A&P Ch. 14-15 Lab

nociceptor

A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending which centrally uses glutamate and/or substance P as neurotransmitters would most likely be a - chemoreceptor. - mechanoreceptor. - free receptor. - thermoreceptor. - nociceptor.

- tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.

A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a - tactile (Merkel) disc. - Bulbous corpuscle. - lamellar corpuscle. - root hair plexus. - tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.

X (vagus)

All of Mary's symptoms were related to cranial nerve functions associated with the head and neck region. Which is the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen? - XII (hypoglossal) - X (vagus) - IX (glossopharyngeal) - VIII (vestibulocochlear)

- are interpreted by the pre-frontal cortex.

All of the following are true of fast pain sensations except that they - reach the CNS quickly. - are interpreted by the pre-frontal cortex. - receive conscious attention. - often trigger somatic reflexes.are carried by type A fibers.

XI (accessory)

As part of the neurological exam, the physician placed her hands on the side of Mary's head and asked her to rotate her head against resistance. The neurologist then pressed down on Mary's shoulders while Mary was asked to shrug. Which of Mary's cranial nerves is being evaluated with this exam? - XI (accessory) - VIII (vestibulocochlear) - VI (abducens) - XII (hypoglossal)

tactile receptor

Assessing spinal nerve damage may involve the use of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations? - proprioceptors - tactile receptor - baroreceptors - thermoreceptors

- brain stem

Chemoreceptors of the general senses do not send information to the primary sensory cortex but instead send information to the ________ to control autonomic function. - spinal cord - corpus callosum - cerebellum - cerebrum - brain stem

- action potential generation in a motor neuron

During anesthesia, a complete disruption in sensory perceptions is desired. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the sensory pathway? - depolarization of a receptor - propagation of a signal - action potential generation in a motor neuron - All of the listed events are associated with the sensory pathway.

- temperature, pain, stretch and touch

Free nerve endings detect which stimulus/stimuli? - deep pressure - chemical - stretch - temperature, pain, stretch and touch - pain only

3

How many regions make up the brain stem? A) 3 B) 4 C) 2 D) 1

arachnoid granulation

Identify the structure at the end of the arrow. - a choroid plexus - an arachnoid granulation - the membrane covering the lateral ventricle - epidural space

- it would lead to a slow sensation of pain

If a nerve impulse was transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) on a C fiber, __________. - it would lead to a slow sensation of cold - it would lead to a quick sensation of pain - it would lead to a slow sensation of pain - it would lead to a quick sensation of cold

beta waves

If an individual is asked to solve a complex math problem when being monitored for electrical activity in his brain. What type of brain waves would be seen in a normal individual? - delta waves - alpha waves - theta waves - beta waves

sensory awareness of the face

If brain damage occurred at the point indicated by the arrow, what brain function would be lost? - speech - sensory awareness of the face - control of breathing - motor control of the face

brain stem

In which region of the brain do cranial nerves III-X originate? - diencephalon - cerebellum - cerebral hemisphere - brain stem

hypothalamus

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located? - reticular formation - hypothalamus - postcentral gyrus - basal nuclei - prefrontal cortex

Lisa consumed too much water in too short of a time. This led to water leaking into the brain and disrupting the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations, impairing neural tissue activity.

Lisa, a beginning marathon runner, trains in hot (80 degree), humid conditions. Her third marathon occurs in hot (80 degree), dry conditions. While running, she consumes the same amount of water as she does in her previous races. Close to the finish line, she gets a headache and collapses in seizures and slips into a coma. Which hypothesis best fits what happened to Lisa? - Under dry conditions, the lack of sweat actually caused her hypothalamus to signal for more sweating, causing her to lose more fluid without realizing it. Thus she became dehydrated more severely, which impeded CSF concentrations due to low blood volume. - Lisa's respiratory system could not deal with "thicker" air high in water vapor. Therefore, she went into respiratory arrest, which impacted her brain chemistry. - Lisa lost too much water due to the dry conditions. Thus she did not consume enough and her hypothalamus could not sufficiently regulate her body temperature and heat exhaustion occurred. - Lisa consumed too much water in too short of a time. This led to water leaking into the brain and disrupting the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations, impairing neural tissue activity.

- autonomic nervous system (ANS) within the motor division

Mary has experienced symptoms and effects associated with many parts of the human nervous system. Which of the following parts of her nervous system DOES NOT appear to show any effects? - central nervous system - sensory division of the peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system within the motor division - autonomic nervous system (ANS) within the motor division

- baroreceptors.

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called - thermoreceptors. - baroreceptors. - nociceptors. - proprioceptors. - chemoreceptors.

- inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

Parkinson's disease is the result of - inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. - decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. - excess production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. - weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon. - hyperactivity of the limbic system.

pain

Part complete Which of these sensory modalities is NOT carried within the posterior column pathway? - fine touch - pressure - proprioception - pain

muscle temperature

Proprioceptors signal all BUT __________. - muscle temperature - muscle tension - joint angle - muscle length

- cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.

Sensations of burning or aching pain - are well localized. - reach the CNS quickly. - are fast adapting. - are carried by type A fibers. - cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.

- the conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential

Sensory transduction is defined as _______. - a change in the amplitude of a receptor potential - the conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential - the disappearance of the perception of a stimulus - the conversion of a light stimulus into pain

hypothalamus

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. - pons - hypothalamus - cerebrum - cerebellum - medulla oblongata

97%

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue. - 97 percent - 35 percent - 15 percent - 68 percent - 25 percent

cerebellar cortex

The cell bodies of huge, highly branched neurons known as Purkinje cells are found in the __________. - cerebellar cortex - cerebellar peduncles - arbor vitae - cerebral cortex

longitudinal fissure

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by the __________. - postcentral gyrus - corpus callosum - central sulcus - longitudinal fissure

- voluntary control over skeletal muscles

The corticospinal system exerts __________. - voluntary control over smooth muscles - involuntary control over smooth muscles - involuntary control over cardiac muscle - voluntary control over skeletal muscles

falx cerebelli

The dural fold that divides the two cerebellar hemispheres is the __________. - inferior sagittal sinus - falx cerebelli - falx cerebri - tentorium cerebelli

hypothalamus

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the - mesencephalon. - hypothalamus. - brain stem. - thalamus. - pons.

- True

The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. - True - False

- True

The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina. - True - False

in the cerebral hemispheres

The lateral ventricles are found The lateral ventricles are found - in the cerebellar hemispheres. - between the pons and the midbrain. - in the spinal cord. - in the diencephalon. - in the cerebral hemispheres.

lateral corticospinal

The motor pathway that decussates in the medulla oblongata is the __________ tract. - lateral corticospinal - reticulospinal - anterior corticospinal - vestibulospinal

lateral geniculate nuclei

The optic nerves carry visual information from the retina to the - medial geniculate nuclei. - pulvinar nuclei. - supraoptic nuclei. - lateral geniculate nuclei. - paraventricular nuclei.

intraventricular foramen

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the - cerebral aqueduct. - posterior foramen. - interventricular foramen. - lateral foramen. - central canal.

middle cerebellar penduncle

The pons exchanges information with the cerebellum over the __________. - superior cerebellar peduncle - The pons exchanges information with the cerebellum over all of these structures. - middle cerebellar peduncle - inferior cerebellar peduncle

control of food intake

The pons is involved in all of the following EXCEPT __________. - automatically processes incoming sensations - control of food intake - connections to cerebellum - respiration

- amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity, requires the appropriate stimulus and can be graded with a stimulus intensity

The receptor potential _______. - requires the appropriate stimulus - can be graded with stimulus intensity - amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity, requires the appropriate stimulus and can be graded with a stimulus intensity - amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity

receiving region

The receptor potential is generated at the _______. - output region - secretory region - receiving region - conducting region

temporal

The region of cerebral cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the __________ lobe. - temporal - parietal - frontal - occipital

- lateral spinothalamic tract

The tract carrying sensations of pressure and pain is the __________. - anterior spinocerebellar tract - medial lemniscus - lateral spinothalamic tract - cuneate fasciculus

septum pellucidum

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the - corpus callosum. - falx cerebri. - fornix. - septum pellucidum. - cerebral aqueduct.

