AAMC practice test 1

Pyrophosphate

P2O7 4-

destructive interference

The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude 180 degrees!!

lac operon

a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli

What prediction can be made about the entropy change during the proposed synthesis of solid nitrogen?

In the synthesis of the more ordered solid nitrogen, the entropy of the system decreases and therefore ΔS is negative. Thus, C is the best answer.

The radioactive decay described in the passage results in the formation of which two atoms?

N and S Dont look too much into this find in the passage which decay it was talking about and you know beta - decay you go up one on the periodic table!!

Compared to the wild-type LipA, what is the change in net charge in variant XI at pH 7?

R33G, K112D, M134D, Y139C, I157M First letter wild type and last is the mutation!! R-> G Arganine to glycine +1 to 0 K-> D lysine to asparatic acid +1 to -1 M-> D Methionine to asparatic acid 0 to -1 Y -> C tyrosine to cystine 0 to 0 I-> M isoleucine to methanione 0 to 0 so net charge would be -4 since net charge goes from +2 to -2!!

role conflict

conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses If the tension existed between different roles that a single individual held, then it would be considered role conflict.

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Which type of memory would most likely be activated first during the computer task, before working memory is activated?

sensory memory

Nucleophiles are

electron rich

What percentage of standard atmospheric pressure is the pulse pressure of a healthy adult?

(120 − 75) mmHg = 45 mmHg, and so the percentage is 45 mmHg/760 mmHg = 6%.

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA DNA and RNA

SN2 reaction

-bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions - only 1 step (concerted reaction) -nucleophile attacks the compound at the same time as the leaving group leaves -Nucleophile actively displaces the leaving group in a backside attack for this to occur, nucleophile must be strong & substrate can't be sterically hindered -concentrations of substrate & nucleophile have role in determining the rate --> rate = k[Nu][R-L] -Position of the substituents around the substrate carbon is inverted stereochemistry INVERTED!!

Which of the following is the overall reaction for the decomposition of H2O2 that is shown in reactions 3 and 4?

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) cancel them out the intermediates!!!

Assume that K and M are two unlinked genes that affect hearing. The dominant K allele is necessary for hearing, and the dominant M allele causes deafness regardless of the other genes present. Given this, what fraction of the offspring of parents with the genotypes KkMm and Kkmm will most likely be deaf

5/8 The answer to this question is D, because among the offspring of KkMm and Kkmm parents, the ones who lack a dominant K allele (necessary for hearing), or carry a dominant M allele (causes deafness) are deaf. Based on the Punnett square analysis, 10 out of 16 or 5/8 of all offspring are likely to be deaf.

What is the net volume of fresh air that enters the alveoli each minute, assuming that the breathing rate is 10 breaths/min, the tidal volume is 800 mL/breath, and the nonalveolar respiratory system volume (dead space) is 150 mL?

6500 The amount of air entering the lungs in a single breath, or tidal volume, is given as 800 mL/breath. Of that 800 mL only 650 mL reaches the alveoli per breath (800 mL of air inhaled minus 150 mL of nonalveolar respiratory volume). Therefore the net volume of air that reaches the alveoli each minute is equal to 650 mL/breath multiplied by 10 breaths/min, or 6500 mL. Thus, C is the best answer.

Which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced in the different conditions of Study 1?

A because increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, which is associated with anxiety.

Max attends a party and does not make eye contact with, or approach, his acquaintance, Sam. According to the actor-observer bias, which graph best represents how Max and Sam view this behavior?

A because, according to the actor-observer bias, actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (not feeling well) whereas observers attribute actors' behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness)

striated muscle

A muscle that appears banded; also called skeletal muscle.

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Based on the passage, which conclusion is best supported?

A. Gender discrimination is more likely to occur than racial discrimination. B. Race and gender discrimination manifest in similar ways. C. The incidence of race and gender discrimination is equivalent. D. Minority women are especially subject to discrimination. The correct answer is B. As shown in the table in the passage, both the race and gender discrimination claims were very similar in how they were distributed across the researchers' categories. The conclusions in the other options are not supported by the research findings reported in the table or the passage. MUST LOOK FOR THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER

ABC transporter

ATP binding cassette USES ATP ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ATP hydrolysis

ATP is converted to ADP & phosphate energized myosin heads (removal of phosphate) need energy

What is the advantage of including a specially trained cultural liaison as opposed to training physicians in cultural competency?

Adding a cultural liaison creates a triadic group, a more stable arrangement than a dyadic group. larger groups are generally considered more stable but less intimate, whereas smaller groups are usually considered less stable but more intimate. Dyads, two-person groups such as the physician-patient group, are unstable because either party can break the single social tie. The triad, three person groups such as the physician-patient-cultural liaison group, is considered relatively more stable because of the additional social ties.

Would an increase in the level of plasma aldosterone be expected to follow ingestion of excessive quantities of NaCl?

Aldosterone, which is produced by the adrenal cortex, causes Na+ reabsorption by kidney tubules. Such a mechanism decreases Na+levels in the urine. The steroid aldosterone does not cause Na+ secretion into the urine. Because ingestion of excessive NaCl would trigger Na+secretion into the urine, plasma-aldosterone levels would not increase. Rather, the body would rely on those homeostatic mechanisms that excreted the excess Na+. Thus an increase in plasma aldosterone would not be expected to follow ingestion of large quantities of NaCl. The best answer choice is A.

Increased vasoconstriction has an important role in which of the following situations?

Although the passage relates to an experiment that studies mechanisms of vasoconstriction, the answer to this question relies on an examinee's background knowledge of the cardiovascular system. As blood is lost from the circulation, reduction in vessel size helps maintain the necessary pressure to keep the blood circulating to all body tissues. Vasoconstriction, the narrowing of a vessel, restricts blood flow to an organ and can increase blood pressure, whereas vasodilation has the opposite effect. Increased vasoconstriction is important in maintaining blood pressure during a hemorrhage. Vasodilation increases blood flow to both the muscle during exercise and the skin during blushing. Thus, answer choice D is the best answer.

gas-liquid chromatography

An advanced form of chromatography that uses an inert gas as the mobile phase and a column of gel-coated beads as the stationary phase. lowest molecular weight and intermolecular forces of attraction there migrates the fastest.

What is the magnitude of the electric field between the two electrodes in ionization type detectors?

An electric field can be given in volts per meter. This means the electric field value is 5/(0.03) = 166.7 V/m. Because 1 V ≡ 1 J/C, the electric field value 166.7 V/m = 166.7 N/C. Thus, D is the best answer.

ompared to micellular Compound 1, Compound 2 is structurally more rigid as a result of what type of interaction? A. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding B. Intermolecular covalent bonding C. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding D. Intramolecular covalent bonding~

B disulfide bonds

Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye

B because the cornea is in direct contact with the eyelid and is thus most susceptible to damage from flaking skin

fluid motion

Bernoulli's principle describes the property of a(n) velocity moves slower as cross sectional increases

Glycogen structure

Branches have alpha(1,6) bonds; Linkages have alpha(1,4) bonds.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

If the participants in Study 1 differed in the degree to which their ethnic identity was a central part of their self-concept, which outcome would be most likely? Participants whose ethnic identity was a central part of their self-concepts would:

C because people whose ethnic identity is a central part of their self-concept would be more prone to the effects of stereotype threat regarding their ethnic identity. This does not mean that they would not be affected by gender stereotypes or affected by the conditions of the experiment.

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things stabilizes the transition state not the substrate!!

A researcher replicates the experiment with the addition of a physical stressor to the first phase of the experiment. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, this change is:

C. unnecessary, because the human stress response is not specific to the type of stressor. according to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, people's response to various stressors is similar. Selye's theory does not make claims about avoidance-avoidance or approach-approach conflicts.

Which of the following terms best describes the role of ornithine decarboxylase in the reaction shown in Equation 1?

Catalyst The answer is A because ornithine decarboxylase is an enzyme and enzymes are catalysts. DEcarboxylyase- an ENZYME which is a catalyst!!

hydrophillic amino acids

Charged side chains including arginine, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, and histidine

Which two processes best summarize maintenance factors 1 and 2, respectively?

Classical conditioning and cognitive processes Maintenance Factor 1 focuses on classical conditioning of a fear response to bodily sensations, whereas Maintenance Factor 2 focuses on cognitive appraisal (interpretation) of bodily sensations.

transcription factors

Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of binding of DNA!!

Data on the role of Maintenance Factor 1 on PD is LEAST likely to come from which type of research?

D because experimental methods are not likely to be used in determining on how Maintenance Factor 1 works. The primary obstacle to using experimental methods in such studies is the difficulty of systematically manipulating participants' physiological states and their sensitivity to changes in those states.

A certain bacterium was cultured for several generations in medium containing 15N, transferred to medium containing 14N, and allowed to complete two rounds of cell division. Given that the bacterium's genome mass is 5.4 fg when grown in 14N media and 5.5 fg when grown in 15N medium, individual bacteria with which of the following genome masses would most likely be isolated from this culture?

DNA replication is semi-conservative. Therefore, after the first round of cell division the genome mass in each bacterium will be 5.45 fg (one DNA strand will contain 15N and the other strand 14N). Following the second round of cell division, half of the bacteria will have a genome mass of 5.4 fg (14N exclusively) and the other half a mass genome of 5.45 fg (14N in one DNA strand and 15N in the other)

During an action potential, the movement of sodium ions into a neuron causes the neuronal membrane to do which of the following?

Depolarize he answer to this question is D because the movement of sodium ions into a neuron during an action potential results in opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels, causing further depolarization.

Considering the structure of STN, what is the most likely mechanism for its entry into the cell?

Diffusion directly through the membrane The answer is C because the structure of STN shows sufficient planarity and hydrophobicity to pass through the membrane by simple diffusion.

Neuroleptics

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia. its an antipsychoiotic drug can make emotions disappear

Neuroleptics

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia. cause negative symptoms.

Energy equation

E=hv

Which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment?

Ethnographic methods

From the data in Figure 1, one can conclude that the sensitivity of aortic smooth muscle to acetylcholine is

Figure 1 allows the conclusion that the sensitivity of aortic smooth muscle to ACH is increased at least 10 times in the presence of endothelium. Relaxation occurs in the ring with endothelium at 10-7 M ACH but in the other ring does not occur even with 10-6 M ACH; these concentrations differ by a factor of 10. Both rings show the same response to norepinephrine. There is no response to ACH at 10-8 M with or without endothelium. Thus, answer choice C is the best answer.

Based on Figure 1, at what free actin subunit concentration (or range of concentrations) will the microfilament treadmill?

Figure 1 shows that at a free actin concentration of 1.5µM, the rate at which actin subunits are added to the + end of the microfilament is equal to the rate at which actin filaments are removed from the - end. This fits the definition of treadmilling. Thus, C is the best answer.

The frequency of the light used in photodiode detectors is:

Frequency is the speed of light divided by wavelength. Hence, f = c/λ = (3.0 × 108 m/s)/(6.0 × 10-7 m) = 5 × 1014 Hz

Each of the following equations shows the dissociation of an acid in water. Which of the reactions occurs to the LEAST extent?

HPO42− + H2O → H3O+ + PO43− HPO42− has a high negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent.

Based on Figure 1 and the passage, which of the following cells are most important in the exchange of O2between the blood and the surrounding tissues?

IF IT SAYS BASED ON FIGURE STICK TO LOOKING AT THAT FIGURE!!! Endothelial cells he question asks the examinee to use the information in the passage and in Figure 1 to determine what cells are most important in the exchange of oxygen between the blood and the surrounding tissues. An examination of Figure 1 shows that endothelial cells separate the blood from the surrounding tissue.

Which of the following most likely will occur if a homogeneous catalyst CANNOT be separated from the products at the end of a reaction?

If a homogeneous catalyst cannot be separated from the products at the end of a reaction then the products will be contaminated with the catalyst.

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

inter versus intra

Inter means existing between, while intra means within or on the inside. Inter and intra are both prefixes, or words that are placed before a stem word to change the definition.

Compared to micellular Compound 1, Compound 2 is structurally more rigid as a result of what type of interaction?

It can be reasoned that the interaction described is intermolecular in nature, since multiple molecules of micellular Compound 1 come together to form Compound 2, which is a solid. Multiple pieces of information point to the fact that the interaction is disulfide bond formation, including the fact that an oxidant causes the formation of Compound 2, which can be reversed by the addition of a reducing agent.

The aldosterone deficiency associated with Addison's disease will cause a decrease in the serum levels of all of the following ions EXCEPT:

K+ ions. because the passage states that aldosterone causes excretion of K+. Therefore, aldosterone deficiency will not lead to a decrease in serum levels of K+ ions.

Which reaction is catalyzed by LipA?

LIPASE: FATTY ACIDS The answer is C because of the fact that LipA is a lipase, which means it must hydrolyze fatty acids.

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell composed of actin

Based on the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to be a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

Loss of appetite the symptoms of diabetes mellitus are frequent urination and catabolism of fatty acid as well as proteins as alternative energy sources. In diabetic patients, high blood glucose results in excretion of excess sugar into the urine, hence sweet-tasting urine. Similarly, the catabolism of fatty acids and proteins results in weight loss and feelings of fatigue respectively. This leaves loss of appetite as the only correct answer.

subjective measures

Measures based on individual perceptions

Which approach does NOT measure the activity of the Na+K+ ATPase?

Measuring the free energy of the ion transport The answer to this question is B because free energy is a thermodynamic quantity and is NOT a kinetic property. Activity is a kinetic property.

When concentrated urine is being produced, in which of the following regions of the kidney will the glomerular filtrate reach its highest concentration?

Medullary portion of the collecting duct

The research in the passage is best described as a:

Mixed methods because the study in the passage takes a mixed methods approach. The research design employs both a quantitative component (the statistical analysis of the total claims) and a qualitative component (the in-depth analysis of a subset of cases). Bringing together quantitative methods and qualitative methods is referred to as mixed methods in sociology.

The formation of which reaction products is increased in MBCD-treated MDR cells after exposure to 100 µM cholesterol?

NOTICE IT SAYS REACTANT PRODUCTS ADP +PI

What is the work generated by a healthy adult who circulates 9 L of blood through the brachial artery in 10 min? know Work formula

P=W/T Look at graph: A flow of 9 liters in 10 minutes means a flow rate of 900 mL/min, and according to the graph, it corresponds to a power of 200 W. The work is then 200 W ´ 600 s = 120 kJ.P= W/time

percentage ionization

Percentage of the molecules that form ions in a solution example: if given an Acid that needs to decrease percentage of ionization, add acid in it so less will be ionized.

Assuming no mutations to the signaling pathway described in the passage, what event directly activates CARD11?

Phosphorylation activates CARD11 is PKC, which is a kinase. This implies that phosphorylation is the activating event

Neighborhood-level socioeconomic inequalities are most likely to affect physician-patient interactions through which phenomenon?

Physical boundaries create social boundaries and closed networks which develop their own cultures. Neighborhoods that are segregated by socioeconomic status create increased social distance to the extent that people from different backgrounds have trouble relating to each other's experiences. The correct answer succinctly explains this by referring to closed networks and social boundaries that exist across neighborhoods.

What is the relationship between Pp, PMPA, and Pd?

Pp = 3PMPA − 3Pd PPMA = Pd + (Ps - Pd)/3 = Pd +Pp/3 equation 1= ppma= Pd+(ps-pd)/3 equation 2= pp= (ps-pd) ppma=pd+PP/3 pp=3ppma-3pd

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced OCCURS IN THE RIBOSOME

The enzyme pepsin, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach, has a pH optimum of 1.5. Under conditions of excess stomach acidity (pH of 1.0 or less), pepsin catalysis occurs very slowly. The most likely reason for this is that below a pH of 1.0:

Proteins are long one-dimensional strings of amino acids. But, for a protein to function properly, it must have a very specific three-dimensional structure. This three-dimensional structure of a protein is stabilized by covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions between different regions of the linear peptide. This three-dimensional structure can be disrupted by heating or by changing the pH. The disorganization of proteins by such agents is called denaturation. An example of denaturation is the hardening of an egg during cooking. Enzymes are proteins that act as organic catalysts, speeding chemical reactions but not being consumed in them. Their function is highly dependent on a precise three dimensional structure, especially at the site of catalysis, known as the active site. The lowering of pH described in the question is likely to have caused the enzyme pepsin to lose its three-dimensional shape and thus its catalytic activity as described in answer choice D, the correct answer.

An intravenous infusion causes a sharp rise in the serum level of albumin (the major osmoregulatory protein in the blood). This will most likely cause an:

Proteins are not filtered at capillaries, thus their is a lot of protein in your blood and not a lot in the interstitial fluid of your body. Thus their is an osmotic pressure called the Colloid(protein) osmotic pressure that opposes filtration out of capillaries. IF you increase protein in your blood you increase colloid osmotic pressure and thus you would be REABSORBING more. Thus, fluid influx into bloodstream influx of tissue fluid into blood stream

The researchers change the procedure such that instead of placing the objects in a box, the participants have to recall all the objects that they have seen during training. According to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely?

Recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects preading activation suggests that, when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. Thus, people often retrieve unpresented members of a category when tested on their memory for a series of presented concepts from that category.

A student can most effectively increase the current passing through the circuit in Figure 2 by doing which of the following?

Replacing the lightbulb with one that has a resistance of 0.2 Ω current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. In order to increase the current when the voltage fixed, the resistance must be decreased, such as by replacing the light-bulb with one that has a resistance of 0.2 Ω instead of 0.5 Ω.

What is the function of the Na+K+ ATPase during a neuronal action potential?

Restoration of the resting potential

The term "ideal gas" refers to a gas for which certain assumptions have been made. Which of the following is such an assumption?

STP (when 1 mol occupies a volume =22.4 L) for gasses is at T=0degrees C=273K and P=1 atm. In thermodynamics, standard state conditions is different. T = 25decrees C = 297K, P = 1 atm, molar concentration = 1M. Super easy to get this confused! Make sure you keep this straight. it would be at 0 degress for gas not 25!! CORRECT ANSWER is: Individual molecular volume and intermolecular forces are negligible.

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

The pKa for the dissociation of ​​ to ​​ is 6.7. What is the initial ratio of ​​ in the buffer solution of Experiment 1?

Solution: The correct answer is C. The acid dissociation reaction referred to in the question is: ​​ The equilibrium constant for this reaction is the acid dissociation constant, Ka: ​​ The acid dissociation constant is sometimes presented as the pKa, where ​​ At a given temperature, the relative concentrations of the weak acid H2PO4- and its conjugate base HPO4-2 will depend on [H+] and the Ka of the acid, as can be seen when the Kaexpression is rearranged to Ka / [H+] = [HPO4-2]/[H2PO4-]. Since the solution in Experiment 1 was buffered to pH = 8.7, then [H+] is held constant. Since Ka is also a constant, the ratio of the concentrations of weak acid and conjugate base must be fixed. This situation is frequently encountered in solution chemistry. The ratio can be determined simply by solving the equation above. The equation can also be solved directly, using the logarithmic form of the Ka expression: ​​ or ​​ This logarithmic version is called the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, but it is really just a rearrangement of the ​​ expression. For this problem, ​​ or ​​ Taking the antilog, ​​ Thus, at the beginning of the reaction in Experiment 1, the ratio ​​ The correct answer is C.

In addition to glucose, what other monosaccharide is part of the UDP-glucose structure?

The answer is C because UDP contains uridine, which is a nucleic acid used in RNA. The structure of RNA contains ribose.

Which structure represents a phosphorylated subunit of glycogen as described in the passage?

The answer is D because the phosphate residues are added to the C2 and C3 positions of the sugar.

Which amino acid is LEAST likely found in one of the transmembrane domains of GPCR43?

The answer to this question is A because aspartate (Asp) has a negatively charged R group and is very hydrophilic hydrophillic on outside Thus, both surfaces of the plasma membrane are hydrophilic ("water-loving"). In contrast, the interior of the membrane, between its two surfaces, is a hydrophobic ("water-hating") or nonpolar region because of the fatty acid tails.

Which extraction procedure will completely separate an amide from the by-product of the reaction between an amine and excess carboxylic acid anhydride?

The answer to this question is A because the by-product of the reaction will be an acidic carboxylic acid and the excess unreacted starting material will also be acidic. Extraction with aqueous base will hydrolyze and extract both of these into the aqueous layer, leaving the neutral amide in the ether layer.

Which concept takes into account the negative impact of long-term exposure to stressful events addressed in the first paragraph?

The answer to this question is A because the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a model of the body's stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. An individual enters the stage of exhaustion only after that individual has encountered the stressor for a prolonged period of time.

Which measurement unit CANNOT be used to express power?

The answer to this question is A because the measurement unit of power is watt, defined as J/s = ft•lb/s = kg•m2/s3.

What is the electronic configuration of the Co(II) center found in vitamin B12?

The answer to this question is A. Co(II) is a dication and is formed from the atomic element by the loss of two 4s electrons. As a consequence, only seven 3d electrons remain in the valence shell.

Maintenance Factor 1 is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders? patients with high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) with the panic they experienced during panic attacks; this leads to conditioned fear in response to changes in bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 1)

The answer to this question is B because Maintenance Factor 1 focuses on the role of classical conditioning, which is most closely related to the behaviorist approach.

Which statement best characterizes how a proponent of the SG hypothesis will describe the direction of the relationship between stress and depression?

The answer to this question is B because an independent stressor is assumed to occur independently of any influence from the person experiencing the stress. This is a unidirectional relationship (stressor leads to depressive symptoms). Dependent stressors, on the other hand, not only influence depression but could themselves be influenced by depression (i.e., a reciprocal relationship)

What experimental set-up is most likely to result in a person with a severed corpus callosum saying "ball" after a researcher asks, "What do you see?"

The answer to this question is B because images projected to a visual field are represented in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. If "ball" is projected to the right visual field, the word will be represented in the left hemisphere where it could be verbalized by left-sided language centers.

In general, telomeres are NOT important to bacterial cells because most bacterial chromosomes:

The answer to this question is B because in most prokaryotes, DNA is circular and therefore does not have the repetitive, non-coding nucleotide sequences called telomeres that occur in eukaryotic DNA.

What is the ratio between the maximum and the minimum sound intensities that produce this particular loudness?

The answer to this question is B because the maximum sound intensity level is 80 dB and the minimum level is 30 dB, which correspond to intensities Imax = I0 × 108 and Imin= I0 × 103, based on the definition of the decibel units. Their ratio is then Imax/Imin = 105.

A patient being treated for chronic pain receives weekly doses of morphine from the same doctor, with whom the patient enjoys conversing. On another occasion, the patient is treated at another location and finds that the same dose is ineffective. What may have caused this change in effectiveness?

The answer to this question is B because the patient's regular morphine treatments that were successful were the result of the interaction of the treatment dose and the positive association with the doctor; therefore, the dose was not as effective in a new location where there was no positive association with the new doctor.

In a study of college students, a correlation was found between those reporting high rates of insomnia and reduced hit rates for detecting the sounds of birds chirping. This represents what type of correlation, and what phenomenon was described?

The answer to this question is B because the relationship between rates of insomnia (high) and the hit rate (reduced) describes a negative correlation. In addition, according to signal detection theory the detection of a stimulus is not only dependent on its strength, but also on the psychological state (tired) of the individual.

During the production of insulin, the translated polypeptide is cleaved into the mature form and secreted from the cell. The cleavage most likely takes place in which of the following locations?

The answer to this question is C because secreted proteins such as insulin are cleaved into mature form within endomembrane system.

What is the dependent stressor associated with the need for reassurance?

The answer to this question is C because the dependent stressor is the isolation resulting from people being driven away. The need for reassurance is an individual characteristic that leads to the isolation. The stressor depends on this need for this isolation to manifest itself.

For Patient 2, panic attacks act as: A. discriminatory stimuli. B. signaling stimuli. C. positive punishers. D. negative punishers.

The answer to this question is C because the patient describes the panic attacks as highly aversive and mentions that he no longer goes to meetings for fear of a panic attack. Thus, the frequency of the patient's attendance at meetings has decreased as the result of the panic attacks. Therefore, the panic attacks have been positive punishers.

Which basic cognitive process was used by the flight cadets who were required to repeat certain digits?

The answer to this question is C because the shadowing task operationally defines the inputs to which subjects must attend. selective attention

A circuit similar to that in Figure 2 is set up. It has a potential of 2.0 V. Assume that the resistance in the circuit is negligible compared to that of the lightbulb. Approximately how much current passes through the lightbulb?

The answer to this question is D because according to Ohm's law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance, hence 2.0 V/0.5 Ω = 4.0 A.

Without conscious effort, people are unlikely to automatically visually process:

The answer to this question is D because due to the brain's capacity for parallel processing, information about space, time and frequency of events is automatically processed; however, conscious effort is needed to process novel information.

The environment of the retinal binding site is most likely:

The answer to this question is D because retinal is composed of mainly carbon and hydrogen, making it largely hydrophobic.

What fraction of a 15O sample decays in 10 min?

The answer to this question is D because the half-life of 15O is 2 minutes; thus, 10 minutes = 5 half-lives. Therefore, only (1/2)5 = 1/32 of the sample will be left after 10 minutes, while 31/32 of the sample will decay.

A circuit similar to that in Figure 2 is set up in which X = Pb, Xn+ = Pb2+, Y = Cu, and Ym+ = Cu2+. Will an oxidation-reduction reaction occur spontaneously?

The answer to this question is D. A spontaneous reaction occurs when E° is greater than zero, and this occurs if the oxidation of Pb(s) is combined with the reduction of Cu2+(aq), resulting in a net E° of +0.466 V.

What volume of a 0.120 M CaI2 solution would contain 0.078 mol of the solute?

The answer to this question is D. In order to obtain the volume of solution necessary to provide a given amount of solute in moles, one needs to take the number of moles and divide by the solution concentration in molarity.

The explanation for the fact that radioactive isotopes of an element exhibit the same chemical behavior as the stable isotopes of the element is that each has the same:

The chemical behavior depends on electron interactions and bond formation. The number and configuration of electrons depends on the element which is solely determined by the atomic, or proton, number. Thus, A is the best answer. Isotopes of any given element all contain the same number of protons, so they have the same atomic number (for example, the atomic number of helium is always 2). Isotopes of a given element contain different numbers of neutrons, therefore, different isotopes havedifferent mass numbers.

Ignoring stereochemistry, how many different tripeptides may exist that contain the same three amino acids as the molecule shown below?

The formula for the number of possible peptides that contain one each of n amino acids is n! (n factorial). For n = 3 (a tripeptide), n! = 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 = Answer C. Alternatively, for a tripeptide ABC, the following combinations are possible: ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA, or six = Answer C.

The concentration of the protein cyclin rises and falls during the cell cycle as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1Changes in the concentration of cyclin during phases of the cell cycle What mechanism could account for this oscillation of cyclin protein concentration?

The graph shown in the question indicates that the concentration of cyclin rises and falls in a regular manner throughout the cell cycle, reaching a peak just at the beginning of mitosis, gradually declining during mitosis, reaching a minimum at the end of mitosis, and gradually increasing during interphase. The mechanism that can best account for this oscillation in the concentration of cyclin is translation of cyclin mRNA (creating the protein from mRNA template) followed by proteolysis (destruction) of cyclin protein during mitosis.

Muscles with striated fibers are the primary muscle type in:

The heart!!1

Researchers hypothesize that experiencing a certain scent while viewing paintings of flowers will influence the viewers' ratings of attractiveness of the paintings. Researchers dispensed a floral scent in one room with paintings and no scent in another room with paintings. Which statement is accurate regarding the study?

The independent variable is the presence or absence of scent in the rooms.

What is the sum of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in strontium-90?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is given by the atomic number. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. The atomic number of strontium (Sr) is 38; so the number of neutrons is 90 - 38 = 52. The sum of protons, neutrons, and electrons in strontium is 38 + 38 + 52 = 128. This value is given as answer choice C.

electric field

a field of force surrounding a charged particle' velocity/ distance

The theory of force generation proposed in the passage is best supported by which of the following observations about Amoeba locomotion?

The passage proposes that force is generated as a microfilament elongates and pushes against a structure such as the plasma membrane. This is representative of how an amoeba moves. Cytochalasins are drugs that inhibit the growth of microfilaments. Therefore, if amoeboid movement stops upon exposure to cytochalasins, microfilaments and their ability to elongate are both implicated as being necessary to generate the force for movement in an amoeba. Thus, A is the best answer.

How many dietary calories does a 1-g sample of Olestra contribute to a human consumer?

The passage states that Olestra is not metabolized because digestive enzymes are blocked from cleavage sites. If a molecule is not metabolized, it can provide no energy and thus no calories. Choice A, 0 Cal, is the correct answer.

Destructive interference occurs in photodiode detectors when direct and scattered light rays take paths to the photocell that differ in phase by:

The phase difference corresponding to a half of a wave is 180°. Half a wave difference in phase between two waves corresponds to destructive interference. Thus, C is the best answer.

Enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions by all of the following methods EXCEPT:

The primary structure of a protein substrate is the amino acid sequence of the protein. Enzymes cannot alter primary structures of protein, but can colocalize substrates, alter local pH, and alter substrate shape.

When viewing an X ray of the bones of a leg, a doctor can tell if the patient is a growing child, because the X ray shows:

The question asks the examinee to identify the characteristic that differentiates growing, developing long bones from adult bones. Long bones grow via endochondral ossification, which requires cartilaginous growth plates at the ends of long bones, that thicken as cartilage and later become ossified (A). Dividing bone cells (B) and haversion canals (C) can be present in fully ossified adult bones. Some adults who are short in stature may have fully ossified long bones that are shorter than those of a developing child (D). Thus, A is the best answer.

When the environmental temperature is 45° C, which of the following organisms will have the highest body temperature?

The question asks the examinee to identify the organism with the highest body temperature in response to elevated external temperatures. This organism will be the organism that is least able to utilize the cooling mechanisms of vasodilation and sweating. A lizard (D) has an impermeable integument, thereby eliminating vasodilation and sweating as options for cooling. Thus, D is the best answer.

The concentration range within which muscle tension is most sensitive to acetylcholine (Figure 1) is:

The relaxation of the intact blood vessel is dramatic at about 10-7 M ACH. The steepness of the curve means slight changes in ACH concentration are producing large changes in muscle tension. Below 10-8 muscle tension is increasing despite ACH. At concentrations above 10-6 muscle tension is fully relaxed and there is no response to ACH. In the blood vessel with endothelium removed muscle tension continues to increase in all ranges of ACH studied suggesting there is no relaxation in response to ACH. Thus, answer choice B is the best answer.

Which amino acid residues were incorporated into Compound 1 to promote the adhesion of cells on the scaffold surfaces?

The residues that were engineered into the peptide for cell adhesion are arginine and aspartate as can be reasoned based on the structure of the peptide provided, and the description of the roles of the various residues provided in the passage.

The outer layers of human skin are composed of dead cells impregnated with keratin and oil, which make the epidermis relatively impermeable to water, yet humans sweat freely in hot temperatures. This occurs because:

The sweat glands secrete onto the surface of the skin through channels continuous with the most superficial layer of the skin, the epidermis. These channels prevent water loss by isolating the water-permeable, sweat-secreting cells from dry surface air. The openings of the sweat glands on to the surface of the epidermis are pores. The correct answer is B. All the other answers require some movement of water through the epidermis itself, which is relatively impermeable.

In a certain kinetics experiment, the enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of ATP proceeds at a constant rate of 2.0 µM•s-1. If the volume of solution is 1.0 mL, what is the total number of ATP molecules that hydrolyzed after 1 min?

The total number of molecules that were hydrolyzed can be calculated by multiplying the rate in µM•s-1 by the time (in seconds) and the volume of the solution (in L): 2.0 × 10-6 mol•L-1•s-1 × 60 s × 1.0 × 10-3 L = 1.2 × 10-7 mol.

Which of the following statements gives the most fundamental reason why ornithine is unlikely to be found in proteins synthesized in vivo?

There is no codon for it in the standard genetic code. because without a corresponding codon in the genetic code, an amino acid cannot take part in the process of protein translation from an mRNA transcript.

Compared to normal glycogen, the amount of what type of bond is decreased in Lafora bodies? A. Phosphomonoester B. Phosphodiester C. α-1,4-Glycosidic bond D. α-1,6-Glycosidic bond

This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer D because it is stated in the passage that the lack of branching is a characteristic of Lafora bodies. Branching occurs through an α-1,6-glycosidic bond in glycogen. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recall the properties of glycogen branching. IN THE PASSAGE STATES BRANCHING YOU KNOW ALPHA 1,6 IS BRANCHING OF GLUCOSE.

In addition to glucose, what other monosaccharide is part of the UDP-glucose structure?

This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules." The answer is C because UDP contains uridine, which is a nucleic acid used in RNA. The structure of RNA contains ribose. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must apply knowledge of the structure of nucleic acids to solve to problem.

Each of the following equations shows the dissociation of an acid in water. Which of the reactions occurs to the LEAST extent? A. HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl− B. HPO42− + H2O → H3O+ + PO43− C. H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO4− D. H3PO4 + H2O → H3O+ + H2PO4−

This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Unique nature of water and its solutions." The answer to this question is B. HPO42− has a high negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to use a scientific principle and theory to draw a conclusion.

Kidney failure during severe dehydration is most likely due to:

This question asks the examinee to identify the cause of kidney failure during times of extreme dehydration. As the passage states, severe dehydration greatly reduces the volume of filtrate moving through the nephrons of the kidney. If fluid volume is too drastically reduced, the kidney will be unable to effectively do its job of filtering and maintaining homeostasis within bodily fluids. Thus, A is the best answer.

When the environmental temperature is 33° C, vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels helps to regulate the body temperature of a human by:

This question asks the examinee to identify the impact of vasodilation on the maintenance of body temperature. When vasodilation occurs, the walls of blood vessels relax, allowing more blood to enter the area. The presence of increased blood within dilated vasculature in cutaneous tissue allows heat to escape from the surface of the body into the environment (C). Vasodilation increases, not decreases, bloodflow to the skin (A). This process does not produce an even distribution of heat, but rather facilitates the disproportionate movement of blood (and heat) to the surface of the body so that heat can be released (B). Vasodilation typically functions to facilitate, and not to prevent, heat loss (D). Thus, C is the best answer.

Alcohols generally require acid catalysis in order to undergo substitution by nucleophiles. The acid catalyst enhances the reaction by:

This question asks the examinee to remember that the substitution reaction in question serves to replace the hydroxyl group and that hydroxide ion is one of the worst leaving groups in substitution reactions. Under acidic conditions, the hydroxyl group is protonated such that the leaving group is now water, a superior leaving group, rather than hydroxide ion. Thus, B is the best answer. Solvent polarity and basic impurities are not particularly relevant, and protecting the alcohol group defeats the purpose of the reaction.

The two primary factors that normally determine the level of blood pressure are:

Two factors that normally determine the blood pressure are the cardiac output and the resistance to blood flow. Cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) determines the amount of blood pumped into the system by the heart per unit time. The resistance to blood flow is primarily determined by the caliber of the small arteries, arterioles, and precapillary sphincters. Thus blood pressure equals total peripheral resistance times cardiac output, a relationship analogous to Ohm's law for electrical circuits. L-NMMA is not normally present, as implied in the passage by the statement that this substance was developed for use as an inhibitor for NO synthase. Thus, answer choice B is the best answer.

The liver is different from many other organs in that it can at least partially regenerate following illness or damage. This regeneration is accomplished primarily through:

Unlike other organisms, the liver can partially regenerate after illness or damage. This regeneration is accomplished by mitosis. Mitosis is the process whereby human body cells (not gametes) reproduce.

ohms law

V=IR

Ohm's Law

V=IR voltage=current*resistance

What is the most likely location of P-gp within the plasma membrane?

Within a lipid raft The answer D because the passage states the P-gp is found in cholesterol rich domains, which would indicate lipid rafts.

When a strip of Zn is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, H2(g) evolves. If a strip of Al is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, does H2(g) evolve?

Yes; Al is oxidized and H+(aq) is reduced. When Zn is put into a solution of Al3+ , no solid forms because there is no Al3+ being reduced and there are no free zinc ions to reduced as well. Therefore, Al3+ has a lower reduction potential than Zn2+. When they perform the reverse with Zn2+ and Al (s), the solid forms because Zn2+ with the higher reduction potential is reduced while Al is oxidized. Part of the reason the Zn2+ forms a solid in this case is because there are free ions to make the solid. In the first case, there are no free ions of Zn2+ to form the solid so there's nothing favorable to reduce, and the reduction potential of Al3+ makes it so that it would be unfavorable to perform if it means having to oxidize Zn (s).

Addition of laforin to the reaction mixtures used to generate the data in Figure 2 will result in:

You're reading a bit too much into the question. The question and answer choices force you to look at the WT lanes only without glucosidase both with and without laforin addition. You don't have to take glucosidase into account at all - in truth, it's used as a control lane. The SDS-PAGE on the left has 14C tagged glucose, and so is also a control to see how much glucose is incorporated into the glycogen. Laforin should not affect this, so we rule out the answers involving 14C. The SDS-PAGE on the right has 32P tags, which marks phosphorylation activity of our glycogen. Laforin, which is a phosphatase, should remove radiotagged phosphate from our glycogen, so the band should be less intense, as compared to a reaction mixture without laforin, which would have radiotagged phosphate still on the glycogen backbone (meaning we see a more intense band) The question doesn't have much to do with migration distance as much as enzyme activity - you can tell because there's no ladder (also because glycogen is already an insanely and variably long polymer). The glucosidase is only there as a control, and the experiment is only contingent on glucose incorporation into glycogen via glycogen synthase activity, which is normalized for with the 14C and 32P tags.

index of refraction

a measure of the amount a ray of light bends when it passes from one medium to another 3.00*10^8/ speed of light in medium= index of refraction

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Compared to the simultaneous condition, the serial condition of the experiment would be more likely to cause:

a primacy effect. the objects are presented to the participants one at a time, which might result in better memory for events at the beginning of the series (a primacy effect).

Caste System

a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Glucose transporter proteins in the liver do not require the presence of insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose. However, insulin does stimulate the first step in the glycolytic pathway within the liver. Therefore, in liver cells, insulin most likely:

aids glucose uptake by decreasing the cellular concentration of glucose. stem states that insulin stimulates the first step in the glycolytic pathway in the liver, thus decreasing the cellular concentration of glucose. This results in increased uptake of glucose to maintain the cellular concentration of glucose

amide group versus amine group

amino acids form amide groups, amide has 1 hydrogen amine has 2 attached

hydrophobic amino acids

amino acids with long alkyl side chains. Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Phenylalanine. More likely to be found in the interior of proteins

Kinase

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

phosphatides

any of a class of compounds that are fatty acid esters of glycerol phosphate with a nitrogen base linked to the phosphate group.

amino acids that can be phosphorylated

are serine, threonine, tyrosine in eukaryotes, and also histidine in prokaryotes and plants (though it is now known to be common in humans).

Normally, a hypothalamic factor stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. In a patient with Addison's disease, the secretion of the hypothalamic factor will

be higher than normal. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. According to the passage, Addison's disease occurs when cells of the adrenal cortex are destroyed, rendering them unable to secrete glucocorticoids. As part of a hormone cascade pathway, ACTH secretion is expected to be higher than normal in a patient with Addison's disease to attempt to stimulate the adrenal cortex. POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Colchicine is a drug that prevents the formation of microtubules. Which of the following mitotic processes would NOT occur after exposure to this drug?

because microtubules function in chromosomal movements in cell division.

Liposomes derived from Compound 2 are prepared at pH 8.5 from two different solution concentrations (0.10 mM and 0.20 mM) as described in the passage. What is the expected appearance of the size-exclusion chromatograph of the liposomal suspension that results after mixing equal volumes of these?

because mixing the two suspensions will result in the same liposomal suspension that is created when the lipid concentration is 0.15 mM.

Enthnocentrism

belief that one's own ethnic group, nation or religion is superior

early memory research with adults led to the belief that the capacity of working memory was

between 5 and 9 items. The so-called "magic number 7 ± 2" was the name George Miller (1956) gave to this estimate.

Research findings indicate higher levels of patient trust and physician attention in race-concordant physician-patient relationships because:

both the physician and patient belong to the same in-group.

The statement that the ornithine decarboxylase assay is highly specific means that it:

can distinguish ornithine decarboxylase activity from the many other enzymatic reactions in a cell. because enzymes such as ornithine decarboxylase are highly specific both in the reactions that they catalyze and in their choice of substrates and therefore catalyze only a single chemical reaction or occasionally a set of closely related reactions. T

phosphodiesterase

converts cAMP to AMP

S configuration R configuration

counterclockwise clockwise

Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation

directly proportional to number of photons

Assume the hydrolysis of ATP proceeds with ΔG′° = -30 kJ/mol. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi Which expression gives the ratio of ADP to ATP at equilibrium, if the [Pi] = 1.0 M? (Note: Use RT = 2.5 kJ/mol.)

e ^12 The free energy of the reaction ΔG′° is related to the equilibrium constant Keq = [ADP][Pi]/[ATP] as ΔG′° = -RTln(Keq). Applying [Pi] = 1 and using the expression for Keq gives ΔG′° = -RTln([ADP]/[ATP]), so that [ADP]/[ATP] = e(30/2.5) = e12.

Conflict theory

emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. It assumes that power and authority are unequally distributed across a society, and that groups attempt to maintain their advantages. The correct answer captures these basic elements of conflict theory, while the incorrect options are more consistent with other sociological theories (such as functionalism or interactionism).

based on the ray diagram and distances shown in Figure 1, the focal length of the lens is: focal length=

f = (12 cm × 4 cm)/(12 cm + 4 cm) = 3 cm

ribose structure

five carbon ring with surrounding Os and Hs

number of photons emmited

h*frequency

The ATP-dependent phosphorylation of a protein target is catalyzed by which class of enzyme?

he answer is B because kinases catalyze the transfer phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins and are classified as transferases. The item stem describes a kinase

What is the energy content in kcal of one peanut, if the temperature of 1 kg of water in a calorimeter increases by 50oC upon the combustion of 10 peanuts?

his is an example of a dimensional analysis problem, in which a number of values and conversion factors are multiplied to obtain the desired answer. The requested value is the energy of one peanut, if it takes ten peanuts to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 50o. This value is obtained by multiplying the mass of water by the heat capacity by the temperature increase, and dividing the result by ten. The process is represented by the following equation: (1 kg) × (1000 g/kg) × (1 cal/g oC) × (1 kcal/1000 cal) × (50oC) = 50 kcal which gives the energy provided by the combustion of ten peanuts. One peanut therefore provides 5 kcal. Note the use of conversion factors. In this or any other calculation it is important to make sure the units are correct in the calculation and that the units in the equation cancel out to give the answer in the correct units. If the units do not cancel, it is likely that there is a mistake somewhere in the set-up of the problem. The correct value here is represented by answer choice C.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and an increase in circulating blood volume. ANP has been identified as a diuretic that causes sodium loss and inhibits the thirst mechanism

negative priming

if an ignored object suddenly becomes the attended object, then participants are slower at processing it uses implicit memory

No drowsiness was initially felt by the alcoholic because the previous abuse of alcohol had:

induced the cP-450. cP-450 is inducible and thus previous abuse of alcohol, a cellular toxin, results in an increased concentration of cP-450. This leads to rapid barbiturate metabolism by cP-450 and the absence of initial drowsiness.

The findings described in the passage suggest that memory for locations:

is influenced by categorical knowledge. the nine-year-olds performed differently from adults, suggesting that spatial memory keeps undergoing changes after nine years of age. Because this categorical bias was present in adults, spatial memory does not necessarily become more accurate with age. Because world knowledge about categories affects people's judgments of distance, it is not accurate to say that spatial memory relies solely on the recall of distances.

What is the kinetic energy of a photoelectron produced in the energy meter of the PAC device when the frequency of an incident photon that is NOT absorbed in the solution is f = 5.0 × 1015 Hz? (Note: Use h = 4.1 × 10-15 eV•s.)

kinetic energy= 1/2 HF -3.4 The answer to this question is C because the kinetic energy of a photoelectron is equal to hf - 3.4 eV = 20.5 eV - 3.4 eV = 17.1

The lung cells of heavy smokers would be expected to have greatly increased concentrations of cP-450 and:

mRNA sequences that code for cP-450. because protein levels relate most directly to mRNA levels

gamma decay

means the emission of photons by the nucleus.

paper chromatography

method of separating a mixture of different colours. The liquid soaks through the paper and carries the mixture with it. Some substances are carried faster than others so the substances are separated along the paper *WATER ABOSORBED ON CELLULOSE BY HYDROGEN BONDS.

According to Maintenance Factor 1, mild changes in bodily sensations act as:

mild changes in bodily sensations become cues that are associated with excessive panic. Thus, those mild changes in bodily sensations become conditioned stimuli, which elicit the conditioned fear response.

