A&P 1 - Chapter 3 - Energy
Can you name the four stages of Cellular Respiration? Hints: 1. Sugar breakdown 2. In the middle 3. Oranges... Lemons... Limes... Acid! 4. Electrons
1. Glycolysis (glyco = sugar, lysis = cut/break) 2. Intermediate 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
What are the products of the intermediate stage (2nd stage) of cellular respiration? Acronym: *CAN* Hint: This is the only stage that doesn't produce ATP!
2 *C*arbon Dioxide 2 *A*cetyl CoA 2 *N*ADH (one of each of the above per pyruvate)
What are the products of glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration? (3) Acronym: *PAN* Hint: The main goal of the first three stages of cellular respiration are to produce substrates for the electron transport chain!
2 *P*yruvate *A*TP 2 *N*ADH
What is the substrate needed for the citric acid cycle, the third stage of cellular respiration? Hint: Think about the products of the second stage!
2 Acetyl CoA!
What is the substrate needed for the intermediate stage (2nd stage) of cellular respiration? Hint: Think about the products of the first stage! Do you remember?
2 Pyruvate!
What are the products of the citric acid cycle, the third stage of cellular respiration? Hint: Same products of the intermediate stage (different numbers), plus an additional type of electron carrier!
4 Carbon Dioxide ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH (half of each of the above per Acetyl CoA) Memory hint: Trying to remember how many of each substrate/product for each stage? Notice the pattern below: First stage (Glycolysis): 1 Glucose produces... *2* Pyruvate *2* ATP *2* NADH Second Stage (Intermediate): *2* Pyruvate produce... *2* Carbon Dioxide *2* Acetyl CoA *2* NADH Third Stage (Citric Acid Cycle): *2* Acetyl CoA produce.... *2* FADH *2* ATP *4* Carbon Dioxide *6* NADH So basically, with the exception of starting with a single glucose and the products of the third stage, all of our numbers are *2*! How convenient!
What are the products of Cellular Respiration? (3) Hint: Don't forget why we breathe! Also -- really?! We *make* that?!
6 Carbon Dioxide (breathe *OUT!*) 6 Water (yes... we MAKE water! Cool, huh?) ATP!
The three main molecules used for chemical energy int he human body are _______, Glycogen, and triglycerides?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What are the three main molecules used for chemical energy int he human body? Hint: Immediate use, quickly converted, long-term storage!
ATP = for immediate use Glucose = quickly converted into ATP Triglycerides (fat) = long-term storage
The reaction rate of a chemical reaction mainly depends on ______________ energy? Hint: Gotta get it started!
Activation
The following are all describing changes in which classification of chemical reaction? (options: change in structure, change in energy, reversible) - Decomposition reactions - Synthesis reactions - Exchange reactions
Change in Structure
The following are all describing changes in which classification of chemical reaction? (options: change in structure, change in energy, reversible) - Exergonic - Endergonic
Changes in Energy
Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the (cytosol/mitochondria) and is (aerobic/anaerobic)?
Cytosol, Anaerobic Glycolysis is the *only* stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol and also the *only* stage that is anaerobic!
Which of the following would be considered an catabolic reaction? - Decomposition Reaction - Synthesis Reaction - Reversibility
Decomposition Reaction!
If you were drawing a graph of an exergonic reaction, would the slope of the line go up (more energy) or down (less energy)?
Down!
During what stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?
Electron Transport Chain!
Protein synthesis is an example of an (endergonic/exergonic) reaction?
Endergonic -- remember that chemical bonds hold energy! When we're building large molecules and bonding many atoms together, there's a lot of stored energy there!
When we build ATP by attaching a phosphate to ADP, are we performing an endergonic or exergonic reaction?
Endergonic -- we're storing energy! Now you're saying, "But... I thought cellular respiration was an exergonic process?! Isn't the whole point of cellular respiration to create ATP?!" -- and you'd be right! But remember that Cellular Respiration is a combination of a LOT of different steps. We're talking about a small portion of cellular respiration here. :) The whole process of Cellular Respiration takes into account the breakdown of glucose and releasing it's energy. Overall we're losing some of the energy stored in glucose, meaning that when you consider the process in whole -- Cellular Respiration is actually exergonic! Mind... blown! *Food for thought:* Does that technically mean that when a nutrition label on candy says "100 calories"... some of those calories are spent creating ATP? *YES!* Actually, a LARGE percentage of the calories we eat are used to fuel cellular respiration. We only manage to capture a small portion of the energy in glucose and store it as ATP. "So... does that mean we can all eat a million calories per day and not gain weight?! I mean... we're spending so much just to make ATP, right?" Sadly... no. :( Recommended calorie intakes already account for energy lost to cellular respiration! Sad day!
The three ways to classify chemical reactions are by changes in structure, changes in ___________, and whether or not they are reversible?
Energy A change in energy would be described as *exergonic* (releasing energy) or *endergonic* (storing energy).
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but is instead converted to another form.
This *type of protein* catalyzes, or assists, chemical reactions to reduce the activation energy?
Enzymes
Cellular respiration is an example of an (endergonic/exergonic) reaction?
Exergonic -- we're breaking down glucose to use it's energy as ATP!
What is the difference between an endergonic and an exergonic reaction?
Exergonic reactions release energy Endergonic reactions store energy Memory hints: You release energy during *exer*cise. Ender = Endo = Within -- Storing energy within.
When we break down ATP to ADP, and have therefor released a phosphate, are we performing an endergonic or exergonic reaction?
Exergonic!
(T/F) All enzymes are proteins?
False! -- But most are!
What are the substrates for Cellular Respiration? (2) Hint: Don't forget why we breathe!
Glucose 6 Oxygen (breathe *IN!*)
What is the substrate needed for glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration? Hint: Think about the name!
Glucose!
Hello all! I'm creating these sets as a study reference for you. I can't promise that EVERY card is going to be correct (I'm human too! I make mistakes!), so if you see something wrong please let me know! These cards are based on a combination of lecture notes and the Questions to Ponder provided to us by Dr. Torres. I typically study them using the 'Flashcards' study mode with the 'Start with Term' and 'Shuffle' settings on. If you're learning the content for the first time, it may help to learn it in order by turning shuffle off. I hope these cards help! Good luck, have fun, study hard!
Hello all! I'm creating these sets as a study reference for you. I can't promise that EVERY card is going to be correct (I'm human too! I make mistakes!), so if you see something wrong please let me know! These cards are based on a combination of lecture notes and the Questions to Ponder provided to us by Dr. Torres. I typically study them using the 'Flashcards' study mode with the 'Start with Term' and 'Shuffle' settings on. If you're learning the content for the first time, it may help to learn it in order by turning shuffle off. I hope these cards help! Good luck, have fun, study hard!
The following are all examples of (kinetic/potential) energy? - Electrical Energy - Radiant Energy - Sound Energy - Heat Energy - Mechanical Energy
Kinetic! Electrical energy = movement of electrons Radiant energy = movement of EM waves (light, radio waves, etc) Sound energy = waves of vibrations Heat energy = random movement of atoms/molecules Mechanical energy = physical movement of an object
The citric acid cycle, the third stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the (cytosol/mitochondria) and is (aerobic/anaerobic)?
Mitochondria, Aerobic
The intermediate stage, the second stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the (cytosol/mitochondria) and is (aerobic/anaerobic)?
Mitochondria, Aerobic
The electron transport chain, the fourth stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the (cytosol/mitochondria) and is (aerobic/anaerobic)?
Mitochondria, Aerobic Trivia: Did you know that mitochondria are actually an ancient form of bacteria called an endosymbiont? Yes... the only reason we're alive is because we have bacteria in our cells! Woah, dude!
What does Oxygen have to do with Cellular Respiration?
Oxygen serves as an essential part of the last step of the electron transport chain. *No oxygen = no cellular respiration!* Now, I should mention that glycolysis (the first stage of cellular respiration) is anaerobic and *does NOT need oxygen*! However, glycolysis alone doesn't produce enough ATP for us to survive. :(
Exchange reactions always happen in (singles/pairs)? Hint: Redox Reactions!
Pairs! Hint explained: In a redox reaction, one substrate gains an electron, another loses one -- *LEO* says *GER*!
Phew! We're done! Just a couple reminders: Make sure you've got your learnsmart complete! Also, any other homework you're holding out on. By now she's probably released the potential short-essay questions! *Those essay questions are not covered here!* Review them! I would *strongly* recommend you go through Dr. Torres' Q2P questions and think about each answer! The worksheets she's provided you all are also amazing, and could really help you remember some of this stuff. Good luck, study hard, have fun! - Scott "The S.I. Guy" Koch
Phew! We're done! Just a couple reminders: Make sure you've got your learnsmart complete! Also, any other homework you're holding out on. By now she's probably released the potential short-essay questions! *Those essay questions are not covered here!* Review them! I would *strongly* recommend you go through Dr. Torres' Q2P questions and think about each answer! The worksheets she's provided you all are also amazing, and could really help you remember some of this stuff. Good luck, study hard, have fun! - Scott "The S.I. Guy" Koch
What is the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy? Hint: Our class example was of a bike at the top of a hill versus a bike at the bottom of a hill!
Potential energy is *stored* energy -- it has the potential to do work! Kinetic energy is the energy of *motion*!
Chemical energy, where energy is *stored* in the bonds between atoms, is a form of (kinetic/potential) energy?
Potential!
What is the goal of cellular respiration? Hint: What are we trying to make?
Produce ATP!
What term would you use to describe what comes out of a chemical reaction?
Product
What is the most common type of exchange reaction that happens in the human body? Hint: *LEO* says *GER*!
Redox! Redox is short for Reduced / Oxidized -- one substrate is reduced (gains an electron) and the other is oxidized (loses an electron). *L*ose *E*lectron = *O*xidized *G*ain *E*lectron = *R*educed
The three ways to classify chemical reactions are by changes in structure, changes in energy, and whether or not they are ________________? Hint: Can we get our substrates back after putting them in?
Reversible Changes in reversibility would be described as either *reversible* (we can get our substrates back) or *irreversible* (bye-bye substrates!).
Enzymes are *extremely* specific, meaning their active sites will fit (most/specific) substrates?
Specific! Think of the active site of an enzyme as being like an empty slot on a puzzle -- only one piece will fit!
The three ways to classify chemical reactions are by changes in ______________, changes in energy, and whether or not they are reversible?
Structure Changes in structure would be described as: 1. Decomposition Reactions (catabolic -- break stuff down) 2. Synthesis Reactions (anabolic -- build stuff up) 3. Exchange Reactions (Trading pieces)
What is another term for a 'reactant', or what goes into a chemical reaction?
Substrate
Which of the following would be considered an anabolic reaction? - Decomposition Reaction - Synthesis Reaction - Reversibility
Synthesis Reaction
Why should you never tell chemistry jokes?
They rarely cause a *reaction*... hehehe...
The three main molecules used for chemical energy int he human body are ATP, glycogen, and ______________?
Triglycerides (fat)
(T/F) Most chemical reactions in the body are reversible?
True!
(T/F) ATP cycling is a reversible reaction?
True! We'd be in a lot of trouble if not! (*ATP*) <----reaction----> (*ADP* + *P*)
If you were drawing a graph of an endergonic reaction, would the slope of the line go up (more energy) or down (less energy)?
Up! .... what a great movie!
What is the second law of thermodynamics? Hint: Think of it as a 'heat tax'.
Whenever energy changes forms, at least a small amount of that energy is converted to heat. Hint explained: I think of the second law as something like a 'sales tax' for energy conversion. :)
Energy is defined as the capacity to do ________?
Work
The three main molecules used for chemical energy int he human body are ATP, _____________, and triglycerides?
glycogen
The two types of energy are potential and ___________?
kinetic
The two types of energy are __________ and kinetic?
potential