A&P cap 3,4,5

The hair matrix contains ________. a.the hair follicle b.the hair shaft c.the glassy membrane d.a layer of basal cells

d.a layer of basal cells

cytoskeleton

"skeleton" of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell's shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

What would happen if anaphase proceeded even though the sister chromatids were not properly attached to their respective microtubules and lined up at the metaphase plate?

One or both of the new daughter cells would accidently receive duplicate chromosomes and/or would be missing certain chromosomes

As an individual ages, a constellation of symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual's functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation

The genetic makeup and the lifestyle of each individual are factors which determine the degree of decline in cells, tissues, and organs as an individual ages.

Explain how a transcription factor ultimately determines whether or not a protein will be present in a given cell?

Transcription factors bind to DNA and either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene. If they promote the transcription of a particular gene, then that gene will be transcribed and the mRNA subsequently translated into protein. If gene transcription is inhibited, then there will be no way of synthesizing the gene's corresponding protein.

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome b. nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin c. DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome d. nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome

a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a.myoblasts b.endoderm c.fibrocytes d.chondrocytes

a.myoblasts

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? a.DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil b.DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose c.DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars d.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded

c.DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a.endocytosis b.passive transport c.active transport d.facilitated diffusion

c.active transport

polypeptide

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

cytosol

clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a.microglia b.neuroglia c.oligodendrocytes d.astrocytes

d.astrocytes

facilitated diffusion

diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

DNA polymerase

enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication

helicase

enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

integral protein

membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. No blood vessels supply cartilage tissue. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site.

Describe the structure and composition of nails.

Nails are composed of densely packed dead keratinocytes. They protect the fingers and toes from mechanical stress. The nail body is formed on the nail bed, which is at the nail root. Nail folds, folds of skin that overlap the nail on its side, secure the nail to the body. The crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail is the lunula.

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a.differentiation b.maturation c.modification d.specialization

a.differentiation

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a.holocrine; apocrine b.eccrine; endocrine c.apocrine; holocrine d.eccrine; apocrine

a.holocrine; apocrine

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a.mitochondria b.peroxisomes c.lysosomes d.ER

a.mitochondria

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? a.protein-lined membrane pores b.a double cell membrane c.the synthesis of ribosomes d.the production of cellular energy

b.a double cell membrane

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a.tendon b.adipose tissue c.reticular tissue d.dense connective tissue

b.adipose tissue

Sebaceous glands ________. a.are a type of sweat gland b.are associated with hair follicles c.may function in response to touch d.release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

b.are associated with hair follicles

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? a.Merkel cells b.keratinocytes c.Langerhans cells d.melanocytes

c.Langerhans cells

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a.They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b.They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c.They are all polymers of protein subunits. d.They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

c.They are all polymers of protein subunits.

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. a.diet b.exercise c.genetic factors d.stress

c.genetic factors

Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? a.endothelial b.epithelial c.hematopoietic d.mesenchymal

c.hematopoietic

In bone, the main cells are ________. a.fibroblasts b.chondrocytes c.lymphocytes d.osteocytes

d.osteocytes

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a.dendrite b.axon c.microglia d.collagen fiber

b.axon

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Some cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.

Why is it important that DNA replication take place before cell division? What would happen if cell division of a body cell took place without DNA replication, or when DNA replication was incomplete?

During cell division, one cell divides to produce two new cells. In order for all of the cells in your body to maintain a full genome, each cell must replicate its DNA before it divides so that a full genome can be allotted to each of its offspring cells. If DNA replication did not take place fully, or at all, the offspring cells would be missing some or all of the genome. This could be disastrous if a cell was missing genes necessary for its function and health.

What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, and how do they interact?

A cyclin is one of the primary classes of cell cycle control molecules, while a cyclin-dependent kinase (is one of a group of molecules that work together with cyclins to determine progression past cell checkpoints. By interacting with many additional molecules, these triggers push the cell cycle forward unless prevented from doing so by "stop" signals, if for some reason the cell is not ready.

Explain in your own words why DNA replication is said to be "semiconservative"?

DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because, after replication is complete, one of the two parent DNA strands makes up half of each new DNA molecule. The other half is a newly synthesized strand. Therefore, half ("semi") of each daughter DNA molecule is from the parent molecule and half is a new molecule.

What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?

