A&P 1 - EXAM 2

When placed under mechanical stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through increased deposition of mineral salts and production of _____________ fibers by _____________.

1. Collagen 2. Osteoblasts

____ stimulates ____ which stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disk.

1. Growth hormone 2. IGF

At what age are all bones normally ossified?

25

The mastoid process

All of the above - Is a rounded projection of the parietal bones - Is the point of attachment for several neck muscles - Is anterior to the external auditory meatus.

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

Both a and b - Support for vertebral column - Attachment site for lower limbs

Which ridge serves as an attachment point for tendons of the thigh muscles?

Both a and b. a). Gluteal tuberosity b). Linea Aspera

The hip joint is comprised of the

Both a and c - Femur - Acetabulum

The largest of the tarsal bones is the:

Calcaneus

Bone reduction

Can be open or closed

Which is not a tarsal bone?

Capitate

Which of the following is NOT found in the axial skeleton?

Carpals

During adulthood, which of the following does NOT contribute to bone remodeling and growth?

Enzymes

A(n) ____________ is the eminence at the articular end of a bone above a condyle.

Epicondyle

The ______________ is hyaline cartilage found on either end of a long bone which pushes out, enlarges, becomes calcified, and forms new bone.

Epiphyseal disc

The anatomical neck of the humerus includes the:

Epiphyseal line

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the Diaphysis to grow in length.

Epiphyseal plate

The proximal and distal ends of a bone are called the

Epiphyses

The _________ bone is spongelike in appearance and is located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits.

Ethmoid

This cranial bone is anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones. It contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve.

Ethmoid

A boy's bones are usually ossified by age 18.

FALSE

In the process of intramembranous ossification, bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.

FALSE

T/F A person's bones are usually ossified by age 16.

FALSE

T/F During the repair of a severe fracture, minerals are deposited quickly such that the fracture may be completely repaired within three to five days.

FALSE

T/F In the process of intramembranous ossification, bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.

FALSE

T/F Short bones have greater length than width.

FALSE

T/F The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.

FALSE

T/F The diaphysis is a tough vascular fibrous tissue covering the bone.

FALSE

T/F The epiphysis is a tough vascular fibrous tissue covering the muscle.

FALSE

T/F The lacrimal bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits.

FALSE

T/F The main reason the body needs calcium is to make our bones strong.

FALSE

T/F The thoracic vertebrae are the largest and the strongest of the unfused bones in the vertebral column.

FALSE

T/F Vitamin D is not needed for the proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine.

FALSE

A(n) ________ is a small, smooth area on a bone.

Facet

Ribs that do not have their own costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum are called ________ ribs.

False

A(n) __________ is an anatomical line.

Linea

Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned along

Lines of stress

Which of the following minerals is needed when bones are growing?

Magnesium

This is a structure of a long bone that stores energy.

Marrow

Which facial bone articulates with every other facial bone, except the mandible?

Maxillae

A(n) ________ is a passage or opening.

Meatus

A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow in adults is called the

Medullary cavity

The deltoid tuberosity of the humerus is found:

Midpoint of the shaft

On the proximal end of the humerus is found:

None of the above

The following is/are attachment sites on the clavicle.

None of the above

Which of the following bones is not visible from the anterior view of the skull?

Occipital

Bone building cells that calcify cartilage are called __________

Osteoblast

___________ are bone-remodeling cells involved in calcium resorption.

Osteoclasts

____________ are huge cells derived from the fusion of a large numbers of monocytes and are concentrated in the endosteum.

Osteoclasts

What type of cell is most likely to be found inside a lacuna of mature bone?

Osteocyte

Put the bones cells in order of their maturation from unspecialized to specialized.

Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocytes

The components of compact bone tissue are arranged into repeating structural units called

Osteons or Haversian systems

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

Parathyroid

Calcium ion exchange is regulated by hormones, and the most important hormone involved in this process is _________ hormone.

Parathyroid

Which of the following hormones helps raise blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which of the following is not a facial bone?

Parietal

This is a bone that develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

Patella

A(n) ______________ is a projection or outgrowth of bone or tissue.

Process

Where does the biceps brachii muscle attach itself to the radius?

Radial tuberosity

A(n) _______ is a branch; one of the divisions of a forked structure.

Ramus

The carpals are examples of ____ bones.

Short

Which cranial bone articulates with every other cranial bone?

Sphenoid

Which of the following is found in the axial skeleton?

Sphenoid

A(n) ________ is a sharp process of bone.

Spine

Bone remodeling plays a role in the maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood.

TRUE

Calcitonin inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone, and accelerates calcium deposition into bones.

TRUE

T/F Bone remodeling plays a role in the maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood.

TRUE

T/F Calcitonin inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone, and accelerates calcium deposition into bones.

TRUE

T/F Growth hormone causes long bone growth through ossification of the epiphyseal disk.

TRUE

T/F Scoliosis is a lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region.

TRUE

T/F Spina bifida is a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and unite at the midline.

TRUE

T/F Steroid hormones are responsible for stopping long bone growth or ossification of your epiphyseal plate.

TRUE

T/F The axial skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.

TRUE

T/F The bones of the skull are grouped into two categories: facial bones and cranial bones.

TRUE

T/F The epiphyseal (growth) plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that is made up of four zones.

TRUE

T/F The replacement of cartilage by bone is called endochondral ossification.

TRUE

These bones include the organs of hearing and balance and articulate with the mandible.

Temporal

Which bone includes an opening for the ear canal (the external auditory meatus) and articulates with the mandible?

Temporal bone

The medial and lateral epicondyle are found on the distal end of the humerus and are used for

Tendon attachment

Which of the following is not true?

The appendicular skeleton does not include the girdles.

Which of the following is NOT true statement regarding the male and female pelvis?

The female pelvic inlet is heart-shaped and smaller than that of the male, which is larger and more oval.

Which endocrine gland secretes calcitonin (CT)?

Thyroid gland

Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of _____.

Trabeculae

The ____________ are numerous branching bony plates found within spongy bone.

Trabeculae

A(n) ___________ is either of the two bony processes below the neck of the femur.

Trochanter

Which notch is found between the olecranon and coronoid process?

Trochlear notch

Ribs that have costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum are called _________ ribs.

True

Which of the following bone surface markings forms attachment points for connective tissue?

Tuberosity

_______ must be present in your diet for calcium absorption in the small intestine.

Vitamin D

During infancy, childhood, and adolescence, bones grow in length when cells in the _____ undergo mitosis.

Zone of proliferating cartilage

When the amount of calcium in the blood drops below the homeostatic set point, which of the following processes acts to restore blood calcium?

a, b, and c a). increasing the rate at which osteoclasts perform bone resorption b). increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract c). decreasing the rate at which the kidneys excrete calcium into urine

Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth?

all affect bone remodeling and growth - minerals - vitamins - hormones

The ulna:

articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

Endochondral ossification involves forming bones ____ , whereas intramembranous ossification involves forming bones ____

by replacing hyaline cartilage; forming bone by growing out along a membrane.

___________ is the expanded portion at each end of long bones that articulates with another bone.

epiphysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the lower limb, from proximal to distal ends?

femur, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Which of the bones listed contribute to the acetabulum? ilium, ischium, or pubis

ilium, ischium, pubis

The process of bone formation is referred to as

ossification

A(n) ___________ is a small rounded elevation or eminence on a bone.

tubercle

Which of the following is NOT found in spongy bone.

Haversian canals

A(n) ________ is the proximal end of a bone.

Head

Which of the following is not a step in the formation of endochondral bone?

Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.

Which of the following hipbones is superior?

Ilium

In the process of ______________, bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes.

Intramembranous ossification

The bones of the vertebrae are an example of ____

Irregular bones

Which of the following is true of the radius?

It articulates with the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum at the wrist.

Which of the following is true for yellow marrow?

It can change to red marrow AND store fat

Which of the following is NOT true for yellow marrow?

It produces red blood cells

This is the shaft of a long bone.

Diaphysis

__________ is the shaft of bone between epiphyses, which is solid, strong, and resists bending.

Diaphysis

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in the joint.

Articular cartilage

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur fit into what part of the patella?

Articular facets

The function of vertebral processes is

Attachment site for muscles

This is the anterior bone that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.

Clavicle

__________ contains few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue.

Compact bone

Which of the following is not a step in the formation of endochondral bone?

Connective tissue and osteoblasts deposit matrix and bone along membranes

The ___________ suture joins the frontal bone and both of the parietal bones.

Coronal

What is inflammation of the costal cartilage called?

Costochondritis

Bones in the following area protect the brain.

Cranium

A(n) __________ is a ridge or an elongated prominence on a bone.

Crest

The ___________ of the ethmoid bone lies in the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity.

Cribriform plate

A(n) ____________ is the bone shaft or body - the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

Diaphysis

The lateral malleolus is found on the distal end of what bone?

Fibula

A(n) _____________ is a groove or natural division, cleft, or slit.

Fissure

The scapula is an examples of a ____ bone.

Flat

Which type of bone is the occipital?

Flat bone

Bones that are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue are

Flat bones

The mesenchyme-filled spaces that are present between cranial bones at birth are referred to as

Fontanels

An opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass is called a ____________.

Foramen

A(n) _________ is a furrow or shallow depression.

Fossa

A(n) ________ is a pit or cup-like depression.

Fovea