A&P 246 Chapter 16

Order these structures from superficial to deep. Starting with the outermost structure first.

1. Sciera 2. Choroid 3. Pigmented layer of retina 4. Neural layer of retina

Each eye has ___ lacrimal puncta

2

Gastatory cells have a ________ lifespan

7-10 day

Transducer

A device that converts energy from one form to another

What are the functions of the auditory ossicles?

Amplify sound & transmit sound waves to inner ear

Myopia

Change in visual acuity towards blurriness

Place the structures of the eye in order from superficial to deep. Start with the outermost structure first.

Choroid Photoreceptors Horizontal Cells Bipolar cells

Layers of the eye in order from superficial to deep

Fibrous tunic Vascular tunic Retina

When photoreceptors stop __________ the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can then release their neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the ganglion cells

Inhibiting

Place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior.

Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid

Tears travel from lateral to medial across the eyeball and drain into the nasal cavity

Lacrimal puncta Lacrimal canaliculus Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct

Pacinian corpuscles are also called

Lamellated corpuscles

What structure focuses incoming light into the retina?

Lens

Lacrimal fluid prevents bacterial infection because it contains an antibacterial enzyme called

Lysozyme

Place the auditory ossicles in the order that they occur from lateral to medial

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

auditory occicles that occur lateral to medial

Malleus, Incus, Staples

Which of the following results in a loss of visual acuity?

Myopia Hyperopia Astigmatism

Emmetropia

Normal vision

A lack of photoreceptors in this structure creates the "blind spot"?

Optic disc

What is the margin between the photoreceptors and nonphotosensitive regions of the retina called?

Ora Serrata

Where are end bulbs located?

Oral and nasal cavity

What type of receptors change in light

Photoreceptors

Exteroceptors

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature Most special sense organs

What structures make up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic

Sclera

The _______ ligaments connect the clilary body to the lens

Suspenspory

Which taste sensation as "delicious flavor" and is perceived as meaty flavor?

Umami

Which are types of papillae?

Vallate Fungiform Follate Filiform

Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels

Vascular tunic

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

tonic receptors

adapt slowly or not at all

The tympanic cavity is filled with

air

Receptive field

an area within which the dendritic endings of a single sensory neuron are distributed.

Which type of receptor detects pressure changes?

baroreceptor

Taste buds are made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and _______ cells

basal

Astigmatism

change in visual acuity towards distortion

Gustatory cells are

chemoreceptors

a snail-shaped, spiral chamber within the bone of the inner ear.

cochlea

To correct myopia we need __________ lenses

concave

What type of photoreceptor cell perceives color?

cone

The sphincter pupillae ______ the pupil

constricts

The limbus is the junction between the sclera and the

cornea

One way to correct myopia is to

create the needed refraction with optic lenses

Free nerve endings are terminal branches of

dendrites

Light rays are refracted (bent) when they pass through two media of different

density

Thermoceptors

detect changes in temperature

Chemoreceptors

detect chemicals - chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Baroceptors

detect pressure changes

General sense receptors

distributed throughout the body located in the skin and internal organs typically simple in structure

The auricle has ______ cartilage that supports its structure.

elastic

When the bipolar cell releases their neurotransmitter, the ________ cell propagates a nerve signal along the ________ nerve

ganglion, optic

Vastibulocochlear

hearing & sense of balance

When photo receptors stop ________ the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can then release their neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the ganglion cell

inhibiting

Where is the cochlea located?

inner ear

Gustatory sensations travel to the _______ of the brain

insula

The sclera

is made of sense connective tissue & provides for eye shape

The lacrimal apparatus produces, collects and drains ______ fluid

lacrimal

Interoceptors

monitor visceral organs and functions, detect stimuli from internal organs

Color blindness

no change in visual acuity

Which structures contain exteroceptors?

oral cavity & skin

The external ear is located mostly on the outside of the body, while the middle and inner ear areas are housed within the ______ part of the temporal bone

petrous

Exteroceptors

provide information about the external environment

phasic receptors

rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off

Photoreceptors

respond to light

Root hair plexuses are found in the

reticular layer (deeper layer) of the dermis.

The ora serrata extends anteriorly from the

retina

Where are mechanoreceptors found?

skin and ear

What type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures?

tactile corpuscles

Tactile cells are associated with

tactile discs

What is the most numerous type of receptor

tactile receptors

Somatic sensory (or somatosensory) receptors

tactile receptors housed within both the skin and mucous membranes, which line the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal.

What controls pupil size, or diameter—and thus the amount of light entering the eye?

the iris

Which are true of rods?

they are more than 100 million rod cells per eye. & they function well in dim light

The external acoustic meatus terminates at the ___________ membrane, which is most commonly called the eardrum.

tympanic

special senses

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium (special senses are located only within the head and are specialized, complex sense organs.)

Nociceptors

detect tissue damage - sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli Specialized chemoreceptor that detects pain via chemicals released from injured tissue (sprained ankle, touching a hot pan, acid burn etc)

Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that provide information about body position and movement.

Which auditory ossicle contains the oval window

Staple

Which auditory ossicle contacts the oval window?

Staples