A&P 1 - Chapter 1

The posterior aspect is subdivided into two enclosed cavities?

1. Cranial cavity 2. Spinal (vertebral) cavity

What are the two main divisions of microscopic anatomy?

1. Cytology 2. Histology

___________ is the study of structure and form.

Anatomy

The ______ level is composed of organs

Organ

True or False Although there is only one midsagittal plane, an infinite number of sagittal planes are possible.

TRUE

True or False. For example, when a person is standing it would be accurate to say "the heart is superior to the stomach," yet if that person were in a supine (lying down, face upward) position, this statement would seem not to be true.

TRUE

True or False. For example, the organs of the digestive system (e.g., oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestine, and liver) work together to digest food particles, absorb nutrients, and expel the waste products.

True

The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word ________, which means to _____ ______ or ______.

anatome cut apart or dissect

The ________ ________ level contains multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.

organ system

Between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers is a potential space called the?

serous cavity

_______ are the smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element, such as carbon and hydrogen.

Atoms

When you digest a meal, what type of metabolic reactions do you think you are utilizing primarily: anabolic or catabolic chemical reactions? Why?

Catabolic; break down large molecules into proteins

The ___________ level is the simplest level, and it involves atoms and molecules

Chemical

__________ tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs.

Connective

___________ is the study of body cells and their internal structure.

Cytology (or cellular anatomy)

If a physician makes an incision into the abdomen along the midsagittal plane, superior to the umbilicus and just inferior to the thoracic diaphragm, then the skin of the __________ abdominopelvic region has been incised.

Epigastric

__________ tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities.

Epithelial

___________ anatomy investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys. In these macroscopic investigations, specimens or their parts are often dissected (cut open) for examination.

Gross anatomy (also called macroscopic anatomy)

___________ is the study of body tissues.

Histology

______________ anatomy examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. For most of these studies, scientists prepare individual cells or thin slices of body structures and examine these specimens under the microscope.

Microscopic

When two or more atoms combine, they form a __________.

Molecule

_________ tissue produces movement.

Muscle

_________ tissue conducts nerve impulses for communication.

Nervous

The small intestine is an example of an _________ that is composed of all four tissue types, which work together to process and absorb digested nutrients.

Organ

_______ anatomy examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease. Both gross anatomic changes and microscopic structures are examined.

Pathologic

____________ is the study of function of the body parts.

Physiology

______ anatomy investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures, such as sonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or x-ray.

Radiographic

_______ anatomy focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them. Health-care providers use surface features to identify and locate important landmarks, such as pulse locations or the proper body region on which to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Most anatomy and physiology classes also instruct students on important surface anatomy locations.

Surface

True or False. Another significant difference between the posterior aspect and the ventral cavity is that the subdivisions of the ventral cavity are lined with thin serous membranes. Posterior aspect cavities have no serous membranes.

TRUE

True or False. Early anatomists and physiologists used the scientific method to explain how blood circulates through the body. Today, we continue to use the scientific method for a variety of topics, such as to understand how the brain stores memories or explain how cancer may spread throughout the body.

TRUE

True or False. In humans, 11 organ systems are commonly denoted, each composed of interrelated organs that work in concert to perform specific functions. A person maintains a healthy body through the intricate interworkings of all of its organ systems

TRUE

True or False. The discipline of physiology parallels anatomy because it also is very broad and may be subdivided into smaller groups. Many specific physiology subdisciplines focus their studies on a particular body system.

TRUE

Which body cavity is associated with the lungs, and what are the names of its serous membranes?

Thoracic cavity; parietal pluera, plueral cavity, and visceral pluera

True or False Serous membranes secrete a liquid called serous fluid within a serous cavity. Serous fluid has the consistency of oil and serves as a lubricant. In a living person, organs (e.g., heart, lungs, intestines) move and rub against each other and the body wall. Friction caused by this movement is reduced by the serous fluid so the organs move more smoothly against one another and the body walls

True

True or False. A sagittal plane divides a structure into left and right portions that are NOT equal.

True

True or False. A stimulus to the skin of the hands, such as an extremely hot temperature, causes the human to withdraw the hand from the stimulus so as to prevent injury or damage.

True

True or False. Responsiveness occurs at almost all levels of organization.