Only materials that are relatively small and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

Compare and contrast lysosomes with peroxisomes: name at least two similarities and one difference.

Peroxisomes and lysosomes are both cellular organelles bound by lipid bilayer membranes, and they both contain many enzymes. However, peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify substances by transferring hydrogen atoms and producing H2O2, whereas the enzymes in lysosomes function to break down and digest various unwanted materials.

Why do scars look different from surrounding skin?

Scars are made of collagen and do not have the cellular structure of normal skin. The tissue is fibrous and does not allow for the regeneration of accessory structures, such as hair follicles, and sweat or sebaceous glands.

Why do people sweat excessively when exercising outside on a hot day?

Sweating cools the body when it becomes warm. When the body temperature rises, such as when exercising on a hot day, the dermal blood vessels dilate, and the sweat glands begin to secrete more sweat. The evaporation of the sweat from the surface of the skin cools the body by dissipating heat.

You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.

The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. They have an intrinsic ability to contract. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that allow the cells to communicate with each other and begin contracting in synchrony.

The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption.

The mucosa of the intestine is highly folded, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. A greater surface area for absorption allows more nutrients to be absorbed per unit time. In addition, the nutrient-absorbing cells of the mucosa have finger-like projections called microvilli that further increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a.neurons b.oligodendrocytes c.astrocytes d.microglia

a.neurons

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis? a.pulling apart the two DNA strands b.attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand c.untwisting the DNA helix d.none of the above

b.attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Atrophy refers to ________. a.loss of elasticity b.loss of mass c.loss of rigidity d.loss of permeability

b.loss of mass

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT? a. TAGGCGCG b. ATCCGCGC c. CGAATATA d. TGCCTCTC

c. CGAATATA

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? a.chromatin b.histones c. ribosomes d.nucleosomes

c. ribosomes

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a.loose connective tissue b.a tendon c.bone d.hyaline cartilage

d.hyaline cartilage

selective permeability

feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others

extracellular fluid (ECF)

fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid in the cytosol of cells

peripheral protein

membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane

channel protein

membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

ligand

molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

diffusion

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

splicing

the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions

Explain your skin's response to a drop in body core temperature.

When the core body temperature drops, the body switches to heat-conservation mode. This can include an inhibition to excessive sweating and a decrease of blood flow to the papillary layers of the skin. This reduction of blood flow helps conserve body heat.

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a.mesoderm b.mesenchyme c.ectoderm d.endoderm

b.mesenchyme

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? a.stratum corneum b.stratum basale c.papillary dermis d.stratum granulosum

c.papillary dermis

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. a.multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency b.pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency c.oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency d.pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

d.pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

isotonic

describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

The four types of tissue in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue is made of layers of cells that cover the surfaces of the body that come into contact with the exterior world, line internal cavities, and form glands. Connective tissue binds the cells and organs of the body together and performs many functions, especially in the protection, support, and integration of the body. Muscle tissue, which responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement, is divided into three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in the heart. Nervous tissue allows the body to receive signals and transmit information as electric impulses from one region of the body to another.

What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?

These four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of substances down a particular type of gradient. Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients, respectively. Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down their electrical gradient.

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.

Briefly explain the similarities between transcription and DNA replication.

Transcription and DNA replication both involve the synthesis of nucleic acids. These processes share many common features—particularly, the similar processes of initiation, elongation, and termination. In both cases the DNA molecule must be untwisted and separated, and the coding (i.e., sense) strand will be used as a template. Also, polymerases serve to add nucleotides to the growing DNA or mRNA strand. Both processes are signaled to terminate when completed.

Why does skeletal muscle look striated?

Under the light microscope, cells appear striated due to the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.

Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. a.nucleus; cytoplasm b.nucleolus; nucleus c.nucleolus; cytoplasm d.cytoplasm; nucleus

a.nucleus; cytoplasm

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? a.stratum corneum b.stratum basale c.stratum spinosum d.stratum granulosum

a.stratum corneum

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a.stratum spinosum b.stratum corneum c.stratum granulosum d.stratum basale

a.stratum spinosum

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. a.vitamin D synthesis b.arteriole constriction c.folate production d.thermoregulation

a.vitamin D synthesis

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? a.G0 b.G1 c.G2 d.S

b.G1

Collagen lends ________ to the skin. a.elasticity b.structure c.color d.UV protection

b.structure

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4

c.3

Bedsores ________. a.can be treated with topical moisturizers b.can result from deep massages c.are preventable by eliminating pressure points d.are caused by dry skin

c.are preventable by eliminating pressure points

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a.melanocytes b.keratinocytes c.connective tissue d.adipose tissue

c.connective tissue

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a.mesothelium b.lamina propria c.mesenteries d.mucosa

d.mucosa

sodium-potassium pump

(also, Na+/K+ ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell

Why do teenagers often experience acne?

