A&P 2: Review 2
The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.
Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?
lymph nodes
Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________.
Multiple organs and tissues are affected.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is distinct from other autoimmune disorders because
Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
TLRs are
Interaction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell to produce a specialized contact area for communication between these cells
The immunological synapse refers to the
more permeable than blood capillaries
The lymphatic capillaries are
Mast cells
The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as _________ produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding.
produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes?
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Allergens differ from antigens because ________.
Are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages
Alpha and Beta interferons
blood typing
A hemagglutination test is useful for
the child currently has influenza and has previously been exposed to RSV
A sick child may have influenza or RSV. These virus infections have different treatment options, so the physician requests antibody titer tests. The results are as follows: anti-influenza antibodies are primarily IgM, and anti-RSV antibodies are all IgA and IgG. Which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation?
The blood transfusion was mismatched and the recipient had previously been exposed to the foreign blood group antigens
An accident victim receives a blood transfusion. Shortly thereafter, he begins to have difficulty breathing, develops a fever, and experiences nausea and vomiting. Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these events?
It's memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen.
An advantage to adaptive immunity is _______.
Dendritic and macrophage
Exogenous antigens are processed for immune recognition by _________ cells.
Increases the effectiveness of interferons and phagocytes
Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature
Antigen presenting cell and a T lymphocyte
Figure 16.2 illustrates an interaction between a(n)
right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein
From the right leg, lymph moves in which order?
Preventing T cell proliferation
Graft rejection can be reduced by
It acts as an antiprostaglandin
How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?
Administering anti-Rh IfG late in pregnancy and after pregnancy ends
How is hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented?
Clonal deletion of T cells, lack of necessary cytokines signals, and regulatory T cell suppression prevent activation of autoreactive T cells
How is the development of autoimmunity normally prevented?
fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells
Hybridomas are produced by
a cause of basophil and eosinophil degranulation.
IgE antibodies are best described as
B antigens
Jess has A-blood type, has never received a blood transfusion, and never been pregnant. Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood?
lower extremities
Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ____.
NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.
Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses?
Protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately
Passive immunotherapy is used when
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
TLRs
Proteins on the surface of phagocytes called _______ aid in the detection of pathogen molecules.
They are chemotactic factors for leukocytes.
Which of the following is true of chemokines?
The movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as
Secretion of cytotoxins
The process of phagocytosis involve all of the following EXCEPT
an infected lymph node
What is a bubo?
Smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of the kinins released when mast cells degranulate?
display of microbial epitope-MHC II complexes on the cell surface
What is the result when a dendritic cell phagocytizes a microbe and processes it?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
Signaling between leukocytes
What is the role of interleukins?
A recombinant vaccine composed of a single antigen of the hepatitis virus
What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine?
Both bronchial spams and increased mucus production
When mast cells degranulate and release histamine, which of the following events may occur?
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide
Which of the following are among the activities of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes
Which of the following are macrophage functions?
Alveolar macrophages and microglial cells
Which of the following are phagocytic cells descended from monocytes?
Dendritic cells
Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis?
Both eosinophils and mast cells
Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?
Tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes
Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?
Interleukins
Which of the following cytokines act as a signal between leukocytes?
IgE
Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen?
Watery eyes after exposure to animals
Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body
Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"?
Dermatitis in response to latex gloves
Which of the following reaction is the result of type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity?
T lymphocytes produce antibody molecules
Which of the following statements about T lymphocytes is FALSE?
They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite
Which of the following statements about eosinophil function is true?
They live for many years and function as memory cells
Which of the following statements concerning plasma cells is FALSE?
It changes little with repeated exposure to the same pathogen.
Which of the following statements concerning specific immunity is FALSE?
Red pulp is where immune functions take place.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding to the spleen?
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exposed to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following statements is a FALSE o incorrect statement?
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
They secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites.
Which of the following statements is true of eosinophils?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes
Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true?
A single cytotoxic T lymphocyte can kill many target cells.
Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated immune response is TRUE?
gamma interferons
Which of the following substances stimulates the phagocytic activity of phagocytes?
It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury
All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation.
elevated blood glucose
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.
The third line of defense
Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is
Responders to invasion
The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as
the synthesis of special cell-killing proteins that act on infected or abnormal cells.
The perforin-granzyme pathway involves
both histamines and leukotrienes
The release of _______ during a type I hypersensitivity reaction contributes to swelling?
Serology
The study and diagnosis of antigen-antibody interactions in the blood is known as
By one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV
The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized
lingual tonsils
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
Attenuated
The vaccine against smallpox developed by Edward Jenner is an example of a(n)_________.
Artificial active
Vaccination triggers an immune response which produces ________ immunity.
second exposure to allergen
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders
Immune system attack on the thyroid gland
Which of the following is NOT considered a hypersensitivity reaction?
Reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.
smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls
Lymph transport involves all of the following EXCEPT ________.
red bone marrow
Lymphocytes can develop and mature in the _______.
Tonsil
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
Presentation of endogenous antigens
Class I MHC molecules are essential for
Results in the formation of plasma cells
Clonal selection of B cells
Opsonization
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body
Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of
The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency
Antigen-specific antibodies
Serologic tests may be used to detect _________ for diagnosis of disease.
both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection
The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to
