A&P 2, Unit 3, Chapter 23 Homework, A&P 2, Unit 3, Chapter 24 Homework, A&P 2, Unit 3, Chapter 24 Homework
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to increase the secretion of renin from the JG cells. The activation of angiotensin II stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary, as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the DCT of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the tubular fluid. The release of ADH directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the tubular filtrate. The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively is a(n) increase in blood pressure resulting largely from increased blood volume.
Explain the order of kidney structures (and thus urine flow) leaving the renal papilla until reaching the urinary bladder.
Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis Ureter
Check the components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
Nose Nasal cavity Bronchioles Larynx Trachea
Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.
OUTSIDE OF BODY Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea INSIDE OF BODY
Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.
OUTSIDE OF BODY Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli INSIDE OF BODY
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Only the air reaching the ALVEOLI is available for gas exchange. When air is moved from the atmosphere into the respiratory tract, a portion of it remains in the CONDUCTING ZONE. This collective space, where there is no exchange of respiratory gases, is referred to as the ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE, and it has an average volume of approximately 150 mL. The normal anatomic dead space plus any loss of alveoli is the PHYSIOLOGIC DEAD SAPCE. The usual loss of alveoli is minimal in a healthy individual, so the anatomic dead space is EQUIVALENT TO the physiologic dead space.
Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.
Secreted: NH4- Drugs H+ Reabsorbed: Glucose Water Mg2+ HCO3- Amino acids Vitamins
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all labels will be used.
The P(O₂) in the alveoli is 104 mm Hg, and the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a P(O₂) of 40 mm Hg. This allows OXYGEN to diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O₂) partial pressure gradient. The P(O₂) in the alveoli REMAINS CONSTANT because oxygen is continuously entering the alveoli through the respiratory passageways. The P(CO₂) in the alveoli is 40 mm Hg and that of the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is 45 mm Hg. This causes CARBON DIOXIDE to diffuse down its partial pressure gradient from the blood into the alveoli.
Fill in the blanks using the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The law of partial pressure, also known as DALTON'S LAW, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume. If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then GAS A will diffuse at a faster rate. HENRY'S LAW states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient. If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then GAS B will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate. If the P(CO2) in the tissues increases, then the P(CO2) in the systemic venous blood will INCREASE.
Put the following portions of the nephron in order, beginning at the renal corpuscle and heading toward the collecting tubules.
1 Glomerular capillaries 2 Proximal convoluted tubules 3 Nephron loop 4 Distal convoluted tubules
What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?
1%
Put the processes of gas exchange into the correct order, beginning with inhalation.
Air is drawn into the lungs. Oxygen is transported to body cells by blood. Cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. The lungs exhale carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
An obstruction in the renal pelvis would prevent urine from leaving the kidney. Urine directly exits the body via the urethra. The minor calyx receives urine from the renal pyramid. The portion of the kidney in direct contact with the renal capsule is the renal cortex. The ureter and the renal artery and vein enter the kidney through the opening known as the hilum.
Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.
Ascending limb: Tubular fluid osmolarity decreases as it passes through Permeable to solutes Impermeable to water Descending limb: Tubular fluid osmolarity increases as it passes through Impermeable to solutes Permeable to water
Choose the correct order of urine formation and flow through the kidney.
Collecting tubules Collecting ducts Papillary duct Renal papilla
Name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest.
Cortical radiate arteries Afferent arteries Glomerulus Peritubular capillaries
Indicate whether the provided renal function results from the creation of urine or through other mechanisms.
Directly Resulting From urine Formation: Filtration of blood Removal of nitrogenous wastes Reduction of blood acidity Electrolyte regulation Blood pressure regulation Blood volume regulation Not Resulting From Urine Formation: Calcitriol (vitamin D) conversion Erythropoiesis stimulation
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
The consumption of massive amounts of water in a short time frame can produce hyponatremia resulting from a dilution of sodium in the ECF. Due often to excess sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting, hypokalemia causes the cell membrane to be hyperpolarized due to increased potassium concentration gradients. Muscular tetanus can occur as a result of hypocalcemia brought on by illness or vitamin D deficiency whereby the muscle and nerve membranes are hyperactive.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
The countercurrent multiplier is a phenomenon that occurs in the nephron loop. Countercurrent exchange occurs as both solutes and water move freely in and out of the vasa recta. The increase in osmolarity as filtrate moves down the descending limb is due to water moving out of the tubule. The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate as it moves up the ascending limb is due to solutes moving out of the tubule. The osmolarity of the filtrate is approximately 100 mOsm/L at the end of the ascending limb and around 1200 mOsm/L at the end of the descending limb. The recycling of urea out of the collecting duct and back into the nephron loop contributes significantly to the medullary osmotic gradient.
Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct. Not all terms will be used.
Electrolytes are physiologically important because they affect electrical potential across membranes and contribute to osmolarity of body fluids. Major cations of the body include sodium, potassium, and hydrogen. Oppositely, major anions include chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphates. Concentrations of these anions and cations are needed in specific amounts to maintain normal metabolism of the body.
Check the functions that can be carried out by the respiratory system.
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Passageway for air between the external environment and the alveoli of the lungs Detection of odors Production of sound
Indicate the relative strength (highest to lowest, regardless of direction) for each of the pressures that contribute to the net filtration rate. Assume normal conditions.
Highest Pressure Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Blood colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Lowest Pressure
Which of the following are primary organs of the urinary system? Check all that apply.
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
Which of the following is one of the processes in urine formation?
Tubular secretion
Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the ________________.
basolateral membrane
When blood flows through the glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from the blood plasma, moving across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space to form __________ .
filtrate
Treatment with Probenecid® results in _________________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________________ levels of uric acid in the blood.
increased; decreased
Urine is formed in the
nephron
Filtration is a ________________ process that depends on a ___________________ gradient.
passive; pressure
Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?
potassium
Inactivating the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by ____________________________.
preventing glucose from entering the tubular cells
Most of the water in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule
Put the events in order to show how the respiratory system acts to correct acidosis.
1) Cells increase production of CO2 2) CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3 3) H2CO3 releases H+ 4) Respiratory center is stimulated 5) Rate and depth of breathing increase 6) More CO2 is eliminated through the lungs
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH. A physiological buffer uses direct elimination of acids, bases, or carbon dioxide from the body in order to adjust systemic acidity. Sustances that bind H⁺ during times of acidity and release H⁺ during times of alkalinity are referred to as chemical buffers. Carbon dioxide will bind with water to form carbonic acid, which is capable of dissociating into bicarbonate. This process is reversible in the presence of high acidity or low carbon dioxide concentrations.
Complete each statement and then place them in the correct order, starting with blood in the alveolus. Assume normal, non-diseased, sea level conditions.
A red blood cell arrives in the ALVEOLUS where it is exposed to a P(O₂) of 104 mm Hg. Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to 100% of the binding sites for oxygen saturated. Arriving at the arterial end of the tissue capillaries, the blood P(O₂) is 95 mm Hg. As RBCs pass through the SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES they experience oxygen unloading and increasing carbonic acid conversion. After passing through the systemic capillary, 75% of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. Returning to the inferior vena cava, the blood is known to have a P(CO₂) of 45 mm Hg. Passing through the pulmonary artery, the P(O₂) is approximately 40 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Air from the environment is inhaled DIRECTLY into the lungs. The partial pressures of the gases within the alveoli are different from the respective atmospheric partial pressures measured for several reasons: (1) Air from the environment mixes with the air remaining in the ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE in the respiratory tract; (2) OXYGEN diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood, and CARBON DIOXIDE diffuses from the blood into the alveoli; and (3) more WATER VAPOR is present within the alveoli because of the higher humidity there. Consequently, the percentage of oxygen in the alveoli is LOWER and the percentage of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is HIGHER than in the atmosphere.
Check the events that occur during internal respiration.
Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. Blood transports carbon dioxide produced by the body cells to the lungs.
Classify the following respiratory structures in the correct functional category.
Conducting Zone Structures: Nasal cavity Terminal bronchioles Pharynx Larynx Trachea Respiratory Zone Structures: Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
Match the component of a nephron with its description.
Contains podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits Glomerulus Secretes ions into the tubular fluid; reabsorption of water Distal convoluted tubule Contains a descending limb and an ascending limb Nephron loop Cuboidal cells with tall microvilli; active reabsorption Proximal convoluted tubule
List the veins through which blood leaves the kidney in sequence from smallest to largest.
Cortical radiate veins, Arcuate veins, Interlobar veins, Renal vein
Classify the change with the expected outcome.
Decreased Respiratory Rate and Depth: Increase in CSF pH Baroreceptor activation in visceral pleura and bronchioles Increased Respiratory Rate and Depth: Increase in H+ in the blood Increase in P(CO2) Increased body movement
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.
During alveolar gas exchange, blood P(CO₂) DECREASES FROM 45 to 40 mm Hg; during systemic gas exchange, blood P(CO₂) INCREASES FROM 40 to 45 mm Hg. Blood P(O₂) INCREASES FROM 40 to 104 mm Hg during alveolar gas exchange, and blood P(O₂) DECREASES FROM 95 to 40 mm Hg during systemic gas exchange. Bronchial veins dump small amounts of deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary veins and the blood P(O₂) DECREASES FROM 104 to 95 mm Hg.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
During renal autoregulation, the kidneys maintain a relatively constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure, and without the input of nervous or hormonal control. The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed tubuloglomerular feedback. The three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the JG cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells. Epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles are called the macula densa. The afferent arteriole contains cells called juxtaglomerular cells that secrete the enzyme renin. The afferent arteriole reflexively contracts in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus preventing a rise in GFR. This form of regulation is called the myogenic mechanism. An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contraction of the afferent arteriole and a decrease in GFR. When blood pressure drops, renin is released into the blood, resulting in an increase in the hormone angiotensin II, which acts to decrease GFR while simultaneously raising blood pressure.
Click and drag each word from the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right. Not all terms will be used.
Each nephron is composed of two parts: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. This area is where the filtrate is formed from the plasma. Leading away from the corpuscle is the renal tubule, which consists of three regions. The regions include the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Henry's law pointed out that the SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENT OF OXYGEN is very low. This means that only small amounts of oxygen are dissolved in the plasma. Consequently, about 98% of the oxygen in the blood must be transported within ERYTHROCYTES where it attaches to the IRON within hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is referred to as OXYHEMOGLOBIN. Hemoglobin without bound oxygen is called DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
In summary, the phosphate buffering system is important in buffering against pH changes within cells, whereas the bicarbonate buffering system buffers against pH changes in the blood. The protein buffering system occurs both within the blood plasma and with cells. The moderation of pH changes by chemical buffers usually allows time for the urinary system to alter the excretion of H⁺ or the respiratory system to adjust the expiration of carbon dioxide. All the chemical buffering systems, however, are limited in the amount of acid or base that they can buffer. If the buffering capacity is exceeded, then pH levels may decrease or increase beyond normal limits.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.
In the protein buffering system, the amine group of amino acids acts as a weak base to buffer acid, while the carboxylic acid of amino acids acts as a weak acid to buffer base. For example, with the addition of strong acid (H⁺), the weak base (-NH₂) becomes a weak acid (NH₃⁺). The net effect is elimination of the strong acid and the production of a weak acid. In comparison, the addition of strong base (OH⁻) to a weak acid (-COOH) causes a weak base (COO⁻) to be produced. The net effect is removal of the strong base and the production of a weak base.
Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease filtration.
Increase: an increase in blood pressure Constriction of the efferent arteriole Decrease: An increase in capsular pressure An increase in plasma protein concentration An obstruction i the proximal tubule
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
Metabolic Acidosis Blood H+ increases Blood (HCO3)- decreases Causes increased respiration Metabolic Alkalosis Blood H+ decreases Blood (HCO3)- increases Causes decreased respiration
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
Negatively charged proteoglycans found in the basement membrane prevent most proteins in the blood from exiting the glomerular capillaries. Filtrations slits are formed by podocytes. Small openings in the capillary endothelium called fenestrations are too small to allow cells to leave the glomerulus. The volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole is not equal to the volume of blood that travels through the efferent arteriole due to the process termed glomerular filtration. A kidney infection or injury that results in damage to the filtration membrane may result in proteinuria (protein in the urine).
Indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order from left to right.
Nephrons, collecting tubules, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.
Pulmonary ventilation is known as BREATHING, which is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs. It consists of two cyclic phases: INSPIRATION, which brings air into the lungs and EXPIRATION, which forces air out of the lungs. Pulmonary ventilation that occurs at rest is called QUIET BREATHING, whereas FORCED BREATHING, accompanies exercise or hard exertion. The principles of this involve AUTONOMIC NUCLEI in the brainstem that stimulate SKELETAL MUSCLE to cyclically contract and relax. This contraction and relaxation causes dimensional changes within the THORACIC CAVITY and results in establishing a changing PRESSURE GRADIENT between the lungs and the atmosphere.
Put the labels in order based on the blood vessels blood passed through from the blood supply of the kidney to blood draining the kidney.
Renal artery Interlobular artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillary Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Interlobular vein Renal vein
Name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest.
Renal artery Segmental arteries Arcuate arteries Afferent arterioles
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
Respiratory Acidosis Partial pressure of CO2 > 45 mm Hg Trauma to the respiratory center Reduced respiratory surface area in emphysema Airway obstruction Respiratory Alkalosis Hyperventilation Congestive heart failure Overstimulation of the respiratory center Severe anemia
Fill in blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The P(O₂) in the tissue cells is 40 mm Hg. The blood as it enters the surrounding systemic capillaries has a P(O₂) of 95 mm Hg. Therefore, oxygen diffuses OUT OF the systemic capillaries DOWN its partial pressure gradient into the cells. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is diffusing in the opposite direction. The P(CO₂) in tissue cells is 45 mm Hg, and the blood entering the systemic capillaries is 40 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide diffuses DOWN its partial pressure gradient from the cells into the blood until blood P(CO₂) is 45 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The PLEURAL cavity is located between the visceral and parietal serous membrane layers. When the lungs are fully inflated, this cavity is considered a POTENTIAL SPACE because the visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with each other. An oily, SEROUS FLUID is produced by the membranes and covers their surface within the pleural cavity. This oily substance is drained continuously by lymph vessels within the VISCERAL PLEURA.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The PULMONARY circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. Pulmonary ARTERIES carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries within the lungs. The deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries is reoxygenated here before it returns to the LEFT ATRIUM. The BRONCHIAL circulation is a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs. Bronchial VEINS collect blood from capillary beds that supply structures in the bronchial tree. Some of this DEOXYGENATED blood drains into the pulmonary veins. Consequently, blood exiting the lungs via the pulmonary veins is slightly less OXYGENATED than the blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries.
Complete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used.
The RESIDUAL VOLUME is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the TIDAL VOLUME. After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the VITAL CAPACITY. The vital capacity minus the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME equals the inspiratory capacity. The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Terms may be used more than once.
The atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen P(O₂) at sea level is 159 mm Hg. The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO₂) at sea level is .3 mm Hg. The alveolar partial pressure of oxygen P(O₂) at sea level is 104 mm Hg. The alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO₂) at sea level is 40 mm Hg. The systemic partial pressure of oxygen P(O₂) at sea level is 40 mm Hg. The systemic partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO₂) at sea level is 45 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The bicarbonate buffering system in the blood is the most important buffering system in the ECF. Bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid are the key components of this buffering system. The weak base bicarbonate serves to buffer the strong acid H⁺. The buffer to the strong base OH⁻ is carbonic acid. The byproduct of these reactions is water.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
The cell type in the distal tubule and collecting duct that is responsible for Na⁺ and water reabsorption is the principal cell. The hormone aldosterone acts in this part of the nephron and has a big impact on sodium and potassium levels in the filtrate. Overconsumption of alcohol can cause the hypothalamus to sense that the blood is too dilute, resulting in a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone thus reducing the reabsorption of water leading to dehydration. A person who experiences higher than normal levels of phosphate in their blood and higher than normal levels of Ca²⁺ in their urine probably suffers from a deficiency in the production of parathyroid hormone. When the level of the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide increases, a person will experience an increase in Na⁺ excretion in their urine.
Click and drag the words or phrases on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences to arrange them in order so that they accurately describe the flow of fluid through the renal tubules. Not all terms will be used.
The glomerular capsule leads into the proximal convoluted tubule, the longest and most coiled of the four regions of the renal tubule. From there, the filtrate flows into the descending limb of the nephron loop, the first part of the U-shaped portion of the tubule found mostly in the medulla. Next, the flitrate makes a 180 degree turn into the ascending limb, returning to the renal cortex. The filtrate is funnelled into the distal convoluted tubule, the end of the nephron. The collecting duct receives the filtrate from the DCTs of several nephrons and funnels it toward the medullary pyramid.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The human body fluids contain common electrolytes, both cations such as Na⁺ and K⁺, and anions such as Cl⁻ and (HCO₃)⁻. Each electrolyte has unique functions in the body in addition to its general function of contributing to the exertion of osmotic pressure. To carry out these functions effectively, each electrolyte must be maintained within a normal concentration range in the blood plasma. Regulating normal concentration of the different electrolytes in the blood plasma requires input to be equal to output.
Complete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used.
The majority of CO₂ in the blood is carried as BICARBONATE IONS. The ability of CO₂ to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the HALDANE effect. The CHLORIDE SHIFT is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ions out of the cell. The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN is abbreviated HbCO₂. The decrease in the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin when the pH decreases is known as the BOHR effect. The reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 is catalyzed by CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The most common acid-base disturbance occurs because of impaired elimination of CO₂ by the respiratory system. Respiratory acidosis is defined as occurring when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood becomes elevated above 45 mm Hg. It can be caused by injury to the respiratory center, disorders of the nerves or muscles involved with breathing, airway obstruction, or decreased gas exchange at the respiratory membrane. Continued impairment can eventually cause an increase in blood carbonic acid and a subsequent increase in H⁺ concentration.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is BLOOD P(CO2). Central chemoreceptors monitor CSF and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor BLOOD. The peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors because they are stimulated by changes in H+ produced independently of P(CO2) In general, DECREASED P(O2), INCREASED P(CO2), and production of H+, will cause greater stimulation of the respiratory center.
Fill in the blanks of the paragraph with the correct terms.
The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to paired openings called CHOANAE or posterior nasal apertures. These paired openings lead into the PHARYNX. The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft PALATE. The roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and SPHENOID bones. The nasal SEPTUM divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions. The bony part of this divider is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the VOMER. Three paired, bony projections called nasal CONCHAE are located along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. These projections partition the nasal cavity into separate air passages, each called a nasal MEATUS.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The paired lungs are located within the thoracic cavity on either side of the MEDIASTINUM, the region that houses the heart and other structures. Each lung also has a(n) APEX that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. Each lung has a wide, concave BASE that rests inferiorly upon the muscular diaphragm. Each lung has a conical shape with an indented region on its mediastinal surface called the HILUM. Collectively, the structures that extend from this indented region are termed the ROOT of the lung.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The phosphate buffering system is found in intracellular fluid. It is especially effective in buffering metabolic acid produced by cells because phosphate is the most common anion within cells. The phosphate buffering system is composed of both a weak base and a weak acid. In this system, hydrogen phosphate is the weak base and dihydrogen phosphate is the weak acid used to buffer the strong acid H⁺ and the strong base OH⁻ respectively. The byproduct of this process is water.
Complete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used.
The primary inspiratory neurons that innervate the diaphragm arise from the VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP The pontine respiratory group, also known as the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER, plays a role in regulating the length of each breath and switching between inspiration and expiration. Over-inflation of the lungs is prevented by the HERING-BREUER REFLEX. Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS, which provide the primary sensory input leading to the regulation of the rate and depth of breathing. Information from chemoreceptors is sent to the DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP, which is then relayed to the ventral respiratory group for possible adjustments on the rate and depth of breathing.
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Not all terms will be used.
The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary called the glomerulus and a capsule of epithelial cells. A virus that specifically attacks podocytes would damage the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule . Glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular space before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the proximal tubule. A blockage in the distal tubule would prevent filtrate from reaching the collecting duct. If an electron micrograph of a nephron segment revealed very highly developed microvilli, then you are most likely looking at cells of the proximal tubule. Nephrons that have very long loops are classified as juxtamedullary nephrons.
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
The respiratory membrane consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a(n) CAPILLARY endothelium and its basement membrane. The gas that diffuses from the alveolus, across the respiratory membrane, and into the pulmonary capillary is OXYGEN. This gas is then transported by the blood to TISSUE cells. Conversely, CARBON DIOXIDE gas diffuses from the blood in the capillary through the respiratory membrane. This gas then enters the ALVEOLI and is eventually expired into the external environment.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms regarding the general functions of the respiratory system.
The respiratory tract is a passageway for air between the external environment and the ALVEOLI (air sacs) of the lungs. There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from teh blood into the alveoli while the other gas, OXYGEN, diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called OLFACTORY receptors detect odors as air moves across them. The vocal cords of the LARYNX (voice box) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide is 0.57. Due to both this value and the SMALL partial pressure gradient for CO₂, approximately 7% of carbon dioxide is transported to the alveoli AS A DISSOLVED GAS within the plasma of blood. Hemoglobin is capable of transporting about 23% of the CO₂ AS A CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN compound. The remaining 70% of the CO₂ diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water to form bicarbonate and H⁺. Thus, the largest percentage is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs in plasma AS DISSOLVED BICARBONATE.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, and then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.
There are four major stages in the formation of urine. The first stage involves creating a filtrate in the glomerulus. Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are reabsorbed. Waste products will then be secreted by the tubules. The last stage is water conservation occuring in the renal tubule.
Match the component of urine formation with its description.
Water and solutes passively move out of the glomerulus Filtration Active transport or diffusion of substances into the blood Tubular reabsorption Active transport of solutes into the tubular fluid Tubular secretion
Place each of the labels in the proper position to denote whether they would pass through the filtration membrane or not.
Will Pass Through: sodium water urea thyroid hormone (TH) glucose Will Not Pass Through: RBCs lymphocytes Platelets Albumin TH bound to a plasma protein
Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.
Would Result in a More Concentrated Urine: Working outside on a heat day without access to drinking water Overespression of aquaporins Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water Would Result in a More Dilute Urine: Drinking a large volume of water on a day when you rested and stayed inside Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks action of angiotensin II. Overproduction of aldosterone A new virus that attacks and damages the pituitary gland.
When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the ___________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing ______________.
afferent; vasodilation
Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ______________________.
against; facilitated diffusion
Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?
capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
An internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage called the _______ is located at the bifurcation (split) of the main bronchi.
carina
If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a(n) _____________ in the net filtration pressure.
decrease
The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a(n) ________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.
decrease; increase
Proteinuria occurs when the filtration membrane becomes leaky, allowing proteins to cross. This impacts the blood colloid osmotic pressure by ____________________ the osmolarity gradient between the blood and filtrate, thereby ________________ the strength of this pressure.
decreasing; reducing
During quiet breathing, about two-thirds of the thoracic cavity volume change comes from contraction/movement of the _______, and one-third comes from external intercostal movement.
diaphragm
The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the ___________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa recta runs _______________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.
efferent; parallel, but in the opposite direction
Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances
from capillary blood to tubular fluid.
The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a __________________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.
higher
Inhibiting the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 is expected to cause a(n) __________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate, and would thus _____________________ the risk of dehydration.
increase; increase
Individuals with Bartter syndrome have a defective gene coding for Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) that disables it from functioning. These individuals are expected to have ___________ than normal blood potassium levels. This response is the ___________ what is expected from individuals taking prescribed loop diuretics.
lower; same as
Decreased Na+ and water reaborption due to the use of loop diuretics and thiazides __________ the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, thereby _____________ the osmotic force at the collecting tubule and duct.
lowers; reducing
The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the ___________________ and exits the tubule cells at the ____________________.
luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pump
Under normal conditions the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the _______________________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Antidiuretic hormone enhances water ______________ by _______________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.
reabsorption; increasing
The thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries is the _______ membrane.
respiratory
In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________________ of potassium.
secretion
Glomerulosclerosis results in a ____________________ of the basement membrane.
thickening
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________________________.
tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate
Pendrin is found in __________ intercalated cells where it allows for the ________________ of bicarbonate.
type B; secretion
The expected response to metabolic alkalosis is the ___________________ of Pendrin. Type _____________ also assist in buffering the alkaline blood through its transport of H+.
upregulation; B