- cerebral atrophy and enlarged ventricles

There seems to be no biomarkers to identify for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Following autopsy, what brain anatomical aberrations will one look for to conclude that the individual has suffered CTE? - abnormal astrocytes and neurons - enlarged cerebrum - widespread hemorrhaging - cerebral atrophy and enlarged ventricles

anterior spinnocerebellar tract

Unlike cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disorder affecting voluntary motor control. The degenerating motor neurons are part of tracts within the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral hemispheres. Which of the following tracts is NOT affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? - rubrospinal tract - anterior spinocerebellar tract - lateral corticospinal tract - tectospinal tract

- absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous circulation

What is indicated by the arrows? - the area of the brain where CSF reaches the subarachnoid space - a network of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries that are involved in the production of CSF - the space surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina through which CSF flows - absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous circulation

- Contusion is when the injury causes localized bruising of the brain tissue. Concussion is the type of injury that affects brain function. CT scan and MRI are the methods of choice to determine the difference(s) between the two.

What is the difference between concussion and contusion? How are they diagnosed? - They are both easily diagnosed by gross visual inspections. - Contusion is when the injury causes localized bruising of the brain tissue. Concussion is the type of injury that affects brain function. CT scan and MRI are the methods of choice to determine the difference(s) between the two. - Concussion causes edema around the eye sockets and within the cranial cavity. - They are essentially the same.

- to control the contractions of skeletal muscles

What is the role of the somatic nervous system? - to control the contractions of skeletal muscles - to control the secretions of glands - to control the contractions of smooth muscles - to distribute somatic sensory information to the somatosensory cortex

- Medulla oblongata

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord? - Midbrain - Medulla oblongata - Cerebellum - Pons

- diencephalon

Which brain region contains centers for processing sensory information, emotions, and hormone production? - mesencephalon - cerebellum - cerebrum - diencephalon

- oligodendrocytes

Which of the following cell types are responsible for the improvement that you see in Mary's MRI following one of her episodes? - sensory neurons - oligodendrocytes - Schwann cells - motor neurons

- The membrane becomes less polarized.

Which of the following describes a depolarization? - The membrane potential becomes more negative. - The membrane potential becomes more polarized. - The membrane, which was formerly not polarized, now is polarized. - The membrane becomes less polarized.

precentral gyrus

Which of the following is NOT a component of the limbic system? - fornix - amygdaloid body - cingulate gyrus - precentral gyrus

to regulate body temperature

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? - to regulate body temperature - to process and transmit visual information - secretes melaton - into secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

project to reticular formation

Which of the following is a property of thermoreceptors? - found in skin only - monitor heat stimuli, not cold - involves specialized receptors - project to reticular formation - cold receptors are less numerous than warm receptors

fast pain

Which of the following is/are sometimes called "prickling pain"? - proprioception - fast pain - fast and slow pain - extremes of temperature - mechanical damage

diencephalon

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem? - cerebellum - medulla oblongata - pons - diencephalon - mesencephalon

it is fast-adapting

Which of these is NOT a property of fast pain? - It is also called prickly pain. - It is fast-adapting. - It is sensitive to mechanical tissue injury from a deep cut. - It is carried by myelinated fibers.

it regulates body temperature

Which of these is NOT a property of the limbic system? - It includes the hippocampus. - It is central to our ability to experience emotions. - It is important in learning and memory. - It regulates body temperature.

- They are slow-adapting.

Which of these is NOT a property of thermoreceptors? - The "cold" and "warm" receptors are structurally indistinguishable. - They are found within the dermis. - They are slow-adapting. - They are free nerve endings.

nociceptor

Which of these is NOT a type of mechanoreceptor? - baroreceptor - root hair plexus - tactile - nociceptor

prosencephalon

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? - prosencephalon- brain stem - cerebellum - cerebrum - diencephalon

- It ascends with sensory information.

Which of these statements about the afferent division of the nervous system is true? - It descends with sensory information. - It descends with motor information. - It ascends with sensory information. - It ascends with motor information.

- Midbrain

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina? - Midbrain - Medulla oblongata - Pons - Epithalamus

- fourth ventricle

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem? - second ventricle - fourth ventricle - first ventricle - third ventricle

- The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.

Why is it that one cannot identify the location of internal organs, although joints and bone location can be identified? - Sensory information from internal organs is processed by a different part of the brain than the joints, bones, and muscles. - Although internal organs have some receptors, the information is not interpreted by the brain. - Internal organs have no pain receptors.Internal organs have no receptors of any kind. - The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.

theta waves

You are taking an exam and there is a section with several questions for which you remember studying, but become annoyed because you cannot recall the answer. If an EEG was performed at that particular moment, which brainwaves are most likely to predominate? - alpha waves - beta waves - theta waves - delta waves