A&P 1 The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology (Basics for Ch. 1)

Cellular level

Cells basic units of structure and function in organisms

What forms if homeostasis is not contained within range?

Disease forms

Regional anatomy

Division of gross anatomy. Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body.

Comparative anatomy

Division of gross anatomy. Examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species.

Surface anatomy

Division of gross anatomy. Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures.

Systemic anatomy

Division of gross anatomy. Studies anatomy of each functional body system.

Embryology

Division of gross anatomy. Studies developmental changes from conception to birth.

Cytology

Division of microscopic anatomy .Study of the body cells and their internal structure (Cyto= cell).

Histology

Division of microscopic anatomy. Study of tissues

Pathologic Anatomy

Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Coronal Plane

Frontal plane- a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into front and back parts.

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane-divides the body or organ into top and bottom parts.

Oblique planes

pass through structure at an angle

Homeostasis

the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or "steady state", in response to changing internal or external conditions.

Developing diagnosis

-Examine patient and gather data. -Initial hypothetical diagnosis -Order tests -Confirm, modify, or reject initial diagnosis -Make a diagnosis

Scientific Method

1. Make and observation 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Collect data 4. Analyze data to determine whether it supports the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified

Gross anatomy

Also called macroscopic anatomy. Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye. Specimens dissected for examination.

Levels of Organization in the body (5 levels in order)

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level

Organ System level

Contains related organs working together to achieve a common function (11 organ systems)

Negative feedback

Controls most processes in the body. Homeostatic control responds to move variable in opposite direction to bring it into normal range. (Ex: withdraw reflex in response to injury)

Control Center

Interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector. -Nervous system can provide a quicker response (blood pressure upon rising) -Endocrine response is more sustained (hours or days)

Radiographic Anatomy

Looks at relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by scanning procedures (Sonography, MRI, x-ray)

Midsagittal Plane

Median plane- divides the body or organ into left and right halves.

Positive feedback

Occurs much less. Stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in the same direction until and climactic even occurs, then body returns to homeostasis. (Ex: child birth or breast feeding)

Organ level

Organs contain 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform specific complex functions

What are the 3 components of homeostatic systems?

Receptor, Control Center, Effector

Receptor

detects changes in a variable caused by a stimulus

Sagittal plane

divide structure into left or right portions that are not equal

Physiology

examines how the body functions

Microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye Specimens are examined under a microscope

Tissue level

groups of cells that perform functions. There are 4 major types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)

Effector

is the structure that carries out the change

Appendicular region

relating to an appendage or limb (arms and legs)

Axial region

relating to the central part of body (head, neck, and trunk)

Chemical level

simplest level involving atoms and molecules

Anatomic postion

stands upright with feet parallel and flat on floor, upper limbs are at sides of body, palms facing toward front, head is level, eyes looking at observer.

Anatomy

studies the form and structure of the body

Are form and function interrelated?

yes. Anatomy and physiology work together