A&P 7,8,9

List the bones of the pectoral girdle, which bones does it articulate with?

-Clavicle and Scapula. They articulate with the sternum and the humerus

Connect each structure with the joint where it is located:

-Intervertebral discs- Anulus fibrosus -Elbow- Annular ligament, Ulnar colateral ligament, Radial collateral ligament -Shoulder- Coracohumeral ligament -Knee- Anterior cruciate ligament, Fibular collateral ligament, Lateral meniscus, posterior cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament, supra patellar brusa -Ankle- Calcaneofibular ligament, Deltoid ligaments, anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments

List the four broad parts of the axial skeleton

-Skull, bones associated to the skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column

List three bone features of the vertebrae

-Spinous process -Transverse processes - Superior articular facets

List the 4 functions of the axial skeleton

-Supports and protects brain and spinal cord -Surface for the attachment of muscles that position head, neck, and trunk -Attachment of muscles that perform respiration -Stabilizes the parts of appendicular skeleton that supports the limbs

List four parts of a true rib. What is the function of the articular facet?

-Tubercle, neck, articular facet, angle. forms a synovial joint with the thoracic vertebra.

Connect each feature with the bone it is found in:

A) Clavicle- Acromial end B)Scapula- Glenoid cavity, Coracoid process, acromion C) Humerus- Capitellum, radial fossa, trochlea, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa D) Ulna- Radial notch, styloid process, olecranon, Trochlear notch, coronoid process E) Radius- Styloid process, ulnar notch F) Femur- Lateral condyle, Patellar surface, Trochanter, Medial condyle G)Tibia- Lateral condyle, Medial malleolus, Medial condyle H) Fibula-Lateral malleolus, I) Hip bone- Acetabulum

List the intracapsular ligaments of the knee. What are their function?

Anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. They connect the intercondyle of the tibia with the condyle of femur limiting the antero-posterior movement of the tibia and helping to keep the condyles aligned.

What is arthritis? Describe 3 types

Arthritis is the inflammation of the synovial joints. Rheumatoid arthritis: caused by autoimmune reaction. Osteoarthritis: caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces due use or genetic factors. Gouty arthritis: caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals in the synovial fluid.

What are the bursae? What is their function? List and briefly describe the 3 broad categories

Bursae are connective tissue cavities filled with fluid similar to the synovial fluid which provide cushioning and prevent friction in high contact areas between bone and tendons, bone and muscles or bone and skin. There are three categories:- -Submuscular: between muscle and bone - Subdcutanous: between skin and bone -Subtendinous: between tendon and bone.

Connect ea. structure with he type tissue it is made of:

Dense regular CT: Tendon of the quadriceps, Tendon of the triceps Elastic dense regular CT: Iliofemoral ligament, Anterior cruciate ligament, Annular ligament, fibular collateral ligament, coracoclavicular ligament Dense irregular CT: Interosseous membrane, Sagittal suture, Areolar CT: Bursa, Synovial membrane Hyaline cartilage: Cartilage of the vertebral facet joints. articular cartilage of medial and lateral femoral condyles, intervertebral discs, Fibrocartilage: Lateral meniscus, acetabular labrum, intervertebral discs, meniscus, pubic symphysis, glenoid labrum Adipose: Infrapatellar fat pad

List the bones that make up the nasal septum

Ethmoid, Vomer, Maxillary, palatine

Describe the eversion and inversion movements, so that I can precisely understand what each movement is without making a drawing. What joint is involved?

Eversion: happens when I move the sole of my foot away from the medial plane and along my coronal plane. Inversion: happens when I move the sole of my foot towards the medial plane along my coronal plane. -The joint that articulates these movements is the subtalar joint between the talus and calcaneus tarsal bones

True or false? The ligament of head of the femur is really strong and its only function is to keep the femur attached to the hip. Explain your response.

False, the head of the femur's main function is to provide support for blood vessels that feed the head of the femur. Most of the structural support of the hip joint comes from the Ischiofemoral, iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments.

What are the three bones that articulate in the knee?

Femur, tibia, and patella

List and briefly describe the 3 types of joints based on their structure

Fibrous: Connected by fibrous dense irregular connective tissue Cartilaginous: Connected by either hyaline or fibrous cartilage Synovial: Complex with a combination of multiple tissues, characterized by the presence of a cavity filled with synovial fluid

List the bones that make up the Orbital complex

Frontal, Zygomatic, Lachrymal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Palatine, Maxillary

List the bones that make up the nasal complex

Frontal, ethmoid, spheroids, maxillaries, lachrymals, inferior nasal conchae, nasal bones, palatine

Name two bones joined with the ulna

Humerus and radius

What types of cartilaginous tissue do we find in the knee joint? What structure does each one make

Hyaline cartilage: condyles of the femur and the tibia. Fibrocartilage: in the menisci

Which is the bone associated to the skull that does not going any other bone?

Hyoid

Which are the 3 broad categories of ligaments we find the synovial joints?

Intrinsic: They are integrated in the joint capsule Extrinsic extracapsular: connect the bones on the outside of the capsule. Extrinsic intracapsular: connect the bones on the inside of the capsule.

What type of joint is vertebral disc? List 3 cartilaginous structures. What subtypes of cartilage would we find the intervertebral discs?

It is a symphysis. Each disc is composed of 1-vertebral end plate, 2-annulus fibrosus and a 3- nucleus pulposus. We find both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage in the vertebral discs.

List all the facial bones

Lacrimal, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Nasal Inf Concha, Vomer, Palatine

List the functions of the paranasal sinuses

Lighten bone weight serve as resonating chamber for voice Mucose to moisten and clean air

Connect the feature with the bone it is located in:

Maxillary- Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid- Crista Galli, Cribriform plate Frontal- Supraorbital foramen Sphenoid- Optic canal, Sella Turcica Zygomatic- Temporal process, Zygomatic arch Temporal- Mastoid process, Internal Auditory meatus, Styloid Process , Zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa Occipital- Occipital condyles, Foramen Magnum

List two bone features found in the distal portion of the femur. What is their function?

Medial and lateral condyles. form a synovial joint with the condyles of the tibia.

What are the two fibrocartilage structures we could find in synovial joints? What are their functions?

Meniscus and Articular discs Their functions are to provide cushioning and resist compression and also strengthen the connection between certain bones.

All these bones meet at the pterion except:

Occipital

List all the cranial bones

Occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid,, L/R parietals, L/R temporals

List the bones that join at the Lambdoid suture

Parietal bones with occipital bone

List the 6 types of diarthroses we can find in the human body and an example of each:

Pivot: proximal radioulnar joint. Ball and socket: shoulder Hinge: elbow. Saddle: thumb Plane joints: Vertebral facet joints, intertarsal joints. (wrist) or the temporomandibular joint.

Connect the technical movement names

Supination: Turning my forearm to where my palm points upward Rotation: Saying "no" with my head Flexion: Bending my head forward to look at my cell phone Extension: Straightening my leg Hyperextension: Pushing my leg backwards beyond my back Opposition: Rotating my thumb across my fingers to grab a paper Depression: Letting my jaw drop Abduction: Pushing the leg outward on the coronal plane Lateral flexion: Bending neck to where my ear touches my shoulder.

describe the different functional categories of joints

Synarthrosis: non-moving joint Amphiarthrosis: allows for limited movement Diarthrosis: allows for the wide range of movements. Can be uniaxial, axial, multiaxial, depending on how many planes of the movement joined bone takes place.

What is the synovial membrane? What is the function of the synovial fluid?

Synovial membrane: Is the internal layer, normally composed of areolar connective tissue. Its innermost layer is called epithelial layer and it secretes the synovial fluid which nourishes the tissues in the joint and provides lubrication.

What is synostosis?

Takes place when the fibrous or cartilaginous tissue in a joint is ossified. Example is the ossification of the sutures between the cranial bones as we age or the conversion of the epiphyseal plate into the epiphyseal line

List all the tarsal bones

Talus, calcaneus, cubism navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform

All these bones are joined with the Maxilla except

Temporal

What is the articular capsule? What layers is it composed of?

The articular capsule is a bilayer structure surrounding the cavity of the synovial joints, it provides structural support and secretes the synovial fluid. It is composed of two layers: - Fibrous capsule: constitutes the outer layer and can vary in thickness. Its main function is to provide structural support to the synovial joint - Synovial membrane: Is the internal layer, normally composed of areolar connective tissue. Its innermost layer is called epithelial layer and it secretes the synovial fluid which nourishes the tissues in the joint and provides lubrication.

Elect a bone feature of the temporal bone. Explain how does it structure relate to its function

The mandibular fossa of the temporal bones has a smooth concave surface that allows the mandibular condyle to articulate and move in two different planes of motion.

Which two bone features in what bone determine the flexion and extension limits of the elbow?

The olecranon and coronoid process of the ulna, through their interaction with the olecranon fossa and the coronoid fossa in the humerus.

List the two bone features found in the distal portion of the humerus. What is their function?

The trochlea and capitellum, form a hinge synovial joint together with the trochlear notch of the ulna and the radial head of the radius.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there? Explain a feature that they have that is missing in the other vertebrae and what is its function?

There are 12 T vertebrae. The body and the transverse process of costal vertebrae have articular facets. The one in the body is there the head of the rib articulates and the one in the transverse process is where the tubercle of the rib articulates. These structures are not present in other vertebrae because they do not articulate with this.

How many cervical vertebrae are there? What is a bone feature they have that is not present in other vertebrae?

There are 7 C vertebrae. The transverse foramina on both sides of each C vertebra

The elbow is a complex joint. In the distal end of the humerus we find a ______which is subdivided in two parts: the _________ articulates with the _____________ of the ulna in the ___________ joint, and the _________ that articulates with the ______ of the __________ in the humero-radial joint

Trochlea, head, trochlear notch, radius, capitellum, condyle, humeroulnar

Which are the 3 main ligaments of the elbow joint? One sentence description of what does

Ulnar collateral ligament: provides medial support to the elbow Radial collateral ligament: provides lateral support to the elbow Annular ligament: tight wraps around the head of the radius to strengthen the proximal radioulnar joint.

List the three parts of the sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Tarsal bones can join all these bones except:

phalanx

List all the carpal bones

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate