A&P 224 : Chapter 21 Practice Questions
Check all statements that are correct about functions of the circulatory system.
A : - Removal of waste products like CO2 from tissues -Transport of hormones, immune system cells, enzymes - Exchange of nutrients such as glucose with tissues - Maintenance of blood pressue
Which of the following types of medications might be useful in treating high blood pressure?
A : A medication that reduces blood volume by increasing urination.
Which do you expect to have the lowest blood pressure?
A : A vein leading directly to the right atrium.
The tunica __________ is the outermost layer and is composed of connective tissue and an elastic membrane.
A : Adventitia
In which of these blood vessels will the blood encounter the highest resistance?
A : An arteriole with a diameter of 0.25 millimeters.
Baroreceptors are located in the __________.
A : Aorta and carotid arteries
Blood vessel walls contain elastin, a protein that allows the vessel to stretch under high pressure. Which type of blood vessel do you expect will have the highest concentration of elastin in its walls?
A : Arteries
The greatest resistance to blood flow and therefore the greatest drop in pressure occurs as blood passes through the __________.
A : Arterioles
Hardening of the arteries results in __________ and deposition of plaques in the walls of the arteries results in __________.
A : Arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis
What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?
A : Artery, arteriole capillary, venule, vein
As training progresses and blood viscosity increases, what will happen to resistance and blood flow in the athlete?
A : Blood flow will decrease as peripheral resistance increases, so the athlete's heart will have to work harder to compensate.
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect all of the following, except __________.
A : Blood pressure
As blood vessel length increases, what happens to peripheral resistance and blood pressure?
A : Both peripheral resistance and blood pressure increase.
__________ equals the HR x SV.
A : Cardiac output
During severe hemorrhage, a significant volume of blood may be lost. With regard to capillary exchange, a decrease in blood volume will __________ net hydrostatic pressure and therefore __________ the net filtration pressure. Assume the net osmotic pressure is normal.
A : Decrease; decrease
During local inflammation, capillaries in the area become more "leaky," allowing an increased amount of plasma protein to leave the blood and enter the tissue. This will __________ net osmotic pressure and therefore _________ the net filtration pressure. Assume the net hydrostatic pressures are normal.
A : Decrease; increase
Chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor blood carbon dioxide and pH.
A : False
Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.
A : False
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.
A : False
Which of the following determine mean arterial pressure?
A : Heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance (All of the above.)
The __________ the resistance in a blood vessel, the more rapidly the pressure __________ as blood flows through it.
A : Higher; decreases
Which of the following is TRUE regarding hypertension and the loss of elastin?
A : If the arteries become less stretchy, the heart will have to work harder to eject blood.
An individual with hypertension has a consistently high blood pressure. With regard to capillary exchange, hypertension will __________ net hydrostatic pressure and therefore __________ the net filtration pressure. Assume the net osmotic pressure is normal.
A : Increase; increase
Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?
A : Increased blood pressure
The tunica __________ consists of endothelium, a basement membrane, the lamina propria, and an elastic membrane.
A : Intima
When taking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, which of the following is true of the diastolic BP?
A : It is recorded after the last pulse sound is heard.
During exchange at the capillaries, what can cross the endothelial cells, diffusing through the plasma membranes?
A : Liquid soluble substances
The tunica __________ consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel.
A : Media
Chemoreceptors are also located in the __________.
A : Medulla oblongata
Nitric oxide is released by exercising muscle cells and causes vasodilation in nearby blood vessels. What effect (if any) will nitric oxide have on blood flow?
A : Nitric oxide causes an increase in local blood flow.
As training progresses and blood viscosity increases, what will happen to peripheral resistance in the athlete?
A : Peripheral resistance will increase.
A blood vessel carries oxygenated blood toward the heart. This vessel must be a great part of the __________ circulation.
A : Pulmonary
In the pulmonary circulation, the __________ carry blood to the lungs.
A : Pulmonary arteries
The vasomotor center __________.
A : Sends low frequency action potentials to blood vessels to maintain tone.
The largest fenestrae are seen in __________ capillaries, while the smallest fenestrae are seen in __________ capillaries.
A : Sinusoidal; fenestrated
Which of the following is not a type of capillary? -Fenestrated -Sinusoidal -Continuous
A : Thoroughfare Channel
Increased sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and stroke volume.
A : True
Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via __________.
A : Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along __________.
A : Vagus nerve
If there is a rapid loss of blood volume : venous return to the heart would __________, preload would _________, and cardiac output would _________.
A : decrease; decrease; decrease
As veins become larger in diameter, their total cross-sectional area __________ and the velocity of blood flow __________.
A : decreases; increases
Systemic blood vessels transport blood __________
A : from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.
Resistance in the cardiovascular system __________
A : tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.
Arteriosclerosis is characterized by __________
A : thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media.
When baroreceptors sense a drop in blood pressure, the vasomotor center responds by __________.
A : triggering peripheral vasoconstriction.
Check all statements that are correct about the nervous system control of blood flow.
- A decrease in vasomotor tone causes blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure to decrease. - Nervous control of blood vessels causes blood to be shunted from one large area of the body to another. - In some tissues, epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system cause the blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow.
Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence regarding the relationship between blood flow, vessel diameter, and resistance.
- The SMALLER the diameter of a vessel, the greater the resistance. - As the diameter of a vessel increases, the resistance DECREASES. - As the resistance decreases, the blood flow INCREASES. - The resistance in a vessel is inversely proportional to the FOURTH power of the diameter of the vessel. - POISEUILLE'S law states small amounts of changes in blood vessel diameter cause LARGE changes in the amount of blood that flows. - Blood flow to an organ will decrease with VASOCONSTRICTION. - Blood flow to an organ will increase with VASODILATION.
Fill in the blanks, then create a paragraph by putting the sentences in a logical order to discuss capillary exchange. Note that terms may be used multiple times.
- The cells of tissues are enveloped in a thin film of extracellular fluid called INTERSTITIAL FLUID that lies between the cells and the CAPILLARIES. - Two opposing forces determine the movement of fluid between capillaries and INTERSTITIAL FLUID : (1) blood pressure, (2) osmotic pressure. - (1) Blood pressure tends to push fluid out of the CAPILLARIES into the INTERSTITIAL FLUID. - (2) Osmotic pressure of the blood tends to pull fluid from INTERSITITAL FLUID into the CAPILLARIES. - At the arterial end of capillaries, BLOOD PRESSURE exceeds OSMOTIC PRESSURE, so fluid moves out of the INTERSTITIAL FLUID into the CAPILLARIES. - At the venous end of capillaries, OSMOTIC PRESSURE exceeds BLOOD PRESSURE, so fluid moves from the INTERSTITIAL FLUID into the CAPILLARIES. - When we consider the volume of fluid that moves out of the blood at the arterial end of the capillaries and moves into the INTERSTITIAL FLUID, about 90% returns to the blood at the VENOUS end of the capillaries; the remaining 10% of the fluid is picked up by the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM and is ultimately returned to the blood.
Match the vessel type with the correct explanation.
-Recoil when stretched and prevent blood pressure from falling. ELASTIC ARTERIES -Regulate blood flow to different regions of the body. MUSCULAR ARTERIES -Contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood. MEDIUM AND LARGE VEINS -The most common blood vessel type. CAPILLARIES -Are found between two capillary beds. PORTAL VEINS -Provide nutrients to the outer layers of large vessels. VASA VASORUM
Correctly label the following diagram relating blood vessel type to total cross-sectional area and velocity of blood flow.
1) Aorta 2) Arteries 3) Arterioles 4) Capillaries 5) Venules 6) Veins 7) Venae cavae
Indicate whether each statement is true or false.
1) Blood pressure is a measure of the force blood exerts against blood vessel walls. TRUE 2) An instrument called a mercury manometer measures blood pressure in millimeters of mercury. TRUE 3) Health professionals most often use the palpatory method to measure blood pressure. FALSE
Place the veins in proper sequence as they return blood to the heart from the upper extremity.
1) Brachial vein 2) Axillary vein 3) Subclavian vein 4) Brachiocephalic vein 5) Superior Vena Cava
Indicate whether each statement is true or false.
1) Capillary exchange is the process by which cells receive everything they need to survive and to eliminate metabolic waste. TRUE 2) By far the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs is filtration. FALSE 3) A small amount of fluid moves out of capillaries at their venous ends, and most of that fluid reenters the capillaries at their arterial ends. FALSE 4) Net filtration pressure is the force responsible for moving fluid across capillary walls. TRUE
Indicate whether each of the following increase or decrease during exercise.