Acne results from a blockage of sebaceous glands by sebum. The blockage causes blackheads to form, which are susceptible to infection. The infected tissue then becomes red and inflamed. Teenagers experience this at high rates because the sebaceous glands become active during puberty. Hormones that are especially active during puberty stimulate the release of sebum, leading in many cases to blockages.

Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.

All cells experience changes with aging. They become larger, and many cannot divide and regenerate. Because of alterations in cell membranes, transport of oxygen and nutrients into the cell and removal of carbon dioxide and waste products are not as efficient in the elderly. Cells lose their ability to function, or they begin to function abnormally, leading to disease and cancer.

Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. Describe how the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis.

As the cells move into the stratum spinosum, they begin the synthesis of keratin and extend cell processes, desmosomes, which link the cells. As the stratum basale continues to produce new cells, the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are pushed into the stratum granulosum. The cells become flatter, their cell membranes thicken, and they generate large amounts of the proteins keratin and keratohyalin. The nuclei and other cell organelles disintegrate as the cells die, leaving behind the keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that form the stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. The keratinocytes in these layers are mostly dead and flattened. Cells in the stratum corneum are periodically shed.

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Astrocytes regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.

Explain the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Eccrine sweat glands are all over the body, especially the forehead and palms of the hand. They release a watery sweat, mixed with some metabolic waste and antibodies. Apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles. They are larger than eccrine sweat glands and lie deeper in the dermis, sometimes even reaching the hypodermis. They release a thicker sweat that is often decomposed by bacteria on the skin, resulting in an unpleasant odor.

Discuss two reasons why the therapeutic use of embryonic stem cells can present a problem.

Embryonic stem cells derive from human embryos, which are destroyed to obtain the cells. The destruction of human embryos is an ethical problem. And, the DNA in an embryonic stem cell would differ from the DNA of the person being treated, which could result in immune problems or rejected of tissue.

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.

Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is more selective because the substances that are brought into the cell are the specific ligands that could bind to the receptors being endocytosed. Phagocytosis or pinocytosis, on the other hand, have no such receptor-ligand specificity, and bring in whatever materials happen to be close to the membrane when it is enveloped.

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down-regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?

Since NSAIDs or other anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the formation of blood clots, regular and prolonged use of these drugs may promote internal bleeding, such as bleeding in the stomach. Excessive levels of cortisol would suppress inflammation, which could slow the wound healing process.

What determines the color of skin, and what is the process that darkens skin when it is exposed to UV light?

The pigment melanin, produced by melanocytes, is primarily responsible for skin color. Melanin comes in different shades of brown and black. Individuals with darker skin have darker, more abundant melanin, whereas fair-skinned individuals have a lighter shade of skin and less melanin. Exposure to UV irradiation stimulates the melanocytes to produce and secrete more melanin.

Explain why the structure of the ER, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus assist their respective functions.

The structure of the Golgi apparatus is suited to its function because it is a series of flattened membranous discs; substances are modified and packaged in sequential steps as they travel from one disc to the next. The structure of Golgi apparatus also involves a receiving face and a sending face, which organize cellular products as they enter and leave the Golgi apparatus. The ER and the mitochondria both have structural specializations that increase their surface area. In the mitochondria, the inner membrane is extensively folded, which increases surface area for ATP production. Likewise, the ER is elaborately wound throughout the cell, increasing its surface area for functions like lipid synthesis, Ca++ storage, and protein synthesis.

Contrast transcription and translation. Name at least three differences between the two processes.

Transcription is really a "copy" process and translation is really an "interpretation" process, because transcription involves copying the DNA message into a very similar RNA message whereas translation involves converting the RNA message into the very different amino acid message. The two processes also differ in their location: transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. The mechanisms by which the two processes are performed are also completely different: transcription utilizes polymerase enzymes to build mRNA whereas translation utilizes different kinds of RNA to build protein.

