a&p 1 Lab exam 2

plantar flexion

movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin (walking ot standing on ones toe)

coccyx has ___ bones

1 (4 fused vertebra). is the tailbone, it is the lowest part of the spine. usually fuses together between 25-30 year old it acts as a shock absorber when a person sits and is an attachment for muscles of the pelvic floor

in a _____ joint the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. ex _____ and joints of the _____

hinge joint elbow and joints of the phalanges only allows flexion and extension

long bones

they have long; longitudinal axes and expanded ends ex. (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges). Long bones function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement. Long bones are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include bones in the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).

what are the first 7 ribs called? _____ ribs. they join the sternum by _____ cartilage

true ribs coastal cartilage

eversion is turning the ____ so the ____ surfaces faces laterally

turning the foot so the plantar (sole of foot) surfaces faces laterally

inversion is turning the foot so the _____ surface faces ______

turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially

name the bones that makes pectoral gridle

two clavicles (collarbones) and two scapulae (shoulder blades)

cartilaginous joint

two or more bones joined by cartilage

what are FIBROUS JOINTS? two or more bones joined by a _____ ______ _____

two or more bones joined by dense connective tissue has dense connective tissue holding them together includes collagen fibers. these joints are between bones in close contact

synovial fluid has a consistency similar to ___ ___ ___ and it moistens and lubricates the smooth carilginous surfaces of the ____. it also helps supply articular cartilage with nutrients obtained from blood vessels fo the synovial membrane. the volume of synovial fluid in ajin cavity is usually just enough to cover the artiuclating surface with a thin film of fluid.

uncooked egg whites joint

movements of CONDYLAR or ELLIPOSIDAL joints are back and forth and side to side movements in ___ planes (biaxial) but no ______ ex joints between the ____ and _____

variety of movements in two planes (biaxial) but no rotation ex; joints between metacarpals and phalanges

possible movements of SADDLE aka Sellar joints are ? ex

variety of movements, mainly in tow planes (biaxial) joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

irregular bones

variety of shapes usually connected to several other bones ex; vertebra that compose the back bone and many facial bones ex; ethid, palatine, nasal concha, sphenoid, temperol, zygomatic, maxilla, madable

sacrum vertebra has ___ bones

1 (5 fused vertebra) is usually fused together between 18-30 wedged between the hip bones of the pelvic and joins them at tis auricular surfaces by fibrocartilage. sacrum forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity

thoracic vertebra has ____ bones. And describe

12. its larger than than those in the cervical region. The thoracic vertebrae are a group of twelve small bones that form the vertebral spine in the upper trunk. Thoracic vertebrae are unique among the bones of the spine in that they are the only vertebrae that support ribs and have overlapping spinous processes.

how many ribs do we have ? all atached to spinal column

24 ribs - 12 on each side

name how many vertebras we have as an infant vs adult?

33 as an infant 26 vertebras as an adult

lumbar vertebra has ___ bones

5. supports more weight than the superior vertebra and have larger stronger bodies

cervical vertebra has ____ bones. Describe the cervical vertebra.

7 bony axis of the neck. it is the smallest and is denser than others. has transverse foramina - passageway for arteries leading to the brain 2-6th vertebra are forked (bfid) these processes provide attachmetns for muscles the spinous process of the 7th vertebra proturbe beyond the other cervical spines. its called the vertebra prominses bc you can feel it through the skin.

what is LORDOSIS? aka swayback

An accentuated lumbar curvature. an excessive inner curve of the spine Some lordosis is normal. Too much is referred to as swayback. It may be inherited or caused by conditions such as arthritis, muscular dystrophy, and dwarfism. Lordosis causes an unusually large, inward arch on the lower back, just above the buttocks. The condition may cause lower back pain. In children, lordosis often fixes itself. Some adults with lordosis may need physical therapy.

the _____ are slender, rodlike bones with elongated S-shapes. they brace the feely movable scapule helping to hold the shoulders in place. they also provide attachmetns of muscles of the upper limbs, chest, and back.

Clavicles

what is diathrotic

FREELY MOVABLE

name the 4 main sutures of the skull and the bones involved

Sagittal Suture- the joint between the two parietal bones. Coronal Suture- the joint between the frontal bone and the parietal bones. Squamous Suture- the joint between the parietal and temporal bones. Lambdoidal Suture- the joint between the parietal bones and the occipital bone.

function of the scapulae is to attach the ___ ___ to the ____ or trunk of the body. this conenction stablilzes the arm and provides for arm movement at the shoulder.