True

True or False. The sex cells (gametes), under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism.

True

__________ focus on the form and structure, whereas ____________ focus on the mechanisms and functions of these structures.

anatomists; physiologists

The __________ region is composed of the upper and lower limbs, which attach to the axial region.

appendicular

___________ physiology examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

cardiovascular

Cells and their components are formed from the atoms and molecules from the _________ level.

chemical

As the human body grows and develops, structures such as the brain become more _________ and elaborately _____________.

complex; integrated

A ___________ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. .

coronal plane, also called a frontal plane

The three major anatomic planes are the?

coronal, transverse, and midsagittal planes

A _______ cavity is formed by the bones of the cranium, and so it also goes by the name endocranium. The ______ cavity houses the brain.

cranial, cranial

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

All organisms produce new cells for _________, _________, and __________.

growth, maintenance, and repair.

Within the thoracic cavity, the median space between the lungs is called the? It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.

mediastinum

___________ which is defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body.

metabolism

A __________ plane through the head will split it into a left half and a right half (each containing one eye, one ear, and half of the nose and mouth).

midsagittal

The somatic (body) cells divide by a process called _____, whereas sex cells (called gametes) are produced by another type of cell division called __________.

mitosis; meiosis

Physiologists examine the function of various organ systems, and they typically focus on the ___________ or ___________ level.

molecular or cellular level

More complex molecules are called macromolecules and include some ____________ and the _____________ molecules.

proteins; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules

__________ __________ which explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

reproductive physiology

__________ ________ which studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels.

respiratory physiology

All organisms exhibit _________, which is the ability to detect and react to stimuli (changes in the external or internal environment).

responsiveness

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the?

serous pericardium

The human body is partitioned into what two main regions?

the axial and appendicular regions.

An organ contains two or more ________ types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

tissue

The ___________ level consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions.

tissue

The _______ canal, which is formed by the bones of the vertebral column. The ___________ canal houses the spinal cord.

vertebral; vertebral

True or False. The ventral cavity is the larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body. Unlike the posterior aspect, the ventral cavity and its subdivisions do not completely encase their organs in bone.

True

An individual in the _____________ position stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly (toward the front); the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer

anatomic

Serous membranes form two layers: (1) a ______ layer that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall (2) a ______ layer that covers the external surface of the organs (viscera) within that cavity.

parietal visceral

The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity house the lungs, which are associated with a two-layered serous membrane called the? The _____ _____ is the outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall. The inner layer is the ______ ______, which covers the external surface of each lung. The pleural cavity is the serous cavity between these parietal and visceral layers, and it contains serous fluid.

pleura parietal pleura visceral pleura

Anatomists and physiologists refer to real or imaginary "slices" of the body, called ________ or _________, to examine the internal anatomy and describe the position of one body part relative to another.

sections or planes

If a ________ plane is taken through the middle of the trunk, the superior portion contains the chest and the inferior portion contains the abdomen

transverse

A _________ plane divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

transverse plane, also called a horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane,

1. ________ - in front of; toward the front surface 2. ________ - in back of; toward the back surface 3. ________ - nearer to the trunk; closer to point of attachment 4. ________ - farther from the trunk; farther away from point of attachment 5. _______ - Toward the back side of the human body 6. ______ - Toward the belly side of the human body 7. _______ - Closer to the head 8. ________ - Closer to the feet 9. ________ - Toward the head end 10. _______ - Toward the rear or tail end 11. ________ - Toward the nose or mouth 12. ________ - Toward the midline of the body 13. _______ - Away from the midline of the body 14. _______ - Closer to the inside; internal to another surface 15. ______ - Closer to the outside; external to another surface 16. ______ - On the opposite side 17. ______ - On the same side

1. anterior 2. posterior 3. proximal 4. distal 5. Dorsal 6. Ventral 7. Superior 8. Inferior 9. Cranial (cephalic) 10. Caudal 11. Rostral 12. Medial 13. Lateral 14. Deep 15. Superficial 16. Contralateral 17. Ipsilateral

_________ anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body system. For example, studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys (where urine is formed) and the organs of urine transport (ureters and urethra) and storage (urinary bladder). Most undergraduate anatomy and physiology classes use this systemic approach.

Systemic

True or False. The posterior aspect of the body is different from the ventral cavity, in that the posterior aspect contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity.

True

True or False. The sciences of anatomy and physiology are intertwined; one must have some understanding of anatomic form to study physiologic function of a structure. Likewise, one cannot adequately describe and understand the anatomic form of an organ without learning that organ's function.

True

True or False. The ventral cavity is partitioned by the thoracic diaphragm into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity.

True

The _____________ level consists of cells, which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms

cellular

____________ physiologists examine how the heart pumps the blood, what are the parameters for healthy blood pressure, and details of the cellular exchange mechanisms by which respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes move between blood and body structures.

Cardiovascular

All organisms must exchange _________, ________, and _______ with their environment to remain alive and healthy. ____________ organisms (e.g., bacteria) may exchange these substances directly across their surface cell boundaries. In contrast, ________ ________ organisms require sophisticated organ systems with specialized structures and functions to perform the many activities required for the routine events of life.

Nutrients, wastes, and gases Simple Complex, multicellular

__________ anatomy examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit. For example, one may study the axillary (armpit) region of the body, and in so doing examine the blood vessels (axillary artery and vein), nerves (branches of the brachial plexus), lymph nodes (axillary lymph nodes), musculature, connective tissue, and skin. Most medical school gross anatomy courses are taught using a regional anatomy approach.

Regional

__________ are scientist that who study the form and structure of organisms. Specifically, they examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs

Anatomists

When a ________ plane is taken through the trunk, the anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back and buttocks

Coronal

____________ are scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how the functioning of these organs may be altered via medication or disease.

Physiologists

Examples of molecules include?

Sugar, water molecule, vitamin

True or False. Integrating the disciplines of anatomy and physiology, rather than trying to separate discussion of form and function, is the most effective way to learn about both fields. Anatomists and physiologists may be describing the organs slightly differently, but both disciplines must use information from the other field for a full understanding of the organ system. You cannot fully understand how the small intestine propels food and digests or absorbs nutrients unless you also know about the structure of the small intestine wall.

TRUE

True or False. The structures of cells vary widely, reflecting the specializations needed for their different functions. For example, a skeletal muscle cell may be very long and contain numerous organized protein filaments that aid in muscle contraction, whereas a red blood cell is small and has a flattened disc shape that facilitates the quick and effective ex-change of respiratory gases.

TRUE

The ___________ cavity consists of an abdominal cavity, which is superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones, and a pelvic cavity, which is inferior to the pelvic brim. The _______ cavity contains most of the digestive system organs, as well as the kidneys and most of the ureters. The _______ cavity contains the distal part of the large intestine, the remainder of the ureters and the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.

abdominopelvic abdominal pelvic

The peritoneum is the two-layered serous membrane that lines the ____________ cavity. The ________ _______, the outer layer of this serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity. The ________ _________ is the inner layer of this serous membrane, and it covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs. The serous cavity between these serous membrane layers is the peritoneal cavity, which contains and is lubricated by serous fluid.

abdominopelvic parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum

The _______ region forms the main vertical axis of the body.

axial

The ________ region includes the head, neck, and trunk

axial

A __________ plane is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.

midsagittal plane, or median plane

_____________ which examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system.

neurophysiology

There are numerous minor planes called ____________ planes that pass through a structure at an angle

oblique

The ________ _________ is the outermost layer of the serous membrane and forms the sac around the heart, whereas the ________ _________ forms the heart's external surface. The pericardial cavity is the serous cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, and it contains serous fluid.

parietal pericardium; visceral pericardium

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane, is termed a __________ plane.

sagittal

Anatomists and physiologists are professionals who use the _________ __________ to explain and understand the workings of the body.

scientific method

The term _________ implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy, whereas the word __________ implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body.

section; plane

The scientific method is a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists: 1. ____________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________

1. Examine natural events (or phenomena) through observation 2. Develop a hypothesis (possible explanation) for explaining these phenomena 3. Experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data 4. Determine if the data support the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis needs to be rejected or modified

Macromolecules form specialized microscopic subunits in cells, called?

organelles.

During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often exhibit increased __________ and increased ______________ as related to form and function (_____________).

size (growth); specialization; development