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a.production of proteins b.detoxification of certain substances c.synthesis of steroid hormones d.regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

a.production of proteins

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a.skeletal muscle only b.cardiac muscle only c.smooth muscle only d.skeletal and cardiac muscles

a.skeletal muscle only

Eccrine sweat glands ________. a.are present on hair b.are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat c.produce sebum d.act as a moisturizer

b.are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a.cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b.cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c.collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d.matrix, ground substance, and fluid

b.cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a.endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b.ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c.connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d.epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

b.ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a.collagen b.histamine c.hyaluronic acid d.meylin

b.histamine

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a.transitional b.stratified columnar c.pseudostratified ciliated columnar d.stratified squamous

b.stratified columnar

Which of the following is not made out of RNA? a.the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand b.the ribosome c.the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis d.the intron

b.the ribosome

autolysis

breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. a.are glands on the skin surface b.can lead to excessive sweating c.are responsible for goose bumps d.secrete sebum

c.are responsible for goose bumps

In general, skin cancers ________. a.are easily treatable and not a major health concern b.occur due to poor hygiene c.can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun d.affect only the epidermis

c.can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a.muscle b.nervous c.embryonic d.epithelial

c.embryonic

anticodon

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a.a cell with additional genetic material than normal b.cancer c.a cell with less genetic material than normal d.any of the above

d.any of the above

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a.up; electrical b.up; electrochemical c.down; pressure d.down; concentration

d.down; concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

pinocytosis

endocytosis of fluid

phagocytosis

endocytosis of large particles

receptor-mediated endocytosis

endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors

exocytosis

export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

histone

family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin

interstitial fluid (IF)

fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

passive transport

form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy

active transport

form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

endocytosis

import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

cytoplasm

internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

autophagy

lysosomal breakdown of a cell's own components

messenger RNA (mRNA)

nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

cilia

small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

centriole

small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a.columnar b.stratified c.squamous d.transitional

a.columnar

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? a.nail bed b.hyponychium c.nail root d.eponychium

b.hyponychium

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? a.epidermis only b.hypodermis only c.epidermis and hypodermis d.epidermis and dermis

d.epidermis and dermis

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a.nuclei b.striations c.golgi bodies d.mitochondria

d.mitochondria

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome

What is the function of synovial membranes?

Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. The membrane lines the joint cavity and contains fibroblasts that produce hyaluronan, which leads to the production of synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another.

The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.

The zygote divides into many cells. As these cells become specialized, they lose their ability to differentiate into all tissues. At first they form the three primary germ layers. Following the cells of the ectodermal germ layer, they too become more restricted in what they can form. Ultimately, some of these ectodermal cells become further restricted and differentiate in to nerve cells.

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? a.increased production of melanin by melanocytes b.increased production of connective tissue c.an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound d.an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

b.increased production of connective tissue

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. a.receptor proteins b.integral proteins c.peripheral proteins d.glycoproteins

b.integral proteins

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a.filtration; phagocytosis b.osmosis; pinocytosis c.solutes; fluid d.gradient; chemical energy

b.osmosis; pinocytosis

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a.Golgi apparatus b.ribosomes c.lysosomes d.proteins

b.ribosomes

What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes? a.stop all cells from dividing b.stop certain cells from dividing c.help oncogenes produce oncoproteins d.allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cell cycle

b.stop certain cells from dividing

What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents? a.fetal stem cells b.embryonic stem cells c.cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth d.hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells

c.cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a.areolar tissue b.adipose tissue c.dense regular connective tissue d.dense irregular connective tissue

c.dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a.redness b.heat c.fever d.swelling

c.fever

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a.stratum lucidum b.desmosomes c.folic acid synthesis d.Merkel cells

c.folic acid synthesis

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? a.basal cells of the stratum basale b.melanocytes of the stratum basale c.keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum d.Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

c.keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a.columnar b.pseudostratified c.simple squamous d.transitional

c.simple squamous

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a.protects underlying organs b.helps maintain body temperature c.source of blood vessels in the epidermis d.a site to long-term energy storage

c.source of blood vessels in the epidermis

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a.stratum spinosum b.stratum corneum c.stratum granulosum d.stratum basale

d.stratum basale

Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. a.the walls of the pool b.the chlorine c.the flotation toys d.the water

d.the water

hypertonic

describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

hypotonic

describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration