A&P 2 CHAPTER 22
According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male?
4800 milliliters
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated.
95%
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. a) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. b) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. c) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. d) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
Which of the following types of drugs would NOT be appropriate for a patient with chronic asthma?
A cough suppressant, such as dextromethorphan
Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?
A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
Boyle's law
Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Boyle's law
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
C-shaped cartilage rings
Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure?
Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
Dalton's law
Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, which of these would you expect from his or her blood gases?
Elevated PCO2 and decreased pH
Your patient has been transported to the emergency department by EMS after a motor vehicle accident with an endotracheal tube in place. You note that his breath sounds are louder on the right side. You are alerted to which of the following situations?
Hemorrhage into the left pleural space (hemothorax) has compressed the left lung, The endotracheal tube has been inserted too far, with its tip in the right main bronchus, preventing the left lung from receiving air. Your patient may have a left pneumothorax.
Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning? Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning?
Henry's law
Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization?
High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? a) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. b) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. c) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. d) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Which of the following is INCORRECT? a) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. b) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. c) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. d) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
Transpulmonary
The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________.
a cardiac notch
Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood?
a drop in blood pH
Which of the following determines lung compliance?
alveolar surface tension
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
alveolus
Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds?
arytenoid cartilages
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.
as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae?
assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
chloride shifting
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions?
decreased pH and increased PCO2
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Which form of CO2transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
emphysema
Tidal volume is air ________.
exchanged during normal breathing
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.
false
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).
false
During normal quiet breathing, males breathe 25% more than females.
false
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
false
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
false
Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia.
false
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
false
The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of food lodged in the esophagus.
false
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
false
The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
false
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
false
The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
false
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
friction
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________.
helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________.
higher in pitch
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
increase of carbon dioxide
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
inspiratory reserve volume
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
intrapleural pressure
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.
intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?
lung
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
medulla and pons
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?
nitric oxide
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
number of red blood cells
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.
oxygen
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
partial pressure of oxygen
Which center is located in the pons?
pontine respirator group (PRG)
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?
restrictive disease
Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?
restrictive disease
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.
secrete surfactant
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?
single layer of smooth muscle cells
Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
temporal
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?
terminal bronchiole
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
The larynx contains ________.
the thyroid cartilage
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
too little oxygen in the atmosphere
Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing?
transpulmonary pressure
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
true
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
true
Nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air, and reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation.
true
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
true
Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.
true
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
true
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air for greater efficiency.
true
The lingual tonsil is found on the posterior surface of the root of the tongue.
true
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
true
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
true
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
true
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
true
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
true
intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
true
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
ventilation-perfusion coupling
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
vital capacity
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
voluntary cortical control