A&P 2 exam module 6

Blood tests indicate that estrogen and LH levels are both elevated. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle? Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Luteal phase Follicular phase

Proliferative phase

Blood tests indicate that progesterone and estrogen levels are both increased. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle?

Secretory Phase

The _____________ join with the vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct.

Seminal vesicles

Discuss the supportive cells of the blastocyst and their purpose during pregnancy.

The amnion forms a sac filled with fluid to cushion and protect the fetus. The placenta is a temporary organ that carries out nutritive, respiratory, excretory and endocrine functions for the embryo. The baby continues to grow in the uterus with nutrition provided by the placenta for nine months until it is time for delivery. The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta.

Discuss in detail the action of sperm needed to fertilize an egg.

The egg release a chemical that atracts the sperm. The sperm cells then release enzymes to break down the corona radiata, the follicle around the egg. More sperm cells release acrosomal enzymes to create a hole in the membrane for one sperm to enter and join with the egg. Once one sperm and an egg join together, the chemical composition of the membrane changes to prevent any further sperms from penetrating the egg.

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the vagina

The fundus is made of elastic fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indicated by the arrow in the figure below.

The head is almost entirely nucleus containing the cell DNA with a crown called the acrosome which contains enzymes that breakdown the membrane of the egg to allow the sperm to penetrate.

Which the following statements is true regarding the female reproductive system: The bladder is located posterior to the uterus. The rectum is located anterior to the uterus. The ovaries are the site of estrogen and egg production. It contains the site of the vas deferens

The ovaries are the site of estrogen and egg production.

Name and discuss the stage of labor that best describes the figure below:

The second stage, delivery of the baby, is the time it takes for the baby to be pushed out of the birth canal after full dilation has been accomplished. During this stage a woman uses her abdominal muscles to push the baby, with the help of the uterus contracting, through the cervix and out the vagina. This stage is much shorter, lasting, on average, 50 minutes in a first delivery and 20 minutes in later ones. After the child is born the umbilical cord is tied and cut.

Name and discuss the stage of labor that best describes the figure below:

This is the first stage of labor: dilation of the cervix and lasts until the cervix dilates to 10 cm. This stage can last 6-10 hours and is the longest. In this stage, the uterus contracts and pushes the baby's head against the cervix causing it to widen and dilate. Oxytocin is a hormone that is released from the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate contractions in the myometrium of the uterus. As contractions continue, oxytocin is increasingly released until the baby is born.

Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indicated by the arrow in the figure below.

This is the midpiece of the sperm. It contains mitochondria which helps generate the locomotive energy needed by the sperm.

Describe the purpose of the cervix during pregnancy.

To begin pregnancy, the cervix produces a thick fluid that increases the viability of the sperm. The cervix provides a seal to keep foreign objects from reaching the fetus. During labor, the uterus will contract, and the baby's head will push on the mother's cervix. When the cervix is dilated to 10mm, the mother begins pushing and delivers the baby.

True or false: Each mammary gland contains 12-24 lobules

True

True or false: Milk is not produced during pregnancy because of the production of estrogen and progesterone

True

Discuss the developmental steps of how a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterus. Include specific locations, names, and amounts of time in your answer.

Zygote→ morula→ blastocyst The zygote (fertilized egg) begins frequent mitotic cell divisions as it travels in the oviducts. The zygote spends about three to four days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the morula and another three to four days undergoing mitosis while unattached in the uterus, forming the blastocyst as the endometrium prepares for implantation. Because of progesterone release from the corpus luteum, the endometrium increases its blood supply and secretes glycogen. The blastocyst implants into the endometrium of the uterus around day 7

Name the specific region of the reproductive system highlighted in blue below (also indicated by the arrow).

cervix

Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the ______________ .

ovarian follicle

Label each of the following as occurring during the 1st, 2nd or 3rd trimester 1. Eyes begin to detect light and dark: 2. Heart beat begins: 3. Fingerprints develop: 4. Sucking reflexes established: 5. Fat develops under skin:

1. Eyes begin to detect light and dark: 2nd 2. Heart beat begins: 1st 3. Fingerprints develop: 2nd 4. Sucking reflexes established: 3rd 5. Fat develops under skin: 3rd

Label each of the following as occurring during the: 1st trimester, 2nd trimester or 3rd trimester 1. Lungs fully mature 2. Lanugo develops 3. First fetal movements felt 4. Neurulation 5. Testes descend to scrotum

1. Lungs fully mature: 3rd trimester 2. Lanugo develops: 2nd trimester 3. First fetal movements felt: 2nd trimester 4. Neurulation: 1st trimester 5. Testes descend to scrotum: 3rd trimester

Match the gland/organ with the best description(s) A-F. Select all that apply. 1. Seminal Vesicles 2. Prostate Gland 3. Bulbourethral glands 4. Testes 5. Anterior Pituitary A. First to secrete during ejaculation B. Produces FSH C. Produces sperm D. Secretes fructose E. Secretes alkaline fluid F. Produces prostaglandins G. Secretes acidic fluid

1. Seminal Vesicles: D, F --fructose, prostaglandins 2. Prostate Gland: E --alkaline fluid 3. Bulbourethral glands: A, E --alkaline fluid, first secretion 4. Testes: C --produces sperm 5. Anterior Pituitary: B - -FSH

Label the regions of the reproductive system in the figure below: (A-C) A: ___________ B: ___________ C: ___________

A. Labia majora B. Labia minora C. Vaginal orifice

Label the regions of reproductive system below: (A-E). To receive full credit you must name specific regions. A: _________________ B: _________________ C: _______________ D: _________________ E: _________________

A: Corpus cavernosum B: Glands penis C: Corpus spongiosum D: Testis E: Epididymis

Label the regions of the reproductive system below: (A-C) A: _______________ B: _______________ C: _______________

A: Prepuce B: Urethral orifice C: Vestibule

Label the regions of reproductive system below: (A-E). To receive full credit you must name specific regions. A: _________________ B: _________________ C: (in blue) _______________ D: _________________ E: _________________

A: Vas Deferens B: Seminal Vesicles C: Ejaculatory Duct D: Prostate gland E: Bulbourethral gland

Which of the following statements is true concerning oogenesis? A. It begins at the time of puberty. B. The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte. C. Each primary oocyte produces in two to three mature ova. D. The first polar body maintains all the cytoplasm. E. B&C are true

B. The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte.

Find the steps that correctly order neurulation: A. Ectoderm→ neural crest → convergence → neural groove → brain B. Endoderm→ neural groove → convergence → neural tube and neural crest C. Ectoderm→ convergence→ neural fold → neural tube → spinal cord D. Endoderm→ convergence→ neural crest → neural groove → spinal cord

C. Ectoderm→ convergence→ neural fold → neural tube → spinal cord

Which of the following is true concerning human cells? A. Haploid cells contain the full number of chromosomes (46). B. Diploid cells contain half the number of chromosomes (23). C. Gamete cells are haploid cells. D. A zygote has 23 chromosomes. E. A&B are true

C. Gamete cells are haploid cells.

The ovarian follicle becomes the _____ after ovulation

Corpus luteum

Which of the following is true concerning spermatogenesis? A Production of sperm takes 20 days. B. Spermatogenesis is complete at the time of birth. C. Males have all the sperm at birth that will be made during their lifetime. D. Each primary spermatocyte produces four viable gametes. E. Each gamete has a total of 46 chromosomes.

D. Each primary spermatocyte produces four viable gametes.

Which of the following is true concerning the organs of the male reproductive system? A. The epididymis produces testosterone. B. The inguinal canal is located on the posterior side of the abdomen. C. One produced, sperm travel to the seminal vesicles for maturation. D. The epididymis is located on the anterior portion of the testis. E The testes function to produce sperm.

E The testes function to produce sperm.

Discuss in detail the layers of cells (of the blastocyst) which form the embryo.

Ectoderm, outerlayer, forms the skin and nervous system. Mesoderm, middle layer, forms cardiovascular system, muscular system and RBCs. Endoderm, inner layer, forms the glands (thymus, thyroid and parathyroid), solid organs like the spleen and pancreas, and lininings of the respiratory and digestive organs.

The _______ connects the seminal vesicle with the urethra to allow sperm to exit the body.

Ejaculatory duct

This layer of the uterus is shed monthly. Endometrium Mucosal coat Perimetrium Myometrium Serous coat

Endometrium

True or False: The mammary alveoli begin at the nipple and divides into numerous other lobules.

False ducts begin at the nipple and divide

True or False: Colostrum has a similar composition to milk but contains a lower concentration of protein.

False higher concentration of protein

Name the specific region of the reproductive system highlighted in blue below (also indicated by the arrow).

Fimbriae (of the infundibulum)

Which of the following statements is false concerning the functions of the vagina? It serves as the birth canal. It provides the outlet for menstrual blood during menstruation. It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy. It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse.

It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

Describe the purpose of the cervix prior to ovulation.

Just prior to ovulation occuring, the cervix will swell, soften and secrete muscus to increase the access and viability of the sperm to the uterus.

All the following are functions of the ovaries EXCEPT:

Maintaining the development of a fetus

This layer of the uterus contracts during labor.

Myometrium