A&P 2 Digestion
Place the following structures in the correct order through which digested material would pass, with the first structure to receive material at the top. (colon, rectum, anal canal, cecum)
1. cecum 2. colon 3. rectum 4. anal canal
Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top. (muscularis externa, mucosa, serosa, submucosa)
1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa
True or false: Most absorption of digestive products occurs in the stomach
False
Which salivary glands produces Salivary amylase mainly?
Parotid
What does the stomach absorb?
Some water, certain salts, certain lipid- soluble drugs, some alcohol
What is the function of teeth?
begin mechanical digestion
Which are functions of the oral cavity?
ingestion chemical digestion mastication
In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called ______ and normal propelling movements are ______.
segmentation; peristalsis
What is the body of the stomach?
the largest portion of the stomach
major function of large intestine is
water absorption
identify the correct structural differences between the small intestine and the colon. A) The small intestine has villi and the large intestine does not. B) The small intestine has haustra and the large intestine lacks haustra. C) The small intestine has two complete layers of muscle and the large intestine has one complete layer and one incomplete layer of muscle. D) The small intestine has absorptive cells and the large intestine lacks absorptive cells.
A) The small intestine has villi and the large intestine does not. C) The small intestine has two complete layers of muscle and the large intestine has one complete layer and one incomplete layer of muscle.
Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the __________ phase, the ___________ phase, and the __________ phase
Blank 1: gastric Blank 2: cephalic Blank 3: intestinal
Which of the follow is not an acessory organ of digestion? A) salivary glands B) Pancreas C) small intestines
C) small intestine
What stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands to secrete their products?
Chyme provides both mechanical and chemical stimulation.
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______. Multiple choice question.
Digestion
Fill in the blank question. The small intestine consists of three sections. As food passes from the stomach through the small intestine, it passes through the ________ then through the __________, and then through the ___________.
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______.
Emulsify fats
The digestive organ that is about 1.5 meters long and begins in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum is the ______.
Large intestine
The large, lobed organ in the image is the ________, which is mostly located in the upper ________ abdominal quadrant.
Liver; right
The strong and infrequent peristaltic movements in the large intestine that occur only two to three times each day are called ______.
Mass movement
in the stomach , HCL is produced by
Parietal cells
What are mass movements?
Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day. Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa. Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum. Movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine.
Which are functions of saliva?
aids in swallowing dissolves molecules so they can be tasted cleanses mouth and teeth
The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic _________
amylase
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___________which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ___________, which lubricates the food during swallowing.
amylase;mucus
The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.
bicarbonate ions
Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called __________ that assists with lipid digestion
bile
The liquid that is created and secreted by the liver to help with lipid digestion is _________
bile
The largest segment of the stomach is the _______________
body
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.
carbohydrates
Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.
carbohydrates; disaccharides
The large intestine consists of the ______, ______, ______, and the anal canal.
cecum, colon, rectum
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called
chyme
The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as
chyme
The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the __________ hepatic duct.
common
The ______ is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts.
common hepatic duct
Major role of liver is to
detoxify the drugs and alcohols
The pancreas secretes ______ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms.
digestive enzymes; insulin
The_____________ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
In the lining of the stomach are small openings called ______ that lead into tubular structures called ______.
gastric pits; gastric glands
Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form _______
glycogen
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.
goblet
The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.
hard palate; soft palate
Teeth are the ______ structures in the body and ______ part of the skeletal system.
hardest; are not
liver cells are are called as
hepatocytes
Where is the parotid gland located?
in the cheek, just anterior to the ear
Where is the stomach located?
in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
What is the function of bile salts?
increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes
Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli, and it ______ haustra.
lacks; has; has
Before food enters the esophagus, it passes through the lowermost portion of the pharynx, called the ______.
laryngopharynx
The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus
laryngopharynx
The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.
lips
The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the ______
lips
When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.
lower; raise
The oral cavity functions in ______.
mastication, speech, and sensory perception
The teeth begin the ______ digestion of food.
mechanical
There are two main components to digestion, ______ digestion and ______ digestion.
mechanical; chemical
The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mixes; propel
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are ___________ movements that combine food with digestive fluids and ____________ movements that move materials along the digestive tract.
mixing; propelling
What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?
move the contents along the tract. mix the contents with fluids
What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
The large intestine's only significant secretion is _______
mucus
What do goblet cells secrete?
mucus
What is secreted by the large intestine?
mucus
It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. it is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes
nasopharynx
Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and form nasal cavity
oropharynx
The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.
oropharynx; voluntary
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the _________
palate
A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the
pancreas
The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the
pancreas
Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ______ reflexes that trigger the release of small intestine secretions.
parasympathetic
The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.
pharynx
Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric ___________
pits
Where is the pharynx located?
posterior to the oral cavity
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to the stomach posterior to the parietal peritoneum
The common hepatic duct is formed by the convergence of which two structures?
right and left hepatic ducts
The large intestine begins in the lower ______ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the ______ side, crosses obliquely to the ______, and descends into the pelvis.
right; right; left
The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is _____________
secretin
A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.
serous; mucous
small intestine inner wall is made up of
simple columnar epithelium
The organ that is most effective in absorbing digestive products, water, and electrolytes is the ______.
small intestine
Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?
small intestine
Major nutrient absorption happens at
small intestines
Which organ absorbs the greatest amount of nutrients?
small intestines
The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the ________
stomach
The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects which two organs in the digestive tract?
stomach & large intestines
The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
The alimentary canal is innervated by the __________________ and _____________________ divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called __________
teeth
The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.
tongue
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the __________
tongue
Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary?
tongue pushing food into the oropharynx
Which enzyme is pancreatic enzyme
trypsinogen
What is normally found in feces?
unabsorbed nutrients bile pigments mucus bacteria
The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.
upper; diaphragm
Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal ________
villi
The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.
vomiting
When the stomach lining is irritated significantly, sensory signals are sent to the brainstem, and motor signals return to various structures to cause ______.
vomiting