines b. Polytypic c. Acclimatization units d. Endogamous segments

b. Polytypic

____________ is the accumulation of goods by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution a. Negative reciprocity b. Redistribution c. Commercial Exchange d. Balanced reciprocity

b. Redistribution

Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using __________. a. Slingshots b. Spear throwers c. Bows and arrows d. Mousterian blades

b. Spear throwers

Enculturation is a. the total knowledge of a culture. b. The process by which the young learn the culture of those around them. c. unique to some cultures and absent in others. d. thought to be immoral in some societies

b. The process by which the young learn the culture of those around them.

Which of the following is a characteristic of genetic drift? a. the larger the population, the greater its effect. b. The smaller the population, the greater its effect. c. Population size has no effect on the extent of genetic drift. d. The effects of genetic drift are only seen in somatic cells.

b. The smaller the population, the greater its effect.

One of Franz Boas's principal criticisms of nineteenth-century anthropologists was ________ a. They failed to make use of archaeological evidence for pre-iterate societies b. Their theories were based on "armchair anthropology" and not their own fieldwork c. There was too much cultural relativism in their interpretations d. They failed to assign adequate importance to biological effects on culture

b. Their theories were based on "armchair anthropology" and not their own fieldwork

Critics of the "man-the-hunter" model argue that _____________. a. Early hominins were strict vegetarians b. Women are likely to have played a key role in providing food c. Men were the principal providers of protein d. Women were more successful hunters than men

b. Women are likely to have played a key role in providing food

In the view of anthropologist Morton Fried, the state __________________. a. is just, and prohibits the emergence or maintenance of social inequalities b. is coercive, and utilizes force to perpetuate economic and political inequalities c. is ineffective, and yields to the will of a multiplicity of special interest groups d. is liberating, and seeks to eliminate the repression of subordinate groups and private citizens

b. is coercive, and utilizes force to perpetuate economic and political inequalities

In the traditional society of the Mbuti pygmies of the Ituri rainforest, hunting is undertaken by a. The older men of the village b. men, youths, women, and children c. Language, race, and culture d. adult women of the hunting class

b. men, youths, women, and children

According to the _____________ model, the gradual evolution of Homo erectus into modern Homo sapiens took place in Asia, Africa, and Europe over the same time period. a. replacement evolutionary b. multiregional evolutionary c. African origins evolutionary d. mitochondrial Eve evolutionary

b. multiregional evolutionary

An example of a social "more" in the US would be _____________ a. eating with a knife, fork, and spoon b. not appearing nude in public c. inviting the neighbors over for a barbecue d. forgetting to thank the hostess for inviting you

b. not appearing nude in public

Interpretive anthropologists emphasize the ____________ dimensions of culture. a. material b. symbolic c. environmental d. theoretical

b. symbolic

In order to make cross-cultural comparison anthropologists a. Use diachronic data from the culture they know best b. test hypotheses by testing for correlations between particular cultural variables c. develop theories based on the qualitative examination of ethnographies d. All of these are involved in making cross-cultural comparisons

b. test hypotheses by testing for correlations between particular cultural variables

Many anthropologists of the 19th century believed that cultures transformed over time into more complex and superior cultures. This type of thinking is called ________. a. materialism b. unilineal evolutionism c. functionalism d. particularism

b. unilineal evolutionism

The earliest stone tools, the Oldowan tradition, date to about ___________ years ago. a. 10,000 b. 500,000 c. 2.6 million d. 5.7 million

c. 2.6 million

A human somatic cell contains ___________ chromosomes. a. 23 b. 49 c. 46 d. 92

c. 46

The process by which an organism adjusts to a specific environment is called ____________. a. Anthropogenesis b. Ecology c. Adaptation d. Adjustment

c. Adaptation

The major difference between stratified state societies and prestate societies (band, tribe, chiefdom) is the added component of ___________. a. Permanent settlements b. Horticulture and cultivation c. Bureaucratic organization d. Factories and offices

c. Bureaucratic organization

The primary characteristic that identifies that hominins as a taxonomically distinct group from other primates is ____________. a. Social behavior b. Aggression and murder c. Habitual bipedalism d. The number and type of teeth

c. Habitual bipedalism

Why is understanding the cultural construction of reality so important within anthropology? a. It motivates anthropologists to recognize the objective truth in situations. b. It implies that there are universal meanings for all cultural phenomena. c. It suggests that humans do not all perceive and interpret the world in the same ways. d. None of these; this is not a particularly useful concept within anthropology.

c. It suggests that humans do not all perceive and interpret the world in the same ways.

The diet of Neolithic farmers was ____________. a. More varied and nutritious than the diet of hunter-gatherers b. Strictly vegetarian c. Less varied and nutritious than the diet of hunter-gatherers d. Much the same as hunter=gatherers

c. Less varied and nutritious than the diet of hunter-gatherers

The sickle-cell allele continues to be transmitted in some populations because it confers protection against __________. a. Rickets b. Antigens c. Malaria d. Lactose

c. Malaria

Which of the following cellular processes produces daughter cells that contain only half of the original complement of DNA? a. Translation b. Mitosis c. Meiosis d. Mutation

c. Meiosis

Lactose tolerance in a population mat be related to a long history of ____________. a. Malaria b. Smallpox c. Pastoralism d. Hypoxic stress

c. Pastoralism

Marriage includes two major factors. These are a. Economic and kinship considerations b. Economic and land ownership considerations c. Sexual and economic considerations d. Sexual and divorce considerations

c. Sexual and economic considerations

The development of plant cultivation and domestication eventually led to the appearance of ___________. a. Irrigation and generalized tool production b. Egalitarian societies and trade networks c. Social stratification and full-time craft specialization d. Band-level social organization and part-time craft specialization

c. Social stratification and full-time craft specialization

The term "pastoralism" refers to the way of life characterized by the central importance of ______________. a. Planting, harvesting, and storing a particular grain b. Seasonal nomadism to obtain wild plant and animal resources c. The maintenance of herds of domesticated livestock d. A full-time religious leader

c. The maintenance of herds of domesticated livestock

Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are considered ____________ religions because their spiritual messages apply to all humanity rather than just their own cultural history. a. Ecclesiastical b. Animistic c. Universalistic d. Volatile

c. Universalistic

When an archaeologist examines the polish or residue found on the edges of an ancient stone tool, she is doing a(n) _________________. a. Neolithic study b. Trace element analysis c. Use-wear analysis d. Pressure-flake analysis

c. Use-wear analysis

The four subdisciplines of anthropology are _____________. a. personal, classics, geography and geology b. cultural, ethnohistory, primatology, and ecology c. biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics d. classical anthropology, evolution, forensics, and archaeology

c. biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics

A way of life shared by a group of human beings - including their language, beliefs, and things they make and use - is referred to by anthropologists as their ____________. a. religion b. heritage c. culture d. environment

c. culture

Every language has a limited number of sounds and rules for combining them to create units of meaning. This characteristic of knowledge is called __________. a. productivity b. arbitrariness c. discreteness d. displacement

c. discreteness

A decentralized form of political economy in which autonomous patrons own the land and demand tribute from those who provide agricultural or other labor is called a(n) a. landed system b. industrial state c. feudal system d. homage state

c. feudal system

The actual genetic constitution of an organism is referred to as the ________ while the outward appearance of the organism is called the ________. a. homozygote; heterozygote b. allele; gene c. genotype; phenotype d. dominant; recessive

c. genotype; phenotype

Speakers of any language share knowledge of the sounds, rules for combining them, words, and the rules for combining them into meaningful sentences. This combined and shared knowledge is referred to as _____________. a. phonetics b. productivity c. grammar d. lexicon

c. grammar

Melanin is produced by cells known as _____________. a. melanomas b. mitochondria c. melanocytes d. carotenes

c. melanocytes

Household composition data and economic status (demographic) information that is expressed numerically are examples of _____________. a. random samples b. culture shock c. quantitative data d. qualitative data

c. quantitative data

Gracile Australopithecines include all of the following except __________ a. anamensis b. afarensis c. robustus d. africanus

c. robustus

Anthropology is said to be holistic because it ______________. a. is concerned with primitive societies b. makes use of both written and oral sources c. uses a multidisciplinary approach d. studies the mystical aspects of human experience

c. uses a multidisciplinary approach

A people's beliefs about the way of life that is most desirable for them and for their society are called a. norms b. world view c. values d. collective understandings

c. values

The world's first civilizations appeared around ___________ years ago. a. 125,000 b. 55,000 c. 12,500 d. 5,500

d. 5,500

Which of the following materials could be dated using measurements of carbon-14? a. Ceramic figurines b. Polished stone axes c. Flint projectile points d. Bone fragments taken from a hearth

d. Bone fragments taken from a hearth

According to Julian Steward, the environment and the availability of resources has a definite influence on the form of social organization. This approach to studying cultural evolution, called __________, was exemplified in his study of Shoshone social organization. a. Cultural materialism b. Environmental determinism c. Environmental evolution d. Cultural Ecology

d. Cultural Ecology

Which of the following tool-making techniques was introduced during the Mesolithic? a. Percussion flaking b. Struck core technology c. Levalloisian technique d. Ground-stone tools

d. Ground-stone tools

A(n) _______________ is a custom whereby a man is obligated to marry his brother's widow. a. Sororate b. Exogamy c. Endogamy d. Levirate

d. Levirate

Humans share which of the following characteristics with other primates? a. Pronounced sexual dimorphism b. Spoken language c. Bipedalism d. Stereoscopic vision

d. Stereoscopic vision

Because culture is learned socially, a. human infants are able to learn the culture of any human group. b. cultural knowledge from one generation is available to members of future generations. c. human groups can change their ideas and behaviors very rapidly. d. all of these are implications of the fact culture is socially learned

d. all of these are implications of the fact culture is socially learned