1) Cardiac output INCREASE 2) Venous return INCREASE 3) Peripheral resistance DECREASE 4) Blood pressure INCREASE 5) Blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle INCREASE
Place the labels in the correct order to describe a baroreflex in response to increased cardiac output.
1) Cardiac output increases 2) Baroreceptors in aortic arch are stimulated 3) Cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers of medulla oblongata stimulated 4) Parasympathetic stimulation of heart increases 5) Heart rate decreases
True or False : Each vein listed below delivers blood from the body directly to the right atrium.
1) Coronary Sinus TRUE 2) Superior Vena Cava TRUE 3) Inferior vena cava TRUE 4) Subclavian vein FALSE 5) Axillary vein FALSE 6) Brachiocephalic vein FALSE 7) Great cardiac vein FALSE
Starting with the elastic arteries, place the following in the order that blood flows.
1) Elastic arteries 2) Muscular arteries 3) Arterioles 4) Capillaries 5) Venules 6) Small veins 7) Large veins
Place the events of tissue autoregulation in the correct sequence, starting with the increased metabolism of a working tissue.
1) Increased metabolic activity of tissue 2) Decreased levels of oxygen and nutrients 3) Local precapillary sphincters dilate 4) Blood flow through capillary bed increases 5) Oxygen and nutrient levels reach adequate levels 6) Local precapillary sphincters constrict 7) Blood flow through capillary bed decreases
Indicate whether each statement is true or false.
1) Local control of blood flow is achieved by the periodic relaxation and contraction of precapillary sphincters regulating blood flow through the tissues. TRUE 2) Precapillary sphincters relax as the tissue concentration of nutrients, such as oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, increases. FALSE 3) Vasodilator substances are produced in the extracellular fluid as the rate of metabolism increases. TRUE
Place the structures a drop of blood would pass through in the pulmonary circulation, starting with the right ventricle.
1) Right ventricle 2) Pulmonary trunk 3) Pulmonary arteries 4) Pulmonary capillaries 5) Pulmonary veins 6) Left atrium
True or False : The pulse can be detected in each of these areas of the body.
1) Superficial temporal artery TRUE 2) Common carotid artery TRUE 3) Facial artery TRUE 4) Lingual artery FALSE 5) Axillary artery TRUE 6) External jugular vein FALSE 7) Femoral vein FALSE 8) Popliteal artery TRUE 9) Radial vein FALSE 10) Abdominal aorta FALSE 11) Dorsalis pedis artery TRUE
Indicate whether each statement is true or false.
1) The walls of most blood vessels are richly innervated by myelinated parasympathetic nerve fibers. FALSE 2) The nerve fibers innervating blood vessels branch to form plexuses in the tunica media and tunica intima. FALSE 3) Gap junctions exist between adjacent smooth muscle cells, allowing simultaneous constriction of a large segment of the blood vessel. TRUE
Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify whether the characteristic is indicative of arteries or veins.
Arteries : - Carry blood away from the heart - Pulsatile flow of blood - Exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter Veins : - Contain the majority of blood at any one time - Carry blood toward the heart - Collapsed when empty - Rely on the respiratory and skeletal muscular pumps to propel blood
Place the following names of arteries in the appropriate category.
Arteries of Upper Limb : -Ulnar artery -Radial artery -Brachial artery -Axillary artery Arteries of Lower Limb : -Popliteal artery -Femoral artery -Anterior tibial artery -Posterior tibial artery
Match the terms with their definitions in the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure : MAP = HR x SV x PR
HR - # of heartbeats per minute SV - Amount of blood pumped per heart beat PR - Resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
Indicate whether the given condition would increase or decrease blood flow with all other factors being equal.
Increase Flow : -Increasing vessel radius -Increasing blood pressure gradient -Increasing blood velocity Decrease Flow : -Increasing blood viscosity - Increasing vessel length -Increasing red blood cell count -Dehydration -Erythropoietin hypersecretion (or injection) -Vasoconstriction -Increased resistance
Match the response or effect with each of these conditions.
Vasoconstriction : -Decreased blood flow -Increased resistance to blood flow -Skin appears pale Vasodilation : -Increased blood flow -Decreased resistance to blood flow -Skins appears flushed Erythrocytosis : -Elevated hematocrit levels -Increased blood viscosity