The primary function of the scapula is to attach the upper arm to the thorax, or trunk of the body. This connection stabilizes the arm and provides for arm movement at the shoulder. The scapula, clavicle and humerus which make up the shoulder are inter-connected through a series of muscles, ligaments and tendons.

what is amphiarthrotic joint ?

a joint that is SLIGHTly MOVABLE

what is SCOLIOSIS? is an abnormal _____ curvature of the spine. places one hip or shoulder lower than the other which may compress the thoracic and abdominal organs most common in ____. and may accompany poliomyelitis, rickets, or tuberculosis or have an unknown cause

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. placing one hip or shoulder lower than the other which may displace or compress the thoracic and abdominal organs. is most common in adolescent femalse. it may accompany poliomyelitis, rickets, or tuerculosis, or have an unknown cause.

what is the sternum? where is it located?

aka breast bone, is located along the midline int he anterior portion of the thoracic cage. It is flat elongated bone that develops in three parts. an upper manubruim a middle body and a lower xiphoid process that projects downward

what is the pectoral gridle? also called the ____ _____

also called shoulder blade. The bones that attach each upper limb to the axial skeleton form the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle).

main parts of the sternum (the sternum usually remains separate bone until middle age or later when it fuses to the body of the sternum )

an upper manubruim a middle body and a lower xiphoid process that projects downward the sides of the manubrium and body are notched were they articulate with costal cartilages. manubrium articulates with clavicles by facets (sm nearly flat surface) on its superior border.

short bones

are cubed like with roughly equal lengths and widths. ex. carpal (wrist) tarsals (ankle bone) special types: sesamoid and round bone. the patella is a sesammoid bone

name the first and second vertebras

atlas first axis second

the hip is what kind of joint

ball and socket hip bone and femur flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, roation, circumduction; diarthrotic

types of synovial joints movement based upon their shapes and movements. call be classified into 6 major types

ball and socket joint or spheroidal joint condylar joint or elliposidal joint plane joints or gliding joint hinge joint pivot join or trochoid joint saddle joint or sellar joint

the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint is what kind of joint?

ball-socket joint location - humerus and scapula flexion, extension, adduction, aduction, rotation, circumduction, ; diarthrotic

flexion

bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the aprts come closer together ex bending the knee

describe cleft palate

cleft palate results from incomplete fusion of the palatine processes of the maxillae by the time of birth. infants have trouble sucking the bottle. the surgery is best performed between the ages 12-18 months

SADDLE or Sellar joints have articulating surfaces have both _____ and ____ regions; surface of one bone fits with the complementary surface of another has a variety of movemtns mainly in two planes (biaxial) ex: joint between _____ and ____ of the _____

concave and convex joint between the carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal of the thumb

what is a LIGAMENT is a _____ or ____ of _____ tissue bind ___ or more ____ at a ____

cord or sheet of connective tissue binding two or more bones at a joint are bundles of strong, tough collagen fibers that reinforce the joint capsule and help bind the articular ends of bones a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. a membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position.

the clavicles is structurally weak because of its elongated ____ curve. if compressed lengthwise due to abnormal pressure on the shoulder it is likely to fracture

double

hyperextension

extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position) often used to desrived an abnormal exension beyond he normal range of motion resulting in injury

what are the last 5 ribs called _____ ribs. cartilage do not reach the sternum. the last two ribs are called ______ ribs

false ribs. bc their cartilages do not reach the sternum. floating ribs

classification of joints by sturcture are

fibrous cartilaginous synovial joint

the cervical vertebra contains the ATLAS which is the _____ vertebra. what ATLAS function ?

first vertebra to support the head.

possible movements of hinge joints are______ and _______ examples ____ and joints of the ______

flexion and extension (uniaxial) a joint resembles the hinge of a door in that it permits movement in one plane only (uniaxial) ELBOW and joints of the PHALANGES

what movement does the elbow have? humerolnar (humerus, ulna) humeroradial (humerus, radius)

flexion, extension; diarthrotic (free movable joint) (a hinge, synovial joint) sliding movement ; diarthrotic (a plane, synovial joint)

synovial joint GO INTO MORE DETAIL

freely movable joint A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces. The synovial (or joint) cavity is filled with synovial fluid.

name the bones that are part of the eye socket

frontal bone - (roofs of orbits) supraorbital foramen - upper margin of ea orbit sphenoid bone (floors and sides of orbits) ethmoid bone (walls of orbits) maxillae (floors of orbits) lacrimal bone (in the medial wall or each orbit between the ethmoid bone and the maxilla) zygomatic bones (lateral walls and floors of orbits)

the articulating surfaces of PLANE or ____ joints that are nearly ____ and slightly _____ these joint allow what kind of movement?sliding, ______ and ______ and _______ ex _____, _____, and _____

gliding articulating surfces are nearly flat of slighty curved sliding or back and forth and twisting movement wrist, ankle, vertebra

less common type of arthritis

gout juvenile rheumatoid arthris sclerodema systemic lupus erythematosus kawasaki strep a infection lyme disease

ligaments help prevent _____ ______ at the joint. what does it do when the joint is stressed?

help prevent exessive movement at the joint. the ligament is relatively inelastic and it tighten when the joint is stressed

the elbow joint is what kind of joint ?

hinge - humerus and ulna - flexion, extension ; diarthoritic plane - humerus and radius - sliding movement; diarthoritc

the pectoral griddle is an ______ ring. function of pectoral griddle? it _____ the upper limbs and is an attachment for several ____ that move them

incomplete ring pectoral gridle supports the upper limbs and is an attachment for several muscels that move them.

what are sutures? examples

interlocking line of union between bones ex: Lambdoid suture - the join between the parietal bones and the occipital bone The line of junction or an immovable joint between two bones, especially of the skull. The process of joining two surfaces or edges together along a line by or as if by sewing. The surgical method used to close a wound or join tissues.

where is vomer bone located? is located along the ______ within the _____ cavity. posteriorly the vomer bone joins the perpendicular plate of the _____ bone and together the two bones form the ____ ____

is located along the midline within the nasal cavity. posteriorly the vomer bone join the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and together the two bones form the nasal septum

where is the hyoid bone located? functions of the hyoid bone ? supports the ____ and is an attachment for certain mmuscels that help move the ___ during swallowing

is located in the neck between the lower jaw and larynx. it doesnt articulate with any other bones but is fixed in position by muscles and ligaments. hyoid bone supports the tongue and is an attachment for certain muscles that help move the tongue during swallowing.

what is a tendon ? is a _____ or ______ mass of dense ____ tissue that connects ____ to ____

it is a cordlike or bandlike mass of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

what is a joint capsule. has ___ distinct layers hold together ____ of a ______ joint

it is a tubular. that has two distinct layers hold together bones of a synovial joint. (outer layer largely consists of dense connective tissue whose fibers attach to the periosteum round the circumference of each bone of the join near its articular end. )

synarthrotic is what? and examples

it is an IMMOVABLE skull, sternocostal,

what is KYPHOSIS it is an exaggerated ________ ______ that causes rounded ______ and a _______. is seen in who?

its an exaggerated thoracic curvature that causes rounded shoulders and a hunchback. is seen in adolescent who undertake strenuous athletic activities. Unless corrected before bone growth completes the condition can permanently deform the vertebral column

depression

lowering a part (drooping shoulders )

what is synovial fluid?

lubricating fluid that the synovial membrane secretes

the knee is what kind of knee- tibiofemorol knee-femoropatellar

modified hinge - flexion, extension, slight rotation when flexed; diarthrotic plane - sliding movement

dorsiflexion is the movement of the ____ that brings the ____ closer to the _____

movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin (rocking back on ones heel)

movement of ball and socket joint or spheroidal joint? is in _____ ____ (multiaxial) including ____ examples

movements in all planes (multiaxial), including rotation ex: shoulder and hip

rotation

moving a part around the axis (twisting the head from side to side) medal (internal) rotation is the turning of a limb on its longitudinal axis so its anterior surface moves toward the midline, whereas lateral (external) rotation is the turning of a imb on its longitudinal axis in the opposie direction

abduction is moving a part ____ from the midline

moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body) or form the acial line of the limb (spreading the fingers or toes). abduction of the head and neck and bending of the trunk to side may be termed lateral flexion

retraction is moving a part _______

moving a part backward (pulling the head backward)

protraction is moving a part _____

moving a part forward (thrusting the head forward)

circumduction

moving a part so that its end follows a circuar path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand)

adduction

moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horiztonal position to the side of the body) or toward the axial line of the limb (moving the fingers or toes closer together )

extension

moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increaes and he parts move farther apart. straightening the knee

the clavicles are located at the base of the _____ and run horizontally between the manubrium and scapulae. the sternal (or medial) ends of the clavicles articulate with the ______ and the acromial (or lateral) ends join process of the _____

neck manubrium scapulae

______ a degenerative disorder is the most common type of arthritis _____ million in the united states what causes it

osteoarthritis Normal wear and tear causes OA, one of the most common forms of arthritis. An infection or injury to the joints can exacerbate this natural breakdown of cartilage tissue. Your risk of developing OA may be higher if you have a family history of the disease.

CONDYLAR is an _____ shaped condyle of one bone ____ with elliptical cavity of another. ex what type of movement

oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with ellipical cavity of another ex joints between the metacarpals and phalanges it has back and forth and side to side movement into two planes but no rotation

the ____ joint is a cylindrical surface of a bone articulates with ___ of bone and _____ type of movement ? ex joints between the proximal ends of ____ and ____

pivot ring ligament rotation joints between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. The pivot joint is exemplified by the joint between the atlas and the axis (first and second cervical vertebrae), directly under the skull, which allows for turning of the head from side to side

elevation

raising a part (shrugging the shoulders )

______ arthritis is an autoimmune disorder (a condition in which the immune system attacks the bodys healthy tissues) is painful and deliberating. affects ____ million usually is a systemic illness, accompanied by fatigue, muscular atrophy, anemia, and osteoporosis, as well as changes in the skin , eyes, lungs, blood vessels and heart. usually affects adults but can affect juvenile

rheumatoid arthritis (RN) 2.1 million another common form of arthritis, RA, is an autoimmune disorder. It occurs when your body's immune system attacks the tissues of the body. These attacks affect the synovium, a soft tissue in your joints that produces a fluid that nourishes the cartilage and lubricates the joints. RA is a disease of the synovium that will invade and destroy a joint. It can eventually lead to the destruction of both bone and cartilage inside the joint. The exact cause of the immune system's attacks is unknown, but scientists have discovered genetic markers that increase your risk of developing RA tenfold.

supination

roation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position) supine refers to the body lying face up

pronation

rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position) prone refers to the ody laying face down

possible movements of pivot or trochoid joints? ex

rotation uniaxial ex; joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna

the cervical vertebra contains the AXIS which is the ____ vertebra. what is AXIS function? it provides the ____ for the atlas that allows the ____ to do what?

second vertebra provides the pivot for the atlas that allows the head to turn from side to side bears a tooth like dens on its body.. the ATLAS provides the head to pivot In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") or epistropheus. It forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates

examples of synoival joints are

shoulder, elbow,hip and knee

what are sinuses? examples

sinus is a cavity within a bone ex: frontal sinus of the frontal bone paranasal sinus - lined with mucus membranes and connected by passageways to the nasal cavity. a cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities.

possible movements of PLANE aka GLIDING joints examples of plane joints

sliding or back and forth or twisting (nonaxial movements) joints between various bones of wrist and ankle between the articular processes of vertebra. the sacroilica joints and the joins formed y ribs 2-7 connecting with the sternum are also plane joints

what are fontanels

soft spot in the skull where membranes cover space between bones a space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed. The main one is between the frontal and parietal bones. ex: anterior fontanel between the frontal and parietal bones

ball and socket joint aka _______ joint description - ball-shaped head of ___ bone _____ with cup-shaped socket of another ex

spheroidal consists of a bone with globular or slightly egg-shaped that articulate with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped sockets of another ex the hip and shoulder joints

synovial fluid contains _____ _____, which may function in ligaments regeneration following injury

stem cells

the scapulae has three borders. the ____ border is on the superior edge. the ____ or ____ border is directed toward the upper limb. the ____ or ____border is closest to the vertebral column

superior border axillary or lateral border vertebral or medial border

classification of joins by functions

synarthrotic amphiarthrotic diathrotic

the two types of cartilaginous joints are _____ and _____. what do they do ?

synchondrosis - bands bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones. (usually temp like the epiphyseal plate) symphysis - slightly movable joint between bones sperated by a pad of fibrocargilage

the three types of fibrous joints are

syndesmosis - bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones sutures - immovable joint such as that between flat bones of the skull gomphosis - cone shaped process is fastened in a bony socket

the synovial membrane surrounds a closed sac called the synovial cavity into which the synovial membrane secretes a clear, viscous fluid called _____ _____

synovial fluid

name the bones of the ankle. what does it articulate with ?

tarsals are the ankle. freely movable talus that articulate with leg bones; calcaneus that forms the base of the heel; five other tarsals bones bound firmly together The main bones of the ankle region are the talus (in the foot), and the tibia and fibula (in the leg). The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus.