A&P Ch. 18- The Endocrine System

In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false?

Both statements are true.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is:

ADH.

When adenyl cyclase is activated:

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

What is the effect of adrenal hormones?

Adrenal hormones, , including glucocorticoids and epinephrine, can elevate blood pressure and blood glucose concentration.

Body cells that respond to insulin include:

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?

OXT (oxytocin)

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually:

a G protein

The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the:

adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is:

aldosterone.

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces:

androgens.

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of:

angiotensin.

Peptide hormones:

are composed of amino acids

Steroid hormones:

are lipids, bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells, are derived from cholesterol and are produced by reproductive glands.

What directly regulates the secretion of insulin?

blood-glucose concentration

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose

Compared the endocrine system, the nervous system is:

briefer in action, more localized in action and more rapidly acting

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of:

cAMP

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland?

calcitonin

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is:

calcitonin.

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce:

calcitonin.

The kidneys secrete:

calcitriol, erythropoietin, renin and hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration.

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein:

calmodulin.

The hypophyseal portal system:

carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary, is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which hormones?

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

The suprarenal medulla produces:

catecholamines.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is:

cortisol.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to:

cretinism, high blood levels of TSH, hypothyroidism and myxedema.

The primary function of ADH is to:

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in:

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are:

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces:

digestive enzymes.

Which organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

ductus deferens, prostate, mammary glands and uterus

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include:

eicosanoids, peptides, steroids, and amino acid derivatives

Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to:

elevated blood glucose level, elevated heart rate and elevated blood pressure

What signs are often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?

elevated body temperature, elevated heart rate, and elevated oxygen utilization

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

endocrine

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the:

epidermis of the integumentary system.

The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones:

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is:

epinephrine.

n persons with untreated diabetes mellitus:

excessive thirst is shown, blood glucose levels are very high, glucose is present in the urine in large amounts and a large excretion of urine occurs.

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by:

failure of electrolyte balance

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex:

gene transcription is initiated

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause:

gigantism

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting:

glucagon

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.

glucagon; insulin

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

glucocorticoids

Cushing disease results from an excess of:

glucocorticoids.

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces:

glucocorticoids.

All target cells:

have hormone receptors.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called:

homeostasis

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in:

increased blood volume, increased water retention, increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney, and elevated blood pressure.

A rise in blood glucose level will trigger:

increased epinephrine secretion

What might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?

increased loss of bone minerals, elevated blood calcium and osteopenia

What hormones are water soluble and therefore bind to extracellular receptors?

insulin and epinephrine

Which hormones are required for normal growth?

insulin, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone

Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors.

intranuclear

Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?

iodine

What effect does ACTH have?

it exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production

Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake.

leptin

The primary targets of insulin are:

liver cells, adipocytes, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiac muscle cells.

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus will result in:

loss of ADH secretion

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the:

lungs

Pinealocytes produce:

melatonin

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces:

mineralocorticoids.

Hormone release may be controlled by what factors?

nervous stimuli, blood level of a hormone, blood level of glucose, and blood level of an ion-like potassium

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).

one

An activated G protein can trigger:

the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane, a fall in cAMP levels and the production of diacylglycerol.

The condition known as hirsutism can result from:

too much androgen production.

The hormone oxytocin:

triggers prostate gland contraction, promotes uterine contractions, is produced in the hypothalamus, is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture:

ADH and oxytocin

The interstitial cells of the testes produce:

testosterone.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is:

ACTH

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release:

ACTH, GH, FSH, and TSH.

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics a hormone, which one?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of:

ADH

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?

ADH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is:

FSH.

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is:

LH

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?

TSH

A liver cell responds to insulin by:

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

When blood glucose levels are low:

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high:

The pancreas releases insulin.

What does the parathyroid glands regulate?

They secrete a hormone, PTH, that elevates blood calcium concentration.

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is:

parathyroid hormone

A kinase is an enzyme that performs:

phosphorylation (the chemical or enzymic introduction into a compound of a phosphoryl group )

The __________ gland secretes melatonin.

pineal

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes:

progesterone.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is:

prolactin.

Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include:

regulation of reproduction, regulation of growth and resistance to stress

Endocrine cells:

release their secretions directly into body fluids

What hormones does the kidney secrete?

renin, calcitriol, and erythropoietin

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the:

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by:

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce:

somatostatin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is:

somatotropin.

Parathyroid hormone:

stimulate osteoclast activity, inhibit osteoblast activity, stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys and enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.