Compound 1 was designed to exhibit pH-dependent self-assembly. What feature(s) of the molecule is(are) responsible for the pH dependence of aggregation (Equation 1)?

molecule contains mainly acidic side chains that were deprotonated and negatively charged at high pH. This inhibited aggregation due to electrostatic principles. At low pH these groups are neutral and this allowed aggregation.

In a study of college students, a correlation was found between those reporting high rates of insomnia and reduced hit rates for detecting the sounds of birds chirping. This represents what type of correlation, and what phenomenon was described?

negative, signal detection The answer to this question is B because the relationship between rates of insomnia (high) and the hit rate (reduced) describes a negative correlation. In addition, according to signal detection theory the detection of a stimulus is not only dependent on its strength, but also on the psychological state (tired) of the individual

novel information

new information

octahedral bonding

octahedral compounds have six σ bonds and no lone pairs. According to valence bond theory, the central atom requires the hybridization of six atomic orbitals, d2sp3. if you have an atom bonded to 4 other things, it was sp3 hybridized. The trick to recalling that was 1s + 3p = 4. In an octahedral compound, you have a central atom bonded to 6 other atoms. So the sum of all the "exponents" should be 6 which leads to d2sp3. Basically, atoms with d orbitals can bond to more than 4 things, so if you have something that is bonded to more than 4 things, it will have a d orbital involved somehow. But for a trick, the rule with the sum of the exponents = # of atoms bonded to still follows.

Haversian canal

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

fructose structure

pentagon

Pericytes were growth-arrested in Experiment 1 so that the:

pericyte growth would not interfere with the measurement of EC growth. The question asks the examinee to identify the reason for using pericytes that were growth-arrested in Experiment 1. The results of the experiment were expressed in terms of the number of endothelial cells. Had the pericytes been allowed to divide, the observed increase in the number of cells in the culture would have been due to increases in the number of pericytes and in the number of endothelial cells. By inhibiting the division of pericytes, the observed change in cell number is attributable solely to the growth of endothelial cells. The reason for using growth-arrested cells is therefore to simplify the measurement of the number of endothelial cells in the culture. Thus, A is the best answer.

Based on the information in the passage, which type of enzyme is most likely to suppress CBC?

phosphatase The answer to this question is C because the passage states that cross-bridge cycling (CBC) requires phosphorylation of the myosin light chain (LC20). A phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate; therefore it is likely to suppress CBC.

When a 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is added to pulverized blackboard chalk, the following reaction takes place. CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) At 25°C, the reaction is spontaneous and has:

pontaneous reactions must have a negative ΔG°, and reaction that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a positive ΔS°.

Working with depressed patients, a therapist wishing to implement a treatment framework based on the SG hypothesis, will likely pay a great deal of attention to:

preventing recurrance of depressive episodes. The answer to this question is B because one feature of the stress generation hypothesis is the idea that recurrent depressive episodes are particularly problematic and are clearly at the core of the stress-depression connection. Also, the hypothesis does not assume people can rid their lives of stressful events (option C). Rather, the idea is to reduce the negative outcomes of those events

Rf

ratio of distance traveled for paper and thin layer chromatography. (distance traveled by pigment/ distance traveled by solvent font)

procedural memory

refers to memory for the performance of particular types of action.

Phosphatase

removes phosphate

Which amino acid was incorporated into Compound 1 as a future site of covalent attachment to HA prior to mineralization?

serine can be phosphorylated. because serine is the residue that was phosphorylated, and phosphorylation enabled the protein to be subsequently attached to hydroxyapatite (HA).

Exercise promotes the insulin-independent uptake of glucose in working skeletal muscles. Given this, regular exercise would most likely reduce blood glucose levels in patients with which type(s) of diabetes?

stem states that exercise promotes the insulin-independent uptake of glucose and thus it will reduce blood glucose levels both in patients with impaired production of insulin (type 1 diabetes), and in patients who do not respond to insulin (type 2 diabetes).

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

role strain

tension among the roles connected to a single status

medullary collecting duct

terminal component of the nephron in which vasopressin-sensitive passive water reabsorption occurs most concentrated!!

Ethanol may be metabolized to acetic acid, then condensed with a coenzyme to form acetyl coenzyme A. Acetyl coenzyme A may then participate in:

the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. acetyl coenzyme A is the main input of the citric acid cycle.

What does the behavior of liposomes prepared from compounds 1 and 2 upon mixing indicate about the energetics of their transformations? Liposomes prepared from:

the answer to this question is B. The mixing experiments demonstrate that liposomes formed from Compound 1 cannot attain their thermodynamically preferred state and are therefore under kinetic control. Mixing liposomes of different sizes of Compound 2, on the other hand, results in the formation of new liposomes which are of an intermediate size indicating that they rapidly attain their thermodynamically preferred state.

Which explanation of the results of Study 1 presents the most appropriate application of the optimal arousal theory? Reminding participants of:

the answer to this question is C. Optimal arousal theory states that optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance. Option C is compatible with this theory because it suggests that poor performance is a consequence of increased arousal levels resulting from negative stereotype activation

Which type of bond is formed by glycogen synthase upon release of UDP?

the bond that is formed by glycogen synthase is the main chain linkage of glycogen, which is an α-1,4-glycosidic bond. UDP release means that only glucose was added.

focal length

the distance between the center of a lens or curved mirror and its focus.

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

The initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs primarily by:

the initial filtration in the glomerulus occurs as blood pressure forces the fluid from the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman's capsule. passive flow due to a pressure difference

How will the rate of a catalyzed reaction be affected if the solid catalyst is finely ground before it is added to the reaction mixture?

the rate will be faster because a greater surface area of catalyst will be exposed. grinding a heterogeneous catalyst increases the amount of catalyst available to the reaction and therefore increases its rate

In the above figure, an object O is at a distance of three focal lengths from the center of a convex lens. What is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object?

the ratio of the image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of the lens-image distance to the object-lens distance. According to the thin lens equation, the distance between the lens and the image is 3F x 1F/(3F - 1F) = (3/2)F where F is the focal length. The ratio sought is then equal to (3/2)F/(3F) = 1/2

enthographic research

the study of human behavior in its natural context; involves observation of behavior and physical setting

Phosphorylase

transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from inorganic phosphate

Triglycerols or Triglycerides

your basic fat or oil

Compared to normal glycogen, the amount of what type of bond is decreased in Lafora bodies?

α-1,6-Glycosidic bond It says in the passage sparsly branch!! so you must know alpha 1,6 is branched glycogen bond!!